1 Dialogue Games Part I: Approaches to dialogue Peter Kühnlein.
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Transcript of 1 Dialogue Games Part I: Approaches to dialogue Peter Kühnlein.
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Dialogue Games
Characteristic of dialogue games approaches:Dialogue is viewed as consisting of pairs or sequences of utterances thatcan be seen as moves in a game.
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Approach in case:Levin, J.A. & Moore, J.A., 1977: Dialogue Games: Meta-communicationStructures for Natural Language Interaction, ISI/RR-77-53, USCInformation Sciences Institute 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, CA 90291
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to established patterns.These have the following characteristics: They• are frequently recurring•
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to established patterns.These have the following characteristics: They• are frequently recurring• span several turns•
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to established patterns.These have the following characteristics: They• are frequently recurring• span several turns • exhibit goal-oriented organization•
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to established patterns.These have the following characteristics: They• are frequently recurring• span several turns • exhibit goal-oriented organization• can consist of multi-sentential units•
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to established patterns.These have the following characteristics: They• are frequently recurring• span several turns • exhibit goal-oriented organization• can consist of multi-sentential units• belong to speaker‘s knowledge
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
There is a wealth of implicit information in dialogue.Effective communication requires shared information, as witnessed by the possibility to comprehend indirect utterances
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
There is a wealth of implicit information in dialogue.Effective communication requires shared information, as witnessed by the possibility to comprehend indirect utterances
Example:Person A: Do you have a match?
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
There is a wealth of implicit information in dialogue.Effective communication requires shared information, as witnessed by the possibility to comprehend indirect utterances
Example:Person A: Do you have a match?Person B: Sorry, I don´t smoke.
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find• conventional knowledge about language
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find• conventional knowledge about language• „world knowledge“
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find• conventional knowledge about language• „world knowledge“• knowledge of conventional reasons for behaviour
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find• conventional knowledge about language• „world knowledge“• knowledge of conventional reasons for behaviour
• We achieve goals through interaction with others
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find• conventional knowledge about language• „world knowledge“• knowledge of conventional reasons for behaviour
• We achieve goals through interaction with others• We know which responses to expect.
Dialogue Games
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Motivation
Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find• conventional knowledge about language• „world knowledge“• knowledge of conventional reasons for behaviour
• We achieve goals through interaction with others• We know which responses to expect.
Sets of knowledge structures
Dialogue Games
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Dialogue games - intuition
Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
Dialogue Games
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language, especially indirect language use
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
People`s behaviour is seen as behaviour of goal pursuing organisms:goals determine the type of interaction they engage in
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
People`s behaviour is seen as behaviour of goal pursuing organisms:goals determine the type of interaction they engage in
Language use is a way of pursuing goals that speakers currently hold,and the knowledge of participants‘ goals hence a central part of DGs
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Example:A wants to solve a problem, and interacts with B to arrive at a solution.
