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Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 6 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 6

FORMAT FOR 2017 EXAMS IN BIOLOGY 3058

There is an 8-answer format for the 2017 exams in Biology 3058. The 8-answer format has been used for Biology 3058 exams since 2009. This replaces the 5 or less answer choices used in exams of prior years.

Most of the sample questions in this handout (except, e.g., for Sample Question 1-4) use the formats from exams of prior years, however.

The instructions for the 8-answer format of all 2017 exams are:

Fill in A if A is the only correct answer. Fill in B if B is the only correct answer. Fill in C if C is the only correct answer.

Fill in D if both A and B are correct (and C is NOT correct). Fill in E if both A and C are correct (and B is NOT correct). Fill in F if both B and C are correct (and A is NOT correct).

Fill in G if A and B and C are all correct. Fill in H if None of the above are correct (A is NOT correct, B is NOT correct, C is NOT correct).

Only mark one letter per question.

Sample Question 1-4 is an example of the 8-answer format of all 2017 exams.

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NO PASS/FAIL (CREDIT / NO CREDIT) OPTION FOR BIO 3058 All students taking Biol 3058 must register for a letter grade.

The Pass/Fail (Credit/No Credit) option is not available for Bio 3058 in 2017.

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SPECIAL NOTE FOR THOSE WITH A DISABILITY-RELATED NEED FOR REASONABLE EXAM-TAKING ACCOMMODATIONS:

If you have a disability-related need for reasonable exam-taking accommodations, contact Disability Resources at Cornerstone at 935-4062 to arrange to download the VISA (Verification of Individual Student Accommodation) that describes your need; see http://disability.wustl.edu In order to make arrangements for exam accommodations, Stein must receive your VISA at least 7 days prior to your exam. In order to have exam accomodations for the February 16 exam, Stein must receive your VISA by February 9, 2017. Please EMail your VISA to [email protected] as a PDF attachment.

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STEIN POLICY FOR POSTING ANNOUNCEMENTS FOR BIO 3058 STUDENTS:

During the semester, I get requests from student groups to post announcements for the class. I prefer NOT to post announcements during class, however. Instead, I welcome announcements from student groups with information relevant to the Biology 3058 class for me to post as part of my Tuesday weekly EMail to the class announcing that PDFs of the Tuesday 6-7PM TA review PDFs are now on line for downloading. I reserve the right to edit the announcement information that I receive prior to posting and to decline to post announcements that I do not think are relevant to the class or announcements with commercial content. If you have an announcement that you would like for me to post, please EMail a text version of the announcement (no attachments) prior to the weekly deadline of 9AM Tuesday morning. Announcements that I receive after 9AM Tuesday will appear in the next Tuesday's EMail (if such a posting is still prior to the event).

1-CONTROL-1-CONTROL-1-CONTROL-1-CONTROL-1-CONTROL-1-CONTROL-1 1-1. An increase in the set point of a negative feedback system will

A. cause an increase B. cause a decrease C. cause no change

in the steady state value of the controlled variable. 1-2. If the set point of a negative feedback system is greater than the current value of the

controlled variable, then there will be A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the value of the controlled variable. 1-3. In a negative feedback system with a comparator as part of the controller,

A. when the error signal is zero, the value of the set point equals the value of the controlled variable.

B. the system is in steady state when the value of the error signal is near zero for a long time.

C. the sensor measures the current value of the controlled variable. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-4. An increase in the levels of parathyroid hormone in the blood plasma will lead to a decrease in the calcium ion A. release from the bones. B. excretion in the urine. C. absorption from the contents of the intestine into the blood plasma. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A and B and C. H. None of the above.

1-5. When the value of the controlled variable in a properly functioning negative feedback system is much greater than the value of the set point, then A. the system is in steady state. B. the error signal will not equal zero. C. the effector will increase the value of the controlled variable. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-6. If the value of the controlled variable in a negative feedback system is greater than the value of the set point, then the A. threshold is reached and the value of the controlled variable will equal the value

of the plateau. B. actuating signal will instruct the effector to lower the value of the controlled

variable. C. actuating signal will instruct the effector to increase the value of the controlled

variable. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-7. Which of the following statements are true for all negative feedback systems? A. The output of the effector is the error signal. B. The output of the sensor directly controls the effector. C. When the set point is small, then the system is in steady state. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 7 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 7 1-8. There is a malfunction in the sensor of a negative feedback system so that the

magnitude of its output is twice that of a properly functioning sensor. Every other part of the system is normal. Hint: Select specific values as a strategy for solving this problem. When the sensor is malfunctioning, A. the system will be unstable. B. the value of the controlled variable at steady state will be one-half the value of the

controlled variable in the system with a properly functioning sensor. C. there will be a doubling in the value of the set point. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-9. In a positive feedback system, A. the value of the actuating signal is always near zero. B. the value of the output variable is greater than the plateau. C. the threshold is never greater than the value of the output variable. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-10. In a negative feedback system with a comparator as part of the controller, A. the set point is always greater than the threshold. B. the error signal directly activates the sensor. C. the value of the controlled variable is near the set point when the error signal is

near zero. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-11. When the error signal of a negative feedback system (with a comparator as part of the controller) is zero, this A. will always lead to a controlled variable value of zero. B. means that the value of the controlled variable is equal to the value of the set

point. C. means that the value of the controlled variable is equal to the value of the

plateau. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-12. Which of the following will change a closed loop negative feedback system to an open loop system? A. Removing all sensors. B. Removing all controllers. C. Cutting all connections between sensors and controllers. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-13. In a positive feedback system, A. the amplifier performs a subtraction. B. if the value of the output variable is greater than threshold, then the system will

drive the value of the output variable to the value of the plateau. C. the set point is equal to the threshold. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-14. A decrease in the blood plasma levels of calcium ions will lead to A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the amount of parathyroid hormone in the blood plasma.

1-15. Consider a properly functioning positive feedback system whose output variable is not equal to plateau at 1:00AM. At 1:00AM, the A. value of the output variable will always be very close to the threshold value. B. effector can produce a change in the value of the output variable. C. sensor measures the current value of the actuating signal. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-16. In a negative feedback system with a comparator as part of the controller, A. the error signal is the output of the effector. B. the controlled variable is the output of the comparator. C. the set point is the input of the sensor. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-17. Which of the following serves as an effector, or part of an effector, that functions in a positive feedback system? A. Smooth muscles in the walls of the uterus. B. Blood plasma levels of oxytocin. C. Mechanoreceptor sensory neurons with peripheral terminals in the uterus. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-18. Which of the following serves as an actuating signal, or as part of an actuating signal, in a negative feedback system? A. Blood plasma levels of PTH (parathryroid hormone). B. Blood plasma levels of oxytocin. C. Cell-surface calcium receptors of parathyroid gland cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-19. An increase in blood plasma levels of parathyroid hormone A. occurs in response to high levels of calcium ions in blood plasma. B. leads to an increase in calcium ion reabsorption in kidney. C. leads to an increase in the amount of calcium stored in the bones. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-20. An increase in the blood plasma levels of oxytocin in a human female in the last month of a full-term pregnancy will lead to an increase in the A. amount of force generated by muscles in the walls of the uterus. B. blood plasma levels of calcium ions. C. blood plasma levels of parathryroid hormone. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-21. Which of the following is true for Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Receptors? A. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Receptors are located only in the plasma

membranes in parathyroid gland cells. B. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Receptors serve as a sensor, or as part of a sensor,

in a negative feedback system. C. Levels of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Receptors in the blood plasma serve as an

actuating signal in a negative feedback system. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-22. Which of the following serves as an actuating signal, or as part of an actuating signal, in a positive feedback system? A. Blood plasma levels of oxytocin. B. Blood plasma levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. C. Blood plasma levels of PTH (parathyroid hormone). D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 8 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 8 1-23. Which of the following serves as a sensor, or as part of a sensor, that functions in a

positive feedback system? A. PTH receptors (parathyroid hormone receptors) in the kidney. B. Oxytocin receptors in the uterus. C. Plasma-membrane calcium receptors located in parathyroid gland cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-24. Which of the following substances bind to a plasma-membrane receptor with its binding site on an extracellular surface of the receptor? A. Calcium. B. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH). C. Oxytocin. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

1-25. An increase in blood plasma levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D {1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D} will lead to an increase in the A. net flux of calcium from the blood plasma into the contents of the intestine. B. amount of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D that binds only to the extracellular binding

sites of spanning proteins in the plasma membranes of cells in the intestine. C. net flux of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D from the blood plasma into the intracellular

spaces of cells of the intestine. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