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Example:A wants to solve a problem, and interacts with B to arrive at a solution.(Problem solving)
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Example:A wants some action performed and interacts with B to get her/him to perform it
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Example:A wants some action performed and interacts with B to get her/him to perform it(Action seeking)
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Example:A wants to know some specific information, and interacts with B in order tolearn it
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Example:A wants to know some specific information, and interacts with B in order tolearn it(Information seeking)
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Example:A wants to know whether B knows some particular information, and interactswith her/him in order to find out
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Example:A wants to know whether B knows some particular information, and interactswith her/him in order to find out(Information probing)
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Example:A wants B to know some information, and interacts with her/him to impart information
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Example:A wants B to know some information, and interacts with her/him to impart information(Instructing)
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Example:A is unhappy about some state of affairs, and interacts with B to convey that unhappiness
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures arecalled dialogue-games dialogue-games (DGs).They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication andthe use of communication to achieve goals
A dialogue comprehension model is developed:DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of language:
Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for theparticipants
Example:A is unhappy about some state of affairs, and interacts with B to convey that unhappiness(Griping)
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games - intuition
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles)
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
DGs capture a collection of information common across many dialogues
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
DGs capture a collection of information common across many dialogues:Free variation of participants and of the subject of dialogue can be described by same DG (e.g. Helping)
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
DGs capture a collection of information common across many dialogues:Free variation of participants and of the subject of dialogue can be described by same DG (e.g. Helping):Individuals involved & subject vary across instances of a particular pattern
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
DGs capture a collection of information common across many dialogues:Free variation of participants and of the subject of dialogue can be described by same DG (e.g. Helping):DGs‘ parameters (roles, topic) have specific values for each particular dialogue
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
Types of dialogues are distinguished by
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
Types of dialogues are distinguished by• sets of participants‘ goals
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
Types of dialogues are distinguished by• sets of participants‘ goals• individual knowledge states
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
Types of dialogues are distinguished by• sets of participants‘ goals• individual knowledge states
Each type of NL dialogue can be described wrt • goals,
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
Types of dialogues are distinguished by• sets of participants‘ goals• individual knowledge states
Each type of NL dialogue can be described wrt • goals, • knowledge states,
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
Types of dialogues are distinguished by• sets of participants‘ goals• individual knowledge states
Each type of NL dialogue can be described wrt • goals, • knowledge states, • and the topic
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
Types of dialogues are distinguished by• sets of participants‘ goals• individual knowledge states
Each type of NL dialogue can be described wrt • goals, • knowledge states, in DGT: parameter• and the topic specifications
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal – parameter specification
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
Types of dialogues are distinguished by• sets of participants‘ goals• individual knowledge states
Each type of NL dialogue can be described wrt • goals, • knowledge states, parameter specifications• and the topic remain constant throughout the dialogue
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal – parameter specification
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Every DG consists of three parts:
• set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)• collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals• partially ordered set of components: dynamic aspects of the game
Types of dialogues are distinguished by• sets of participants‘ goals• individual knowledge states
Each type of NL dialogue can be described wrt • goals, • knowledge states, parameter specifications• and the topic are known to participants
Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal – parameter specification
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal – components
represent systematically changing aspects of DGs
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal – components
represent systematically changing aspects of DGsspecify subgoals for participants‘ roles
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal – components
represent systematically changing aspects of DGsspecify subgoals for participants‘ roles• partially ordered in time
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal – components
represent systematically changing aspects of DGsspecify subgoals for participants‘ roles• partially ordered in time• mutually complementary for participants
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – more formal – components
represent systematically changing aspects of DGsspecify subgoals for participants‘ roles• partially ordered in time• mutually complementary for participantscontain expected sequences of intermediate states; these occur during instances of a particular pattern
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit
Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit
Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit
Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit
Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s role
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit
Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleIndicated by agreement, approval or by pursuing game
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit
Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleAlternatives: rejection
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit
Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleAlternatives: rejection, negotiation
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit
Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleAlternatives: rejection, negotiation, ignoring
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit
Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleAlternatives: rejection, negotiation, ignoring, interruption
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit
Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleAlternatives: spontaneous termination by a) goal satisfaction
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue games – playing the games
Bidding a certain game• identifies game • indicates bidder‘s interest in pursuing the game• identifies intended parameter configuration
Typical response: Acceptance• without acceptance no pursuit of game• performed in different ways, often implicit
Acceptance of the bid of a game accomplishes: 1. recognition of bid 2. recognition of particular game and parameter values3. agreement to pursue game4. assumption of acceptor´s roleAlternatives: spontaneous termination by a) goal satisfaction b) unconditional goal failure
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model
The Dialogue Game Model (DGM) attempts to answer the following questions:
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model
The Dialogue Game Model (DGM) attempts to answer the following questions:
1. What is the knowledge represented within the definition of a particular Dialogue-game?
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model
The Dialogue Game Model (DGM) attempts to answer the following questions:
1. What is the knowledge represented within the definition of a particular Dialogue-game?2. How is this knowledge used to model the receptive acts of dialogue participants?
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model
The Dialogue Game Model (DGM) attempts to answer the following questions:
1. What is the knowledge represented within the definition of a particular Dialogue-game?2. How is this knowledge used to model the receptive acts of dialogue participants?3. What sort of machinery does it take to support this model?
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model
The Dialogue Game Model (DGM) attempts to answer the following questions:
1. What is the knowledge represented within the definition of a particular Dialogue-game?2. How is this knowledge used to model the receptive acts of dialogue participants?3. What sort of machinery does it take to support this model?
The focus of the model is on• the role of speaker´s motivations in structuring what he says
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model
The Dialogue Game Model (DGM) attempts to answer the following questions:
1. What is the knowledge represented within the definition of a particular Dialogue-game?2. How is this knowledge used to model the receptive acts of dialogue participants?3. What sort of machinery does it take to support this model?
The focus of the model is on• the role of speaker´s motivations in structuring what he says• importance of a speaker´s goals for language use
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model
The Dialogue Game Model (DGM) attempts to answer the following questions:
1. What is the knowledge represented within the definition of a particular Dialogue-game?2. How is this knowledge used to model the receptive acts of dialogue participants?3. What sort of machinery does it take to support this model?
The focus of the model is on• the role of speaker´s motivations in structuring what he says• importance of a speaker´s goals for language use• interaction of these goals with the speaker´s knowledge of his hearer
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model
The DGM is intended to
• specify processes for the comprehension of utterances in dialogues, using agents‘ knowledge structures
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model
The DGM is intended to
• specify processes for the comprehension of utterances in dialogues, using agents‘ knowledge structures • allow to infer goals for generation of utterances
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model
The DGM is intended to
• specify processes for the comprehension of utterances in dialogues, using agents‘ knowledge structures • allow to infer goals for generation of utterances• represent particular interactions, whereby the type of interaction is determined by goals of participants
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Dialogue Games
The DGM is built upon the following data:
TENEX system dialogues:
User sends requests to operator
Dialogue game model – the data
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Dialogue Games
The DGM is built upon the following data:
TENEX system dialogues:
User receives info from operator
Dialogue game model – the data
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Dialogue Games
The DGM is built upon the following data:
TENEX system dialogues: interactions of user and system operator via LINK mechanism;
Dialogue game model – the data
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Dialogue Games
The DGM is built upon the following data:
TENEX system dialogues: interactions of user and system operator via LINK mechanism; direct communication by typing on terminals
Dialogue game model – the data
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Dialogue Games
The DGM is built upon the following data:
TENEX system dialogues: interactions of user and system operator via LINK mechanism; direct communication by typing on terminals
natural
Dialogue game model – the data
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Dialogue Games
The DGM is built upon the following data:
TENEX system dialogues: interactions of user and system operator via LINK mechanism; direct communication by typing on terminals
natural in the sense that there are no artificially elicitated data
Dialogue game model – the data
100
Dialogue Games
The DGM is built upon the following data:
TENEX system dialogues: interactions of user and system operator via LINK mechanism; direct communication by typing on terminals
natural unbiased
Dialogue game model – the data
101
Dialogue Games
The DGM is built upon the following data:
TENEX system dialogues: interactions of user and system operator via LINK mechanism; direct communication by typing on terminals
natural unbiased without non-verbal cues
Dialogue game model – the data
102
Dialogue Games
The DGM is built upon the following data:
TENEX system dialogues: interactions of user and system operator via LINK mechanism; direct communication by typing on terminals
natural unbiased without non-verbal cues self-transcribed
Dialogue game model – the data
103
Dialogue Games
The DGM is built upon the following data:
TENEX system dialogues: interactions of user and system operator via LINK mechanism; direct communication by typing on terminals
natural unbiased without non-verbal cues self-transcribed Goal pursuit methods and structures resemble those in voice dialogue and face-to-face interaction.