1-26. A new drug named AGON-CaSR has been developed that is an agonist at calcium-binding sites of CaSRs (Calcium-Sensing Receptors) in plasma membranes of parathyroid gland cells. Healthy Person P receives regular doses of AGON-CaSR as part of a clinical trial. When AGON-CaSR levels in the extracellular spaces surrounding parathyroid gland cells increase in Healthy Person P, this leads to A. a decrease in the levels of calcium in the blood plasma. B. a decrease in the levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the blood plasma. C. an increase in the amount of PTH binding to PTH Receptors in bone. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

1-27. A new drug named ANTAG-CaSR has been developed that is an antagonist at calcium-binding sites of CaSRs (Calcium-Sensing Receptors) in the plasma membranes of parathyroid gland cells. Healthy Person P receives regular doses of ANTAG-CaSR as part of a clinical trial. When ANTAG-CaSR levels in the extracellular spaces surrounding parathyroid gland cells increase in Healthy Person P, this leads to A. an increase in the levels of calcium in the blood plasma. B. a decrease in the levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the blood plasma. C. an increase in the amount of PTH binding to PTH Receptors in bone. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

1-28. Patient X has blood plasma levels of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) that are always very high due to a tumor consisting of Parathyroid Gland cells that secrete high levels of PTH into the blood plasma. Which of the following drugs will help relieve some of the problems for Patient X? A. Drug A that is an antagonist of the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor (PTHR). B. Drug B that is an agonist of the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor (PTHR). C. Drug C that is an antagonist of the calcium-binding site of the Calcium-Sensing

Receptor (CaSR). D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

1-29. Which of the following is true? A. CaSRs (Calcium-Sensing Receptors) are GPCRs (G-Protein Coupled Receptors)

that are spanning proteins located only in the membranes of the nucleus of Parathyroid Gland cells.

B. Calcium ions are antagonists of the binding site of CaSRs. C. CaSRs serve as sensors in a negative feedback control system that regulates the

blood plasma levels of Calcium. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

1-30. Which of the following drugs taken by healthy human H will convert a closed-loop negative-feedback system in H into an open-loop system? A. H takes Drug A. Drug A prevents exocytosis of all vesicles containing

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH). B. H takes Drug B. Drug B is an antagonist of the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor

(PTHR) and is bound to all PTHRs in the body. C. H takes Drug C. Drug C is an agonist of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR)

and is bound to all CaSRs in the body. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

1-31. Which of the following are a part of an effector in the negative feedback loop controlling plasma levels of calcium? A. Vitamin D Receptors (VDRs) in the plasma membranes of cells in the intestine. B. Parathyroid Hormone Receptors (PTHRs) in the nucleus of bone cells. C. Parathyroid Hormone Receptors (PTHRs) in the plasma membranes of cells in

the kidney. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above. 2-TRANSPORT-2-TRANSPORT-2-TRANSPORT-2-TRANSPORT-2-TRANSPORT-2

2-1. A membrane separates two solutions of equal volume of KCl. The solution on the left is more concentrated in KCl than the solution on the right. At 3 PM today the membrane was transformed from an impermeable membrane to a membrane permeable only to chloride ions. At 4 PM today there will A. be an increase B. be a decrease C. be no change

in the amount of chloride ions in the left compartment when compared with the amount in that compartment at 2 PM today.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 9 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 9 2-2. Which of the following is an effect of the following drugs?

A. Drug A is an agonist of the Vasopressin2 Receptor (V2R). High levels of Drug A in the extracellular spaces surrounding cells of the kidney collecting ducts will lead to high levels of endocytosis of AQP2 molecules in these cells.

B. Drug B is an agonist of the Insulin Receptor. High levels of Drug B in the extracellular spaces surrounding fat cells will lead to high levels of endocytosis of GLUT4 molecules in these cells.

C. Drug C is an antagonist of the Insulin Receptor. High levels of Drug C in the extracellular spaces surrounding skeletal muscle cells will lead to high levels of exocytosis of GLUT4 molecules in these cells.

D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

2-3. There is an impermeable membrane separating one liter of a 1M KCl solution in the left compartment from one liter of a 2 M KCl solution in the right compartment. At 2 AM today, the membrane became permeable to potassium ions only. At 4 AM today, the membrane became permeable to chloride ions also in addition to maintaining its permeability to potassium ions. The net charge in the left compartment at 5 AM will show A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

when compared to the net charge in the left compartment at 3 AM. 2-4. Diffusion of which of the following substances across the plasma membrane occurs via a

spanning membrane protein channel? A. Water. B. Steroid hormones. C. Glucose. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-5. During diffusion, A. molecules move against a concentration gradient. B. ATP molecules are utilized. C. only lipid soluble molecules can move into the cell. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-6. During primary active transport of substances across plasma membranes, A. an energy source is required. B. ATP molecules are utilized. C. a substance can be moved from a region of low concentration of the substance to

a region of high concentration of the substance. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-7. An impermeable membrane separates one liter of a 1M KCl solution in the left compartment from one liter of a 1M NaCl solution in the right compartment. At 2 AM, the membrane became permeable to chloride ions. The amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 3 AM will display A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

compared with the amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 1 AM. 2-8. During osmosis,

A. the solution having the higher concentration of dissolved substances in water is made more dilute.

B. there is no movement of liquid across the membrane. C. there is always a flow of dissolved substances along with water. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-9. When a healthy red blood cell is placed in pure water with no dissolved substances, then A. water will enter the cell. B. the volume of the cell will decrease. C. the cell will remain in a healthy condition. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-10. During diffusion of ions across a plasma membrane, A. ATP molecules are utilized. B. the ions only move from a region of low ionic concentration to a region of high

ionic concentration. C. the specific ion can pass through an open channel of a membrane-spanning

protein that is permeable to that ion. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-11. At 1 AM, an impermeable membrane separates one liter of a 1M KCl solution in the left compartment from one liter of a 2M KCl solution in the right compartment. At 2 AM, the membrane became permeable to chloride ions only. At 4 AM, the membrane also became permeable to potassium ions in addition to maintaining its chloride ion permeability. A. At 3 AM, there will be a net positive charge in the right compartment. B. At 5 AM, there will be more potassium ions in the left compartment when

compared to the amount of potassium ions in the left compartment at 3 AM. C. At 5 AM, there will be less chloride ions in the right compartment when compared

to the amount of chloride ions in the right compartment at 3 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-12. An impermeable membrane separates one liter of a 0.01 M glucose solution in water in the left compartment from one liter of a 0.1 M glucose solution in water in the right compartment. At 2 AM the membrane became permeable to water only. A. At 3 AM, there will be an increase in the amount of glucose in the left

compartment. B. At 3 AM, there will be a decrease in the concentration of glucose in water in the

right compartment when compared to its value at 1 AM. C. At 3 AM, there will be an increase in the amount of water in the left compartment

when compared to its value at 1 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-13. An impermeable membrane separates one liter of a 1M KCl solution in the left compartment from one liter of a 1M NaCl solution in the right compartment. At 2 AM today the membrane became permeable to sodium ions. At 4 AM today the membrane became permeable to potassium ions and maintained its sodium ion permeability. A. The amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 3 AM is greater than the

amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 5 AM. B. The amount of potassium ions in the left compartment at 5 AM is greater than the

amount of potassium ions in the right compartment at 5 AM. C. The amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 3 AM is equal to the

amount of sodium ions in the left compartment at 3 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-14. An impermeable membrane separates one liter of a 2M KCl solution in the left compartment from one liter of a 1M KCl solution in the right compartment. At 2 AM the membrane became permeable to chloride ion. At 4 AM, the membrane also became permeable to potassium ion in addition to maintaining its chloride ion permeability. A. At 3 AM there will be excess negative charge in the left compartment. B. At 5 AM there is more potassium ion in the left compartment when compared with

the potassium ion level in the left compartment at 3 AM. C. After 3:59 AM there will be no change in the amount of chloride ion in the right

compartment. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 10 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 10 2-15. An impermeable membrane separates a one liter of a 1M KCl solution in the left

compartment from one liter of a 1M NaCl solution in the right compartment. At 2 AM today the membrane became permeable to both sodium and potassium ions; the membrane remained impermeable to chloride ions. The amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 3 AM will show A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

when compared with the amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 1 AM. 2-16. An impermeable membrane separates one liter of a 1M KCl solution in the left

compartment from one liter of 1M NaCl solution in the right compartment. At 2 AM today the membrane became permeable to chloride ions only. At 4 AM today the membrane became permeable to sodium ions and maintained its chloride permeability. A. The amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 5 AM is greater than the

amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 3 AM. B. The amount of sodium ions in the left compartment at 5 AM is equal to the

amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 5 AM. C. The amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 5 AM is greater than the

amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 3 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-17. Impermeable membrane number one separates one liter of a 1M KCl solution in the left compartment from one liter of a 2M KCl solution in the middle compartment. Impermeable membrane number two separates the 2M KCl solution in the middle compartment from one liter of a 3M KCl solution in the right compartment. At 2 AM membrane number two becomes permeable to potassium ions only. At 4 AM membrane number one also becomes permeable to potassium ions only. Membrane number two remains permeable to potassium ions. Both membranes remain impermeable to chloride ions. A. The amount of potassium ions in the middle compartment at 3 AM will show a

decrease when compared to 1 AM levels of potassium ions in the middle compartment.

B. The amount of potassium ions in the left compartment at 5 AM will show a decrease when compared with 1 AM levels of potassium ions in the left compartment.

C. The amount of potassium ions in the right compartment at 5 AM will show an increase compared with 3 AM levels of potassium ions in the right compartment.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-18. Impermeable membrane number one separates one liter of a 2M NaCl solution in the left compartment from one liter of a 2M KCl solution in the middle compartment. Impermeable membrane number two separates the 2M KCl solution in the middle compartment from one liter of a 3M KCl solution in the right compartment. At 2 AM membrane number two becomes permeable only to potassium ions. At 4 AM membrane number one becomes permeable only to chloride ions and membrane number two maintains its permeability to potassium. A. The amount of potassium ions in the right compartment will not change from its

3 AM value to its 5 AM value. B. The amount of chloride ions in the middle compartment will decrease from its

1 AM value to its value at 3 AM. C. The amount of chloride ions in the left compartment will increase from its value at

3 AM to its value at 5 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-19. An impermeable membrane separates a one liter solution of 1M NaCl in the left compartment from a one liter solution of 2M KCl in the right compartment. At 2 AM the membrane became permeable to sodium ions. At 4 AM the membrane also became permeable to potassium ions while maintaining its permeability to sodium ions. The amount A. of sodium ions in the left compartment at 3 AM is less than the amount of sodium

ions in the left compartment at 1 AM. B. of potassium ions in the left compartment at 5 AM is equal to the amount of

potassium ions in the right compartment at 5 AM. C. of sodium ions in the left compartment at 3 AM is equal to the amount of sodium

ions in the left compartment at 5 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-20. A healthy red blood cell is placed in normal physiological saline at 1 AM. A modified physiological saline is prepared whose concentration of dissolved salts is twice that of normal physiological saline. At 2 AM, the red blood cell is removed from the normal physiological saline and placed in the modified physiological saline. At 2:05 AM, there will be A. an increase in the amount of water in the cell compared with the amount of water

in the cell at 1:55 AM. B. a decrease in the volume of the cell compared with the cell volume at 1:55 AM. C. an increase in the conductance of mechanically-gated channels compared with

the conductance of those channels at 1:55 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-21. At 1 AM, an impermeable membrane separates a one liter solution of 1M NaCl in the left compartment from a one liter solution of 2M NaCl in the right compartment. At 2 AM, the membrane became permeable to chloride ions. At 4 AM, the membrane once again became impermeable to chloride ions. At 6 AM, the membrane became permeable to sodium ions and, in addition, maintained its impermeability to chloride ions. A. At 7 AM, the amount of chloride ions in the left compartment will be equal to the

amount of chloride ions in the right compartment. B. The amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 7 AM will be equal to the

amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 5 AM. C. At 7 AM, the amount of sodium ions in the left compartment will be equal to the

amount of sodium ions in the right compartment. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-22. During exocytosis in the axon terminal of a motor neuron, A. the vesicle membrane fuses with the plasma membrane of the cell. B. a small portion of the plasma membrane of the cell is removed. C. there is movement of calcium ions only from intracellular space to extracellular

space. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-23. For which of the following processes is the net flux of sodium ions from a region of low concentration of sodium to a region of high concentration of sodium? The movement of sodium ions via A. an open voltage-gated sodium channel. B. the spanning protein responsible for secondary active cotransport of sodium and

glucose. C. the sodium-potassium ATPase primary active transport pump. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 11 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 11 2-24. Which of the following is true for the secondary active cotransport of sodium and

glucose? A. The spanning protein responsible for the secondary active cotransport is an

ATPase, that is, it directly breaks down ATP. B. The net flux of sodium ions is from a region of low sodium ion concentration to a

region of high sodium ion concentration. C. The net flux of glucose is from a region of low glucose concentration to a region

of high glucose concentration. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-25. At 1 AM, an impermeable membrane separates a 1 liter solution of 1M NaCl in the left compartment from a 1 liter solution containing both 1M NaCl and 1M KCl in the right compartment. At 2 AM, the membrane became permeable to chloride ions. At 4 AM, the membrane once again became impermeable to chloride ions. At 6 AM, the membrane became permeable to sodium ions and, in addition, maintained chloride ion impermeability. A. The amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 3 AM will be greater than

the amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 1 AM. B. The amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 7 AM will be equal to the

amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 5 AM. C. The amount of sodium ions in the left compartment at 7 AM will be greater than

the amount of sodium ions in the left compartment at 5 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-26. Which of the following is an active transport process? A. Net flux of glucose across the plasma membrane via GLUT2 molecules. B. Net flux of glucose across the plasma membrane via sodium-glucose co-

transporters. C. Net flux of sodium across the plasma membrane via

voltage-gated sodium channels. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-27. Which of the following is true for the sodium-potassium primary active transport pump? A. The net flux of sodium is from a region of high sodium concentration to a region

of low sodium concentration. B. The net flux of potassium is from a region of low potassium concentration to a

region of high potassium concentration. C. During each opening of the pump channel, there is net flux of a very large amount

of sodium ions via the open channel. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-28. An impermeable membrane separates one liter of a 1M KCl solution in the left compartment from one liter of a 1M NaCl solution in the right compartment. At 2 AM today, the membrane became permeable to sodium ions only. At 4 AM today, the membrane also became permeable to chloride ions and maintained its sodium ion permeability. A. The amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 5 AM is greater than the

amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 3 AM. B. The amount of chloride ions in the right compartment at 5 AM is greater than the

amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 5 AM. C. The amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 5 AM is greater than the

amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 3 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-29. Which of the following is true for endocytosis? During endocytosis A. in collecting duct epithelial cells, there is insertion of AQP2 channels into luminal

membranes. B. in fat cells, there is removal of GLUT4 molecules from plasma membranes. C. in toe motor neurons, there is release of ACh (acetylcholine) from axonal

terminals in response to action potentials. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-30. At 1 AM, an impermeable membrane separates a 1 liter solution of 1M NaCl in the left compartment from a 1 liter solution containing both 1M NaCl and 1M KCl in the right compartment. At 2 AM, the membrane became permeable to sodium ions. At 4 AM, the membrane also became permeable to potassium ions and, in addition, maintained sodium ion permeability. A. The amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 1 AM will be equal to the

amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 3 AM. B. The amount of sodium ions in the left compartment at 5 AM will be less than the

amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 5 AM. C. The amount of potassium ions in the right compartment at 5 AM will be less than

the amount of potassium ions in the right compartment at 3 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-31. At 1 AM, an impermeable membrane separates a 1 liter solution of 1M NaCl in the left compartment from a 1 liter solution containing both 1M NaCl and 1M KCl in the right compartment. At 2 AM, the membrane became permeable to chloride ions. At 4 AM, the membrane once again became impermeable to chloride ions. At 6 AM, the membrane became permeable to sodium ions and, in addition, maintained chloride ion impermeability. At 8 AM, the membrane once again became impermeable to sodium ions. At 10 AM the membrane once again became permeable to chloride ions and, in addition, maintained sodium ion impermeability. The membrane maintained impermeability to potassium ions during the entire period. A. The amount of sodium ions in the left compartment at 7 AM will be greater than

the amount of sodium ions in the right compartment at 7 AM. B. The amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 11 AM will be greater than

the amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 5 AM. C. The amount of chloride ions in the left compartment at 11 AM will be less than the

amount of chloride ions in the right compartment at 11 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-32. Which of the following is a uniporter? A. AQP4 (aquaporin4) channel. B. GLUT2 molecule. C. voltage-gated sodium channel. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-33. The bicarbonate-chloride exchanger located in the plasma membrane of red blood cells is an example of A. uniporter transport. B. primary active transport. C. secondary active transport. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 12 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 12 2-34. At 1 AM, an impermeable membrane separates a 1 liter solution of 1M NaCl in the left

compartment from a 1 liter solution containing both 1M NaCl and 1M KCl in the right compartment. At 2 AM, the membrane became permeable to chloride ions. At 4 AM, the membrane once again became impermeable to chloride ions. At 6 AM, the membrane became permeable to sodium ions and, in addition, maintained chloride ion impermeability. At 8 AM, the membrane became permeable to potassium ions and, in addition, maintained sodium ion permeability and chloride ion impermeability. A. The amount of sodium ions in the left compartment at 9 AM will be equal to the

amount of sodium ions in the left compartment at 7 AM. B. The amount of potassium ions in the left compartment at 9 AM will be greater

than the amount of potassium ions in the left compartment at 7 AM. C. The amount of potassium ions in the left compartment at 9 AM will be equal to the

amount of potassium ions in the right compartment at 9 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