Dialogue game model – the data
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the data
1 L Are you there? Go ahead.
2 O Yep, what´s up?
3 L Know anything about the TELNET SUBSYS? Go ahead.
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the data
1 L Are you there? Go ahead.
2 O Yep, what´s up?
3 L Know anything about the TELNET SUBSYS? Go ahead.
4 O Try me.
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the data
1 L Are you there? Go ahead.
2 O Yep, what´s up?
3 L Know anything about the TELNET SUBSYS? Go ahead.
4 O Try me.
5 L I just connected to[computer site name] via TELNET,and tried the DIVERT.OUTPUT.STREAM.TO.FILE command. Strange things happened. Esp.y, my TELNET typescript is „busy“. Go ahead.
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the data
1 L Are you there? Go ahead.
2 O Yep, what´s up?
3 L Know anything about the TELNET SUBSYS? Go ahead.
4 O Try me.
5 L I just connected to[computer site name] via TELNET,and tried the DIVERT.OUTPUT.STREAM.TO.FILE command. Strange things happened. Esp.y, my TELNET typescript is „busy“. Go ahead.
6 O TELNET.TYPESCRIPT will always be busy until you do a RESET, but when you do that, be careful not to EXP, since that is a temporary file. Go ahead.
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the data
1 L Are you there? Go ahead.
2 O Yep, what´s up?
3 L Know anything about the TELNET SUBSYS? Go ahead.
4 O Try me.
5 L I just connected to[computer site name] via TELNET,and tried the DIVERT.OUTPUT.STREAM.TO.FILE command. Strange things happened. Esp.y, my TELNET typescript is „busy“. Go ahead.
6 O TELNET.TYPESCRIPT will always be busy until you do a RESET, but when you do that, be careful not to EXP, since that is a temporary file. Go ahead.
7 L I see … it´s not enough for me just to do a DISCONNECT? Go ahead.
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the data
1 L Are you there? Go ahead.
2 O Yep, what´s up?
3 L Know anything about the TELNET SUBSYS? Go ahead.
4 O Try me.
5 L I just connected to[computer site name] via TELNET,and tried the DIVERT.OUTPUT.STREAM.TO.FILE command. Strange things happened. Esp.y, my TELNET typescript is „busy“. Go ahead.
6 O TELNET.TYPESCRIPT will always be busy until you do a RESET, but when you do that, be careful not to EXP, since that is a temporary file. Go ahead.
7 L I see … it´s not enough for me just to do a DISCONNECT? Go ahead.
8 O Correct: Is that the only problem?
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic network
113
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements
114
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function
115
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function
Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)
116
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function
Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)The parameters are:>HELPEE, HELPER, TASK
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function
Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)The parameters are:>HELPEE, HELPER, TASKThe parameter specifications are:>HELPEE ISA PERSON>HELPEE WANTS ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )>(( HELPEE ABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )) NOT )>HELPEE PERMITTED ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )>HELPER ISA PERSON>HELPER WILLING ( HELPER ENABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK ))>HELPER ABLE ( HELPER ENABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK ))
118
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function
Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)The parameters are:>HELPEE, HELPER, TASKThe components are:>DS1: ( HELPEE WANT ( HELPER KNOW ( HELPEE PERCEIVE ACTION/ EXPECTED-1 PAST)))>DS2: ( HELPEE WANT ( HELPER KNOW ( HELPEE PERCEIVE ACTION/EXPECTED-2 PAST ) NOT ))>TS: ((( HELPER WANT ( HELPEE KNOW ACTION/NEW)) AND (( HELPEE PERFORM ACTION/NEW ) CAUSE ACTION/EXPECTED-2))> ((DS1 AND DS2) THEN TS)
119
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function
Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)The parameters are:>HELPEE, HELPER, TASKThe components are:>DS1: ( HELPEE WANT ( HELPER KNOW ( HELPEE PERCEIVE ACTION/ EXPECTED-1 PAST)))>DS2: ( HELPEE WANT ( HELPER KNOW ( HELPEE PERCEIVE ACTION/EXPECTED-2 PAST ) NOT ))>TS: ((( HELPER WANT ( HELPEE KNOW ACTION/NEW)) AND (( HELPEE PERFORM ACTION/NEW ) CAUSE ACTION/EXPECTED-2))> ((DS1 AND DS2) THEN TS)
(DS, the initial „diagnosis“ stage, specifies a „context-violation“ pattern; TS is the „treatment“ stage)
120
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function
121
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function • and stored in a semantic network
122
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function • and stored in a semantic network
A semantic network is a set of nodes interconnected by relations
123
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function • and stored in a semantic network
A semantic network is a set of nodes interconnected by relations
pred
agent
object
PERFORM
HELPEE
TASK
A0004 (HELPEE PERFORM TASK)
124
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function
Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)The parameters are:>HELPEE, HELPER, TASKThe parameter specifications are:>HELPEE ISA PERSON>HELPEE WANTS ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )>(( HELPEE ABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )) NOT )>HELPEE PERMITTED ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )>HELPER ISA PERSON>HELPER WILLING ( HELPER ENABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK ))>HELPER ABLE ( HELPER ENABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK ))
125
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function
Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)The parameters are:>HELPEE, HELPER, TASKThe parameter specifications are:>HELPEE ISA PERSON>HELPEE WANTS ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )>(( HELPEE ABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )) NOT )>HELPEE PERMITTED ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )>HELPER ISA PERSON>HELPER WILLING ( HELPER ENABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK ))>HELPER ABLE ( HELPER ENABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK ))
126
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function • and stored in a semantic network
A semantic network is a set of nodes interconnected by relations
pred
agent
object
PERFORM
HELPEE
TASK
A0004 (HELPEE PERFORM TASK)
127
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function
Example: DEFINEDG(HELPING)The parameters are:>HELPEE, HELPER, TASKThe parameter specifications are:>HELPEE ISA PERSON>HELPEE WANTS ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )>(( HELPEE ABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )) NOT )>HELPEE PERMITTED ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK )>HELPER ISA PERSON>HELPER WILLING ( HELPER ENABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK ))>HELPER ABLE ( HELPER ENABLE ( HELPEE PERFORM TASK ))
128
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function • and stored in a semantic network
A semantic network is a set of nodes interconnected by relations
pred
agent
object
PERFORM
HELPEE
TASK
A0004 (HELPEE PERFORM TASK)
pred
agent
prop
WANT
HELPEE
A0004
A0005 (HELPEE WANT (HELPEE PERFORM TASK))
129
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function • and stored in a semantic network
A semantic network is a set of nodes interconnected by relations
parameter
parameter
parameter
HELPEE
HELPER
TASK
HELPING
130
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function • and stored in a semantic network
131
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function • and stored in a semantic network
„The parameter specification predicates create an interrelated structure with the Parameter nodes as central elements.
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function • and stored in a semantic network
„The parameter specification predicates create an interrelated structure with the Parameter nodes as central elements. This structure represents conventional knowledge about the participants and the topic of a helping interaction. […]
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game model – the representational format
DGs are represented in a semantic networkThe implementation is by statements, which are• taken in by the DEFINEDG function • and stored in a semantic network
„The parameter specification predicates create an interrelated structure with the Parameter nodes as central elements. This structure represents conventional knowledge about the participants and the topic of a helping interaction. […] This knowledge about parameters is used in several ways - to select a particular DG, to initiate a DG, to generate expectations, and to terminate a DG.“ (p.13)
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game processing
Each DG „can bee seen as a problem solving operator, selected to accomplish some high level goal (represented in the Parameter Specifications), and then specifying (through its Components) a set of subgoals to pursue.“ (S.17)
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game processing
Each DG „can bee seen as a problem solving operator, selected to accomplish some high level goal (represented in the Parameter Specifications), and then specifying (through its Components) a set of subgoals to pursue.“ (S.17)
Dialogue assimilation to DG in five stages:
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game processing
Each DG „can bee seen as a problem solving operator, selected to accomplish some high level goal (represented in the Parameter Specifications), and then specifying (through its Components) a set of subgoals to pursue.“ (S.17)
Dialogue assimilation to DG in five stages:
1. nomination
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Dialogue Games
Dialogue game processing