2-35. At 1:02 AM, cell X has GLUT4 molecules included in the vesicular membranes of all its intracellular vesicles. Between 1:03 AM and 1:04 AM, there is exocytosis of all these vesicles of cell X. No endocytosis of vesicles in cell X occurs between 1:00 AM and 1:06 AM. A. Between 1:03 AM and 1:04 AM, portions of the plasma membrane of cell X are

removed. B. Between 1:03 AM and 1:04 AM, GLUT4 molecules are released into extracellular

space. C. The glucose permeability of the plasma membrane of cell X at 1:05 AM will be

greater than the glucose permeability of the plasma membrane of cell X at 1:02 AM.


2-36. Which of the following is true for Vasopressin2 Receptors (V2Rs) in collecting duct epithelial cells? A. When agonists bind to V2Rs in the plasma membrane of the cells, this leads to

an increase in the extracellular amount of cAMP. B. When antagonists bind to V2Rs in the plasma membrane of the cells, this leads

to an increase in the amount of AQP2 in the luminal plasma membranes of the cells.

C. When agonists bind to V2Rs in the plasma membrane of the cells, this leads to an increase in the amount of GTP that is bound to alpha subunits of the G-proteins associated with the V2Rs.


2-37. Which of the following is true for exocytosis? A. During exocytosis in fat cells, there is insertion of GLUT4 molecules into plasma

membranes in response to binding of insulin to insulin receptors in plasma membranes.

B. During exocytosis in toe motor neurons, there is release of ACh (acetylcholine) from axon terminals in response to a decrease in the amount of intracellular calcium in these axon terminals.

C. During exocytosis in kidney collecting duct epithelial cells, there is insertion of AQP2 channels into luminal membranes in response to binding of cAMP to Vasopressin2 Receptors (V2Rs) in the plasma membrane.


2-38. For the bicarbonate-chloride exchanger (also called Anion Exchanger 1 or AE1), A. the net flux of bicarbonate across the plasma membrane is in the same direction

as the net flux of chloride across the plasma membrane. B. ATP is directly required for the net flux of substances across the

bicarbonate-chloride exchanger. C. the net flux of bicarbonate across the plasma membrane is from a region with a

high concentration of bicarbonate to a region with a low concentration of bicarbonate.

D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above. 3-MUSCLE-3-MUSCLE-3-MUSCLE-3-MUSCLE-3-MUSCLE-3-MUSCLE-3-MUSCLE-3

3-1. The length of an I band will show A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

when a muscle contracts and shortens. 3-2. An increase in the overlap between the thin and the thick filaments of a muscle will lead

to A. an increase B. decrease C. no change

in the length of the I band. 3-3. There will be

A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the overlap between actin filaments and myosin filaments when a skeletal muscle shortens during a contraction.

3-4. At 1:00 AM, all of the ATP is extracted from a muscle fiber and no new ATP is allowed to form. A. All myosin heads attached to their receptors on the actin molecule at 1:15AM will

no longer be attached to their receptors on the actin molecule at 1:30AM. B. At 1:30AM, an increase of calcium ions in the vicinity of the thick and thin

filaments will have no effect on muscle tension. C. At 1:30AM, a muscle action potential will still lead to muscle shortening. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-5. A healthy skeletal muscle fiber is isolated and has no external forces on it. It has normal intracellular levels of ATP and is bathed in physiological saline. At 2:00 AM, primary active transport of calcium ions across the sacroplasmic reticulum is blocked for the duration of the experiment. At 2:01 AM, the muscle fiber is stimulated to produce action potentials at high frequency for 10 minutes. At 2:11 AM, stimulation is stopped. At 2:12 AM, A. there will be a high net flux of calcium ions from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic

reticulum. B. there will be binding of the heads of myosin molecules to receptor sites on actin

molecules. C. the muscle fiber will be very relaxed. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-6. Calcium ions in skeletal muscle A. are stored in the transverse tubules. B. bind to sites on troponin molecules. C. only can bind to sites on actin molecules. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 13 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 13 3-7. When the length of a skeletal muscle decreases during an active contraction

A. the A band remains the same size. B. the H band becomes larger. C. the distance between the Z lines remains the same. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-8. Which of the following muscle types can have their tension altered by changes of neuronal activities in the central nervous system? A. skeletal B. cardiac C. smooth D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-9. ATP is directly needed in which of the following processes in vertebrate skeletal muscle? A. detachment of myosin head from actin. B. movement of calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. movement of potassium ions into the muscle fiber. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-10. When there is an increase in the calcium ion conductance of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, then this will always lead to A. a flow of calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B. a lengthening of the muscle. C. a decrease in actin molecule receptor sites available for attachment of activated

myosin molecules. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-11. When the overlap between the thin and thick filaments of a muscle is increasing, the A. H zone is becoming smaller. B. muscle is lengthening. C. number of ATP molecules near the filaments is increasing. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-12. A healthy skeletal muscle fiber is isolated and has no external forces on it. It has normal intracellular levels of ATP and is bathed in physiological saline. An action potential in the muscle fiber will lead to A. a release of calcium ions into the transverse tubules. B. the release of ACh from the muscle. C. an increase in the breakdown of ATP. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-13. When a muscle increases in length A. the distance between the Z lines decreases. B. the length of the H zone decreases. C. the amount of the A band not in the I band increases. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-14. A healthy skeletal muscle fiber is isolated and has no external forces on it. It has normal intracellular levels of ATP and is bathed in physiological saline. An action potential in the muscle fiber will lead to A. an increase in calcium ion conductance of the sacroplasmic reticulum. B. a lengthening of the I band. C. an increase in length of the sarcomere. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-15. Which of the following statements are true for skeletal muscle? A. Calcium ions bind to sites on the tropomyosin molecule. B. The movement of the troponin molecule is the direct cause that allows the

receptor site on the actin molecule to be available for binding. C. The head of the actin molecule binds to a receptor site on the myosin molecule to

form a cross-bridge. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-16. Which of the following statements are true for skeletal muscle? A. Actin molecules are located in the thick filaments. B. Acetylcholine receptors are located on the surface of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. The heads of the myosin molecules attach onto the Z line. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-17. ATP is directly needed in which of the following processes in muscle? A. movement of potassium ions out of the muscle fiber. B. movement of calcium ions out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. movement of tropomyosin molecules to expose binding sites on actin molecules. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-18. The A band will display A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in length when the length of a skeletal muscle is increased. 3-19. T or F: The distance from the Z line to the edge of the H zone remains constant even

when the length of the muscle changes. 3-20. A healthy skeletal muscle fiber is isolated and has no external forces on it. It has normal

intracellular levels of ATP and is bathed in physiological saline. An action potential in the muscle fiber will lead to an increase in the A. amount of calcium ion near troponin molecules. B. amount of troponin that has calcium ion bound to it. C. breakdown of ATP in the muscle. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-21. Which of the following are true for skeletal muscle cells? A. acetylcholine receptors are located on the external surface of the plasma

membrane of the muscle cell. B. actin filaments are attached to the Z line. C. calcium ion conductance of internal membranes can be changed. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-22. T or F: In a skeletal muscle, an increase in the activity of all its sacroplasmic reticulum calcium pumps will lead to an increase in the force generated by the muscle.

3-23. A healthy skeletal muscle fiber is isolated and has no external forces on it. It has normal intracellular levels of ATP and is bathed in physiological saline. Which of the following will lead to an increase in the overlap between thin and thick filaments in the muscle fiber? A. binding of curare to the nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor on the surface of

the muscle. B. an increase in the pumping rate of calcium ATPase pumps in the membranes of

the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. an increase in the amount of calcium ions bound to troponin. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 14 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 14 3-24. Which are closely associated with thin filaments of skeletal muscles?