Each DG „can bee seen as a problem solving operator, selected to accomplish some high level goal (represented in the Parameter Specifications), and then specifying (through its Components) a set of subgoals to pursue.“ (S.17)
Dialogue assimilation to DG in five stages:
1. nomination2. recognition
139
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game processing
Each DG „can bee seen as a problem solving operator, selected to accomplish some high level goal (represented in the Parameter Specifications), and then specifying (through its Components) a set of subgoals to pursue.“ (S.17)
Dialogue assimilation to DG in five stages:
1. nomination2. recognition3. instantiation
140
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game processing
Each DG „can bee seen as a problem solving operator, selected to accomplish some high level goal (represented in the Parameter Specifications), and then specifying (through its Components) a set of subgoals to pursue.“ (S.17)
Dialogue assimilation to DG in five stages:
1. nomination2. recognition3. instantiation4. conduct
141
Dialogue Games
Dialogue game processing
Each DG „can bee seen as a problem solving operator, selected to accomplish some high level goal (represented in the Parameter Specifications), and then specifying (through its Components) a set of subgoals to pursue.“ (S.17)
Dialogue assimilation to DG in five stages:
1. nomination2. recognition3. instantiation4. conduct5. termination
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LONG-TERM MEMORYLONG-TERM MEMORY knowledge before dialogue starts
PROCESSORSPROCESSORS WORKSPACEWORKSPACE
MODIFIES
INFORMS
Worldknowledge•Objects•Processes•Concepts
Cognitive state ofpartner
Linguistic knowledge-words / semantic representations-case frames (verbs, predicates)
Dialogue Games
• parameters• parameter specification• components
tactical goals speaker / hearer
Rules ofinference,evidence
work semi-autonomously
parallel and concurrently
entities: activations
Dialogue Games
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PROTEUS spreading activation system
MATCH / DEDUCE production system - partial match - plausible inference
DIALOGUE GAMEPROCESSOR
investigates nominated DGseliminates conflicting DGs
PROCESSORSPROCESSORS
WORKSPACEWORKSPACE
activated concepts
nominated DGs
accepted DG
ultimate DG
FUNCTIONS in toto:
state of comprehensionand focus
partial and temporalprocessing results
modelling of implicitcommunication
comprehension ofrest of dialogue
DG terminationLONG-TERM MEMORY
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PROTEUS spreading activation system
MATCH / DEDUCE production system - partial match - plausible inference
DIALOGUE GAMEPROCESSOR
investigates nominated DGseliminates conflicting DGs
PROCESSORSPROCESSORS
WORKSPACEWORKSPACE
activated concepts
nominated DGs
accepted DG
ultimate DG
LONG-TERM MEMORY
FUNCTIONS in toto:
state of comprehensionand focus
partial and temporalprocessing results
modelling of implicitcommunication
comprehension ofrest of dialogue
DG termination
145
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension
146
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions
147
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
148
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour
149
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways
150
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals
151
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals• participants use knowledge about goal structures for implicit communication
152
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals• participants use knowledge about goal structures for implicit communication• changes of dialogue „topic“ are side effects of changes of participants‘ goals
153
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals• participants use knowledge about goal structures for implicit communication• changes of dialogue „topic“ are side effects of changes of participants‘ goals• indirect communication depends on associating functions with utterances
154
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals• participants use knowledge about goal structures for implicit communication• changes of dialogue „topic“ are side effects of changes of participants‘ goals• indirect communication depends on associating functions with utterances
DG structures allow for abbreviated communication
155
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals• participants use knowledge about goal structures for implicit communication• changes of dialogue „topic“ are side effects of changes of participants‘ goals• indirect communication depends on associating functions with utterances
DG structures allow for abbreviated communication:• during comprehension process: generation of expectations (used to resolve ambiguities); directing inferences
156
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals• participants use knowledge about goal structures for implicit communication• changes of dialogue „topic“ are side effects of changes of participants‘ goals• indirect communication depends on associating functions with utterances