A. troponin. B. tropomyosin. C. calcium ion binding sites. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-25. In the sarcomere of a skeletal muscle, there are A. actin molecules in the H zone. B. myosin molecules in the I band. C. both actin and myosin molecules in the region of the A band that is not in the H

zone. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-26. Patient X's knee extensor muscles have developed a rare disease discovered only last night. The calcium ion active transport pumps located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes of these muscles all pump calcium in the opposite direction of normal pumps. Patient X will A. have no difficulty controlling his knees. B. experience great difficulty lengthening X's knee extensor muscles when Patient X

attempts a shortening contraction of X's knee flexor muscles. C. have knee extensor muscle sacromeres that are much longer than usual. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-27. An increase in the calcium conductance of all sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes of a skeletal muscle with no external forces on it leads to A. increased binding of calcium ions to tropomyosin. B. a decrease in the amount of ATP molecules in the muscle. C. an increase in the length of the H zone. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-28. When rigor mortis occurs in a muscle, A. there are adequate levels of ATP in the muscle. B. the heads of myosin molecules can easily detach from their receptor sites on

actin molecules. C. sarcomere length remains constant. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-29. Calcium ions in skeletal muscle A. are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B. bind to sites only located on myosin molecules. C. have a net flux from intracellular regions near actin and myosin molecules into the

sarcoplasmic reticulum when sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium channels open. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-30. Which of the following is true in a skeletal muscle? A. Movement of the cross-bridge occurs only when the myosin head is detached

from the actin molecule. B. The binding of ATP to myosin causes detachment of the myosin head from the

actin molecule. C. The heads of myosin molecule are activated (energized) by the conversion of

ADP to ATP. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-31. Which of the following is true for the following receptors in skeletal muscle? A. The DHP (dihydropyridine) Receptor is a spanning membrane protein that is a

ligand-gated ion channel. B. The Ryanodine Receptor is a spanning membrane protein that is located only in

the plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle. C. The nACh (nicotinic Acetylcholine) Receptor is a spanning membrane protein that

is located only in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-32. Person X received an injection into the blood. As a result of this injection, X is no longer able to produce skeletal muscle contractions. Injection into the blood of which of the following substances could lead to this result? A. curare. B. alpha-bungarotoxin. C. TTX (tetrodotoxin). D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-33. For a sarcomere of a skeletal muscle, define the following terms: A is the length of the A Band; H is the length of the H Zone; I is the total length of the I Bands in the sarcomere. When the sarcomere shortens during a contraction, A. The sum of the values of I and A (= I + A) remains constant. B. The sum of the values of I and H (= I + H) remains constant. C. The value of I minus the value of H (= I - H) remains constant. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3-34. Which of the following is true for exocytosis? During exocytosis in A. toe motor neurons, there will be release of acetylcholine (ACh) from axonal

terminals near toe skeletal muscles in response to a decrease in the amount of intracellular calcium in the axonal terminals of these neurons.

B. skeletal muscle cells, there will be release of calcium ions from intracellular vesicles in the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to high levels of ryanodine binding to ryanodine receptors in the transverse tubules.

C. IA muscle-spindle stretch receptor neurons, there will be release of glutamate from peripheral terminals in the spinal cord in response to an increase in intracellular calcium levels in the peripheral terminals of these neurons.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 3-35. Healthy Person X is walking on level ground. Which of the following is true for the

knee extensor muscle of X's right leg during the step cycle? A. The right knee extensor muscle has a lengthening contraction near the end of the

right leg's swing phase immediately prior to start of the right leg's stance phase. B. Immediately after the right foot touches the ground at the start of stance phase,

the sum of the lengths of all the overlap regions between the thick and thin filaments (= the regions of the A band not in the H zone) will increase in the right knee extensor muscle.

C. Immediately after the right foot touches the ground at the start of the stance phase, the sum of the lengths of all the H zones will decrease in the right knee extensor muscle.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 3-36. Which of the following is true for a skeletal muscle?

A. During a shortening contraction of the muscle, there is an increase in the amount of calcium ions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of every sarcomere of the muscle.

B. During a lengthening contraction of the muscle, there is an increase in the length of the overlap region between the thick and thin filaments (= the region of the A band not in the H zone) in every sarcomere of the muscle.

C. During a lengthening contraction of the muscle, the length of the H zone will decrease in every sarcomere of the muscle.


Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 15 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 15 4-NEURON-4-NEURON-4-NEURON-4-NEURON-4-NEURON-4-NEURON-4-NEURON-4

4-1. Which of the following are true? A. Curare will block the potassium channel. B. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) will block the voltage-gated sodium channel. C. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) ion will bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh)

receptor. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-2. Which of the following serves as a part of a positive feedback system? A. Blood plasma levels of oxytocin. B. Smooth muscles of the uterus. C. The S4 helix of the voltage-gated sodium channel. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-3. An increase in membrane voltage will lead to A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the membrane conductance to sodium ions. 4-4. In a neuron at rest, the membrane

A. voltage will be less than zero. B. sodium conductance is less than the membrane potassium conductance. C. voltage is less than the action potential threshold voltage. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-5. Which of the following are neurotransmitters? A. Glutamate. B. Glycine. C. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-6. At 1 AM, a researcher places a healthy squid giant axon in a bath of normal squid physiological extracellular saline and internally perfuses the axon with normal squid intracellular saline. Its resting potential at 1:55 AM is -70 millivolts. For this question, ignore any possible effects due to the sodium-potassium pump. At 2 AM, the researcher replaces both the intracellular and the extracellular salines. A. In the 2 AM intracellular perfusion saline, the concentration of potassium ion is

increased compared to its concentration prior to 2 AM. In the 2 AM extracellular saline, the concentration of potassium ion is not changed compared to its concentration prior to 2 AM. This will cause an increase in the Nernst equilibrium potential for potassium ion.

B. In the 2 AM intracellular perfusion saline, the concentration of potassium ion is increased compared to its concentration prior to 2 AM. In the 2 AM extracellular saline, the concentration of potassium ion is not changed compared to its concentration prior to 2 AM. This will cause a decrease in the resting membrane voltage.

C. In the 2 AM extracellular saline, the concentration of potassium ion is increased compared to its concentration prior to 2 AM. In the 2 AM intracellular perfusion saline, the concentration of potassium ion is not changed compared to its concentration prior to 2 AM. This will cause a decrease in the Nernst equilibrium potential for potassium ion.


4-7. During chemical synaptic transmission, A. there will always be release of neurotransmitter from the postsynaptic neuron. B. neurotransmitter binds to receptors located on synaptic vesicles. C. neurotransmitter travels via diffusion in extracellular space. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-8. Which of the following bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor in a vertebrate skeletal muscle? A. Curare. B. Alpha-bungarotoxin. C. Acetylcholine. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-9. In the axon of a nerve cell, the voltage dependent conductance of the voltage-gated potassium channel A. has a faster time course than the voltage dependent conductance of the voltage-

gated sodium channel. B. allows more potassium ions to flow into the cell immediately after the maximum

membrane voltage of the action potential. C. decreases as membrane voltage increases. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-10. Which are examples of diffusion across a plasma membrane? A. Net flux of potassium ions via the sodium-potassium pump. B. Net flux of sodium ions into a neuron during an action potential. C. Net flux of sodium ions via the sodium-potassium pump. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-11. Which of the following processes are involved when one nerve cell inhibits another nerve cell via a chemical synapse? A. Diffusion. B. Membrane conductance changes. C. Binding of transmitter to receptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-12. At 2 AM a healthy nerve cell is resting in a bath of normal physiological saline. At 3 AM the sodium-potassium pump is poisoned. The amount of intracellular potassium ions at 4 AM will show A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

when compared to the amount of intracellular potassium ions at 2 AM. 4-13. During an action potential,

A. there is a positive feedback effect involving potassium ion. B. the membrane voltage decreases during the initial part of the action potential. C. sodium ions flow out of the nerve cell by diffusion. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-14. In a nerve an increase in potassium conductance will lead to A. an action potential. B. increased transmitter release. C. increased sodium conductance. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-15. Which of the following will lead to the production of an action potential? A. An increase in the activity of the sodium-potassium pump. B. A decrease in the membrane voltage. C. A large increase in sodium ion conductance. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-16. The value of the Nernst equilibrium potential for sodium will be A. zero volts if extracellular sodium ion concentration is equal to intracellular sodium

ion concentration. B. +58 millivolts if extracellular sodium concentration is twice that of intracellular

sodium ion concentration. C. negative if extracellular sodium ion concentration is greater than intracellular

sodium ion concentration. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 16 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 16 4-17. At 2 AM a healthy nerve cell is resting in a bath of physiological saline. At 2:05 AM the

cell is depolarized over threshold so that an action potential occurs. At 3 AM the nerve cell is placed in a new saline solution that contains a sodium ion concentration that is one half the concentration of physiological saline. Potassium ion concentration is not changed. At 3:05 AM the cell is depolarized over threshold so that an action potential is produced. A. The peak of the action potential at 3:05 AM is greater than resting potential at

3:04 AM. B. The peak of the action potential at 3:05 AM is greater than the peak of the action

potential at 2:05 AM. C. Resting voltage at 3:04 AM is greater than resting voltage at 2:04 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-18. During chemical excitatory synaptic transmission via an ionotropic ligand-gated channel, there is A. a delay of one second from the action potential in the axonic terminal until the

change in ionic conductance of the postsynaptic membrane. B. diffusion of neurotransmitter into the intracellular space of the postsynaptic

neuron for all types of transmitter. C. a fusion of synaptic vesicle membrane with the postsynaptic membrane. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-19. In a normal nerve axon, A. a membrane voltage increase will lead to an increase in sodium conductance. B. an increase in sodium conductance will lead to an increase in membrane voltage. C. the sodium equilibrium potential will be greater than zero. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-20. At a chemical synapse, A. there will be fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. B. neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites associated with the extracellular surface

of the postsynaptic plasma membrane. C. neurotransmitter travels via diffusion in extracellular space. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-21. Which of the following are plasma-membrane-spanning proteins? A. Sodium channels. B. Sodium-potassium ATPase pumps. C. Nicotinic ACh receptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-22. In a normal resting nerve cell, A. resting voltage is always greater than threshold. B. intracellular potassium ion concentration is greater than intracellular sodium ion

concentration. C. sodium ion conductance is always greater than potassium ion conductance. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-23. Which of the following are true during transmission at all chemical excitatory synapses? There is A. a membrane voltage increase in presynaptic axonic terminals. B. release of neurotransmitter from the postsynaptic neuron. C. binding of neurotransmitter to receptors on the pre-synaptic plasma membrane

surface. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-24. In a motor neuron that synapses upon a toe muscle in a human, A. a portion of its axon is located in a leg nerve. B. its dendrites are located in the spinal cord. C. its axonic terminals are located near the toe muscle. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-25. Sodium-potassium primary active transport pumps A. are responsible for the net flux of potassium from a region of low concentration to

a region of high concentration. B. utilize ATP. C. can be located in the plasma membranes of nerve cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-26. In a neuron at rest, A. the membrane voltage is greater than zero. B. the membrane conductance to potassium ion is less than the conductance to

sodium ion. C. the membrane voltage is less than the threshold value for the action potential. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-27. The membrane voltage of a neuron at the peak of the action potential A. is greater than zero in a normal neuron in physiological saline. B. is always a constant and can never be altered in an experiment. C. can be predicted using the Nernst equilibrium potential equation for potassium

ions. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-28. The nicotinic ACh receptor in vertebrate skeletal muscle A. is a plasma-membrane-spanning protein. B. will only bind ACh. C. is associated with an ion channel that has high chloride ion conductance when

ACh molecules bind to the receptor sites. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-29. During an action potential, there A. will be no changes in membrane conductance of any positive ions. B. is a net flux of potassium ions from a region of high potassium ion concentration

to a region of low potassium ion concentration. C. is a net flux of sodium ions from intracellular space to extracellular space. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-30. Which of the following will lead to a decrease in the amount of potassium ion inside a nerve cell? A. An action potential. B. Poisoning the nerve cell sodium-potassium active transport pump. C. An increase in potassium ion conductance in the nerve membrane. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-31. Which of the following cause a decrease in the amount of intracellular sodium ions? An increase in the A. membrane conductance to sodium ions. B. pumping rate of the sodium-potassium pump. C. amount of ACh binding to nicotinic ACh receptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-32. During which of the following processes is there a net flux of potassium from a region of high potassium concentration to a region of low potassium concentration? During the net flux of potassium via A. an open channel associated with the glycine receptor. B. the sodium-potassium primary active transport pump. C. an open channel associated with the AMPA receptor. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 17 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 17 4-33. Which of the following occur during an action potential in an axon?

A. A voltage increase leads to an increase in sodium conductance. B. An increase in potassium conductance leads to a decrease in the amount of

intracellular potassium. C. The value of membrane voltage is zero volts at two different times during the

action potential. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-34. You have been presented with a dish that contains a neuron with genetic mutations. The plasma membrane of this mutant neuron at rest has a very high sodium conductance and a very low potassium conductance. All else is normal. The value of the resting membrane voltage of this neuron is A. the same value as that of a normal neuron. B. zero volts. C. equal to or nearly equal to the sodium equilibrium potential. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-35. A complete motor neuron is removed from a frog and placed in a large volume of physiological saline. The neuron is healthy; it has a stable resting voltage of -70 mv. It is not producing any action potentials; its threshold for an action potential is -50 mv. The cell's plasma membrane has glycine-gated chloride ion channels; when glycine binds to its receptor, there is an increase in the conductance of the chloride ion channel associated with the receptor. The equilibrium potential for chloride ions is -70 mv. The addition of glycine to the physiological saline will lead to an A. action potential. B. increase in membrane voltage. C. increase in the amount of chloride ions in the motor neuron. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-36. During which of the following processes is there a net flux of sodium from a region of low sodium concentration to a region of high sodium concentration? During the movement of sodium A. through the channel associated with the nicotinic ACh receptor. B. driven by the sodium-potassium pump. C. through the voltage-gated sodium channel. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-37. The S4 helix A. serves as a voltage sensor for voltage-gated ion channels. B. assists in the binding of ligands to ligand-gated ion channels. C. assists in the utilization of ATP in the sodium-potassium pump. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-38. The ion channel associated with the GABAA receptor A. is voltage gated. B. has a chloride conductance greater than zero when the channel is open. C. produces only excitatory postsynaptic potentials in interneurons of the central

nervous system. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-39. Which of the following is true for glycine receptors in the central nervous system? A. Binding of transmitter to the receptor leads to excitation of the postsynaptic

neuron. B. Binding of transmitter to the receptor leads to a change in the chloride

conductance of the ion channel associated with the receptor. C. These receptors are only located in the intracellular spaces of neurons. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-40. In a normal neuron at rest, A. the membrane voltage is always greater than the threshold value for the action

potential. B. potassium conductance is greater than sodium conductance. C. the membrane voltage is equal to, or nearly equal to, the Nernst equilibrium

potential for sodium ions. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-41. The value of the Nernst equilibrium potential for potassium will be A. zero volts if extracellular potassium ion concentration is equal to intracellular

potassium ion concentration. B. a positive voltage if extracellular potassium concentration is ten times greater

than intracellular potassium ion concentration. C. a negative voltage if intracellular potassium ion concentration is ten times greater

than extracellular potassium ion concentration. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-42. Neuron A inhibits neuron B via a chemical synapse. Neuron B inhibits neuron C via a chemical synapse. At 1 AM, all three neurons have a firing frequency of 100 action potentials per second. The researcher has the ability to change the firing frequency of one of these neurons in order to study the effects of that change on the firing frequency of the other neurons. At 1:05 AM, the researcher changes the firing frequency A. of neuron A so that there is a decrease in the firing frequency of neuron A. This

will lead to an increase in the firing frequency of neuron B. B. of neuron B so that there is an increase in the firing frequency of neuron B. This

will lead to a decrease in the firing frequency of neuron C. C. of neuron A so that there is an increase in the firing frequency of neuron A. This

will lead to an increase in the firing frequency of neuron C. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-43. Neuron A is a healthy neuron with all the usual ion channels. When at rest, neuron A produces no action potentials. The threshold T for an action potential in neuron A is greater than its resting potential and less than zero millivolts. In addition, neuron A's plasma membrane includes the membrane-spanning molecule Z with an ion channel that opens when neurotransmitter Y binds to the Y receptor site on the extracellular surface of Z. The Nernst equilibrium potential for Z's ion channel is X millivolts. Neuron B synapses on neuron A; neuron B's neurotransmitter is neurotransmitter Y. Which of the following statements are true when neuron A is initially at rest and then neuron B releases neurotransmitter Y? A. If the value of X is greater than zero millivolts, then Y's binding to its receptor site

on Z in neuron A always produces an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in neuron A.

B. If the value of X is less than resting potential of neuron A, then Y's binding to its receptor site on Z in neuron A always produces an excitatory postsynaptic potential in neuron A.

C. If the value of X is equal to the resting potential of neuron A, then Y's binding to its receptor site on Z in neuron A always produces action potentials in neuron A.