DG structures allow for abbreviated communication:• during comprehension process: generation of expectations (used to resolve ambiguities); directing inferences• they focus the comprehension process wrt goals a speaker is pursuing with his utterance
157
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals• participants use knowledge about goal structures for implicit communication• changes of dialogue „topic“ are side effects of changes of participants‘ goals• indirect communication depends on associating functions with utterances
One central issue for comprehension is to identify those speaker´s goalsthat are motivating his utterances
158
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals• participants use knowledge about goal structures for implicit communication• changes of dialogue „topic“ are side effects of changes of participants‘ goals• indirect communication depends on associating functions with utterances
Meta-goal of comprehension (inherent in the model):„To comprehend an utterance is to find some previously known goal of the speaker which this utterance can be seen as furthering.“ (p.24)
159
Dialogue game processing - comprehension
Dialogue Games
DGT implements some generalizations about language comprehension:
Comprehension of utterances involves association of particular functions• imputation of goals
• participants‘ goals underlie dialogue behaviour• speakers hold multiple goals; these are related in highly constrained ways • participants‘ goals are closely related; constrains co-occurrence of goals• participants use knowledge about goal structures for implicit communication• changes of dialogue „topic“ are side effects of changes of participants‘ goals• indirect communication depends on associating functions with utterances
Meta-goal of comprehension (inherent in the model):„To comprehend an utterance is to find some previously known goal of the speaker which this utterance can be seen as furthering.“ (p.24)
This is used to limit explosion of possible inferences focusing of effortimplicit in DG model
161
Dialogue game processing – comprehension – indirect use of language
Dialogue Games
Functions of DGs:initiate another DG
162
Dialogue game processing – comprehension – indirect use of language
Dialogue Games
Functions of DGs:initiate another DGestablish new DG parameters
163
Dialogue game processing – comprehension – indirect use of language
Dialogue Games
Functions of DGs:initiate another DGestablish new DG parameters
Ex.: An utterance establishing parameters of INFO-SEEK DG can serve asindirect request:
164
Dialogue game processing – comprehension – indirect use of language
Dialogue Games
Functions of DGs:initiate another DGestablish new DG parameters
Ex.: An utterance establishing parameters of INFO-SEEK DG can serve asindirect request:• assertions of the speaker‘s own lack of knowledge
165
Dialogue game processing – comprehension – indirect use of language
Dialogue Games
Functions of DGs:initiate another DGestablish new DG parameters
Ex.: An utterance establishing parameters of INFO-SEEK DG can serve asindirect request:• assertions of the speaker‘s own lack of knowledge• questions about the other person‘s knowledge etc.
166
Dialogue game processing – comprehension – indirect use of language
Dialogue Games
Functions of DGs:initiate another DGestablish new DG parameterstermination of DG by change of parameter specifications
167
Dialogue game processing – comprehension – indirect use of language
Dialogue Games
Functions of DGs:initiate another DGestablish new DG parameterstermination of DG by change of parameter specifications
fulfilling one component goal of an open game generates expectations about next component
168
Dialogue games and Speech acts
Dialogue Games
Similarities:
• Interpretation of individual utterances uses words of utterance and context
169
Dialogue games and Speech acts
Dialogue Games
Similarities:
• Interpretation of individual utterances uses words of utterance and context• Both depend on dialogue participants‘ knowledge especially wrt. topic of interaction
170
Dialogue games and Speech acts
Dialogue Games
Similarities:
• Interpretation of individual utterances uses words of utterance and context• Both depend on dialogue participants‘ knowledge especially wrt. topic of interaction
Differences:
• DGs are bi-lateral actions & by definition interaction between two people Speech acts are unilateral actions
171
Dialogue games and Speech acts
Dialogue Games
Similarities:
• Interpretation of individual utterances uses words of utterance and context• Both depend on dialogue participants‘ knowledge especially wrt. topic of interaction
Differences:
• DGs are bi-lateral actions & by definition interaction between two people Speech acts are unilateral actions
• DGs are multi-sentential units, they encompass multiple utterances and turns of a dialogue Speech acts consist of single utterances