4-44. During which of the following processes is there a net flux of sodium from a region of high sodium concentration to a region of low sodium concentration? During the movement of sodium A. through an open channel associated with the nicotinic ACh receptor. B. driven by the sodium-potassium pump. C. through an open channel associated with the GABAA receptor. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 18 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 18 4-45. A cell is initially at rest. Which of the following are true for ligand-gated nicotinic ACh

(acetylcholine) receptors located in the plasma membrane? A. The ligand binds directly to the S4 helix of the ACh receptors. B. An increase in the conductance of the channel associated with the ACh receptor

leads to an increase in membrane voltage. C. If ACh is bound to the receptor and if membrane voltage is less than the value of

the threshold voltage for an action potential, then the channel associated with the ACh receptor will always remain closed.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 4-46. Voltage-gated calcium channels in a presynaptic plasma membrane of a neuron

A. are always open when the current value of the membrane voltage is less than the value of the resting membrane voltage.

B. are responsible for the calcium conductance increase observed in response to a membrane voltage increase.

C. are responsible for the decreases in the amount of intracellular calcium observed in the presynaptic neuron during chemical synaptic transmission.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 4-47. The ion channel associated with the nicotinic ACh (acetylcholine) receptor

A. is gated exclusively by changes in membrane voltage. B. has a chloride conductance greater than zero when the channel is open. C. is the only ion channel responsible for excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the

central nervous system. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-48. Which of the following are neurotransmitters? A. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). B. TTX (tetrodotoxin). C. Curare. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-49. A complete frog motor neuron is placed in a large volume of normal physiological saline at 1 AM. The neuron is healthy. At 2 AM, the physiological saline bathing the neuron is removed and replaced with a modified physiological saline. The composition of the modified physiological saline is as follows: its potassium concentration is the same as normal physiological saline; its sodium concentration is the same as the intracellular sodium concentration of the motor neuron; its total concentration of solutes (osmolarity) is the same as normal physiological saline. For this question, ignore any possible contributions of the sodium-potassium pump. At 2:01 AM, the resting membrane voltage of the neuron is -60 millivolts. A. At 2:02 AM, an increase in sodium conductance will lead to no change in the

amount of intracellular sodium. B. At 2:02 AM, the value of the Nernst sodium equilibrium potential for the neuron is

less than the value of the resting membrane voltage. C. The value of the Nernst sodium equilibrium potential at 2:02 AM is greater than

the value of the Nernst sodium equilibrium potential at 1:58 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-50. Ion channels associated with the muscarinic ACh (acetylcholine) receptor A. are always part of the same molecule as the muscarinic ACh receptor itself. B. always have an equilibrium potential greater than -20 millivolts. C. are located exclusively in skeletal muscle cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-51. Neuron A is a healthy neuron with AMPA receptors. It is at rest and is currently producing no action potentials. Neuron B synapses on neuron A; glutamate is neuron B's neurotransmitter. Which of the following is true following an action potential in neuron B? There will be A. an increase in the voltage of neuron A. B. a decrease in the amount of intracellular potassium ion in neuron A. C. an increase in the amount of intracellular sodium ion in neuron A. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-52. Which are true for both the GABAA receptor and the glycine receptor? A. Each type of receptor is always linked to its associated ion channel via a

G-protein. B. A chloride channel is associated with each type of receptor. C. Glutamate is an agonist of each type of receptor. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-53. Neuron A is at rest with membrane potential equal to -70 millivolts; it is producing no action potentials. The threshold for an action potential in neuron A is -50 millivolts. Ligand-gated channel X is located in the plasma membrane of neuron A. If the equilibrium potential for ligand-gated channel X is A. -70 millivolts, then there will be a voltage increase in neuron A when channel X

opens. B. zero millivolts, then there will be a voltage decrease in neuron A when channel X

opens. C. -90 millivolts, then there will be a voltage decrease in neuron A when channel X

opens. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-54. For which of the following processes is the net flux of sodium ions from a region of high concentration of sodium to a region of low concentration of sodium? The movement of sodium ions via A. an open channel associated with the nicotinic ACh (acetylcholine) receptor. B. the sodium-glucose secondary active co-transporter. C. an open voltage-gated sodium channel. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-55. During chemical inhibitory synaptic transmission via a metabotropic receptor and its associated channel, A. there is a release of a G-protein into extracellular space. B. there is an opening of a channel whose equilibrium potential is always greater

than the voltage threshold for an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. C. the receptor site for the ligand and the associated ion channel are both part of the

same molecule. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-56. Which of the following is true for a motor cortex corticospinal interneuron that produces action potentials during movements of the big toe of the right foot? A. A portion of its axon is located in a nerve in the right leg. B. Its dendrites are located near the muscles of the right big toe. C. Its axonic terminals are located in the spinal cord. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-57. Neuron A is a healthy neuron with all the usual ion channels. When at rest with a membrane voltage of R millivolts, neuron A produces no action potentials. The voltage threshold for an action potential in neuron A is T millivolts. In addition, neuron A's plasma membrane includes the membrane-spanning molecule Z with an ion channel that opens when neurotransmitter Y binds to the Y receptor site on the extracellular surface of Z. The Nernst equilibrium potential for Z's ion channel is E millivolts. Neuron B synapses on neuron A; neuron B's neurotransmitter is neurotransmitter Y. Which of the following statements are true when neuron A is initially at rest and neuron B releases neurotransmitter Y? A. If the value of E is equal to R, then Y's binding to its receptor site on Z in neuron

A produces no change in A's membrane voltage. B. If the value of E is less than R and if potassium is the only ion that passes

through open Z channels, then Y's binding to its receptor site on Z in neuron A always produces a decrease in the amount of intracellular potassium ions in neuron A.

C. If the value of E is equal to R and if chloride is the only ion that passes through open Z channels, then Y's binding to its receptor site on Z in neuron A produces no change in the amount of intracellular chloride ions in neuron A.


Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 19 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 19 4-58. Which of the following is true for both the GABAA receptor and the GABAB receptor?

A. Each type of receptor is always linked to its associated ion channel via a G-protein.

B. GABA is an agonist for each type of receptor. C. A chloride channel is associated with each type of receptor. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-59. In the axon of a nerve cell, the voltage dependent conductance of the voltage-gated sodium channel A. changes with a faster time course than the voltage dependent conductance of the

voltage-gated potassium channel. B. changes its value only after the time of the maximum membrane voltage of the

action potential. C. decreases as membrane voltage increases. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-60. Which of the following is an agonist that binds to the receptor site that is part of a ligand-gated ionotropic ion channel? A. glutamate. B. TTX (tetrodotoxin). C. curare. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-61. The value of the Nernst equilibrium potential for chloride ions will be A. zero volts if extracellular chloride ion concentration is equal to intracellular

chloride ion concentration. B. a positive voltage if extracellular chloride concentration is ten times greater than

intracellular chloride ion concentration. C. a negative voltage if intracellular chloride ion concentration is ten times greater

than extracellular chloride ion concentration. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-62. Which of the following is true for both the GABAB receptor and the muscarinic ACh (acetylcholine) receptor? A. Each type of receptor is an example of a ligand-gated ionotropic receptor. B. Strychnine is an antagonist for each type of receptor. C. A potassium channel is associated with each type of receptor. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-63. Person Z swallowed a large amount of substance X and, as a result, has convulsions (abnormal violent contractions of skeletal muscles). Swallowing which of the following substances could lead to convulsions? A. An antagonist of the nicotinic ACh receptor. B. An antagonist of the glycine receptor. C. A blocker of the voltage-gated sodium channel. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-64. When the ion channel associated with the GABAB receptor opens, A. this will lead to an increase in the amount of intracellular potassium. B. the open channel will have a large chloride conductance. C. the open channel will have a Nernst equilibrium potential that is greater than the

value of the threshold for an action potential. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-65. Which of the following is a metabotropic ligand-gated receptor? A. Glycine receptor. B. GABAA receptor. C. GABAB receptor. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-66. At 1 AM, a researcher places a healthy squid giant axon in a bath of normal squid physiological extracellular saline and internally perfuses the axon with normal squid intracellular saline. Its resting membrane voltage at 1:50 AM is -70 millivolts. At 1:55 AM, the researcher electrically stimulates the axon is so that it produces an action potential. At 2 AM, the researcher replaces both the intracellular perfusion saline and the extracellular saline. In the 2 AM intracellular perfusion saline, the concentration of sodium ion is increased compared to its concentration before 2 AM. In the 2 AM extracellular saline, the concentration of sodium ion is the same as its concentration before 2AM. At 2:05 AM, the researcher electrically stimulates the axon so that it produces an action potential. For this question, ignore any possible effects due to the sodium-potassium pump. The A. Nernst equilibrium potential for sodium ion at 2:10 AM is greater than the Nernst

equilibrium potential for sodium ion at 1:50 AM. B. resting membrane voltage at 2:10 AM is greater than the resting membrane

voltage at 1:50 AM. C. value of the peak of the action potential at 2:05 AM is greater than the value of

the peak of the action potential at 1:55 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-67. A complete motor neuron is removed from a frog and placed in a large volume of normal physiological saline. The neuron is healthy; it has a stable resting voltage of -70 millivolts. It is not producing any action potentials; its threshold for an action potential is -50 millivolts. The neuron's plasma membrane has GABAA, GABAB, and glycine receptors. The equilibrium potential for chloride ions is -70 millivolts and the equilibrium potential for potassium ions is -86 millivolts. The addition of GABA to the physiological saline will lead to A. a decrease in the membrane voltage. B. an increase in the chloride conductance of the neuron's plasma membrane. C. a decrease in the amount of intracellular potassium ions in the motor neuron. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-68. Which of the following is an agonist that binds to a receptor site that is part of a ligand-gated metabotropic receptor? A. ACh (acetylcholine). B. muscarine. C. GABA. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-69. Consider Neuron B in the frog central nervous system whose plasma membrane has a previously unknown channel that is selectly conductive to a newly discovered monovalent anion named MVA. The Nernst equilibrium potential for MVA is -40 mv. The threshold for an action potential in Neuron B is -55 mv and the resting potential for Neuron B is -70 mv. The MVA channel in Neuron B is part of an ionotropic receptor with a binding site for the newly discovered ligand LGD. When LGD binds to its binding site, there is an increase in the MVA conductance of Neuron B. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron A's neurotransmitter is LGD. In response to an action potential in Neuron A, there will be A. an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in Neuron B. B. a decrease in the membrane voltage of Neuron B. C. a decrease in the amount of intracellular MVA in Neuron B. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 20 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 20 4-70. Consider Neuron B in the frog central nervous system whose plasma membrane has a

previously unknown channel that is selectly conductive to a newly discovered monovalent anion named MVA. The Nernst equilibrium potential for MVA is -65 millivolts. The threshold for an action potential in Neuron B is -55 millivolts and the resting potential for Neuron B is -70 millivolts. The MVA channel in Neuron B is part of an ionotropic receptor with a binding site for the newly discovered ligand LGD. When LGD binds to its binding site, there is an increase in the MVA conductance of Neuron B. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron A's neurotransmitter is LGD. In response to an action potential in Neuron A, there will be A. an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in Neuron B. B. an increase in the membrane voltage of Neuron B. C. a decrease in the amount of intracellular MVA in Neuron B. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-71. Consider a system that contains three neurons in a culture dish bathed in normal physiological saline. All three neurons are healthy. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron B synapses onto Neuron C. Neuron A has glycine in its synaptic vesicles. Neuron B has GABA in its synaptic vesicles. The only ligand-gated channels in the plasma membrane of Neuron A are AMPA receptors. The only ligand-gated channels in the plasma membrane of Neuron B are glycine receptors. The only ligand-gated channels in the plasma membrane of Neuron C are GABAA receptors. All 3 neurons have no metabotropic receptors in their plasma membranes. Neuron A and Neuron C have a chloride equilibrium potential of -80 millivolts. Neuron B has a chloride equilibrium potential of -20 millivolts. The potassium equilibrium potential in all 3 neurons is the same as in normal neurons. The sodium equilibrium potential in all 3 neurons is the same as in normal neurons. The threshold for an action potential in all 3 neurons is -55 millivolts. At 1:00 AM, the action potential firing rate of each neuron is 100 Hz. Which of the following will lead to an increase in Neuron C's action potential firing rate? A. At 1:01 AM, glutamate is added to the bath. B. At 1:01 AM, strychnine is added to the bath. C. At 1:01 AM, glycine is added to the bath. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-72. Consider Neuron B in the frog central nervous system whose plasma membrane has a previously unknown channel that is selectly conductive to a newly discovered divalent anion named DVA with a valence of -2. The extracellular concentration of DVA is 10 times greater than the intracellular concentration of DVA. The threshold for an action potential in Neuron B is -55 millivolts and the resting potential for Neuron B is -70 millivolts. The DVA channel in Neuron B is part of an ionotropic receptor with a binding site for the newly discovered ligand LGD. When LGD binds to its binding site, there is an increase in the DVA conductance of Neuron B. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron A's neurotransmitter is LGD. In response to an action potential in Neuron A, there will be A. a decrease in the membrane voltage of Neuron B. B. a decrease in the amount of intracellular DVA in Neuron B. C. an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in Neuron B. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-73. Which of the following is true for a G-protein? A. When an antagonist binds to the binding site of a G-protein-coupled receptor

(GPCR), this leads to GTP displacing a GDP bound to the alpha subunit of the G-protein.

B. When GTP binds to an alpha subunit of the G-protein, this leads to the alpha subunit of the G-protein associating with the beta and gamma subunits of the G-protein.

C. After the GTP-ase of the alpha subunit of a G protein converts the GTP bound to the alpha subunit to GDP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), the alpha subunit of the G-protein dissociates from the beta and gamma subunits of the G-protein.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 4-74. When an agonist binds to the receptor site of a ligand-gated ion channel,

A. it only activates a tyrosine kinase. B. the molecular complex formed by the agonist and the channel immediately enters

the cell nucleus. C. the ion channel opens and becomes selectively permeable to specific ions. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-75. Consider a system that contains three neurons in a culture dish bathed in normal physiological saline. All three neurons are healthy. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron B synapses onto Neuron C. Neuron A has GABA in its synaptic vesicles. Neuron B has glycine in its synaptic vesicles. The only ligand-gated receptors in Neuron A are AMPA channels. The only ligand-gated receptors in the plasma membrane of Neuron B are GABAB receptors. The only ligand-gated receptors in the plasma membrane of Neuron C are glycine receptors. All 3 neurons have no other ligand-gated receptors in their plasma membranes. All 3 neurons have a sodium equilibrium potential of +60 millivolts. All 3 neurons have a potassium equilibrium potential of -86 millivolts. Neurons A and C have a chloride equilibrium potential of -80 millivolts. Neuron B has a chloride equilibrium potential of -20 millivolts. The threshold for an action potential in all 3 neurons is -55 millivolts. At 1:00 AM, the action potential firing rate of each neuron is 100 Hz. Which of the following will lead to a decrease in Neuron C's action potential firing rate? A. At 1:01 AM, glutamate is added to the bath. B. At 1:01 AM, glycine is added to the bath. C. At 1:01 AM, GABA is added to the bath. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-76. Consider three culture dishes; each dish has one healthly neuron in it. Dish X has Neuron X in it; Dish Y has Neuron Y in it; and Dish Z has Neuron Z in it. At 1:00 AM: each neuron is bathed in normal physiological saline; all the neurons have the same properties; and each neuron is at rest with a resting potential of -70 millivolts. Each neuron has only two types of ionotropic ligand-gated receptors: AMPA Receptors and NMDA Receptors. None of the neurons have metabotropic receptors. Each neuron has a chloride equilibrium potential of -80 millivolts. At 1:55 AM, a large amount of TTX is added to the physiological saline in all three dishes. At 1:58 AM, the amount of intracellular calcium in each neuron is the same as that of each other neuron. Ignore any effects due to voltage-gated calcium channels with S4 helices. At 2:00 AM:

glutamate is added to the physiological saline of Dish X; glutamate and APV are added to the physiological saline of Dish Y; glutamate and CNQX are added to the physiological saline of Dish Z. For each neuron, define MAXV as the maximum voltage that is reached by that neuron

during the period from 2:00 AM to 2:02 AM. A. At 2:01 AM, the calcium conductance of Neuron Z will be less than the calcium

conductance of Neuron X. B. At 2:01 AM, the calcium conductance of Neuron Y will be less than the calcium

conductance of Neuron X. C. At 2:01 AM, MAXV of Neuron Z will be less than MAXV of Neuron X. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 21 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 21 4-77. Which of the following is an agonist that binds to a receptor site that is part of a

ligand-gated metabotropic receptor? A. GABA. B. ACh. C. muscarine. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-78. Consider three culture dishes; each dish has one healthly neuron in it. Dish X has Neuron X in it; Dish Y has Neuron Y in it; and Dish Z has Neuron Z in it. At 1:00 AM: each neuron is bathed in normal physiological saline; all the neurons have the same properties; and each neuron is at rest with a resting potential of -70 millivolts. Each neuron has only two types of ionotropic ligand-gated receptors: AMPA Receptors and NMDA Receptors. None of the neurons have metabotropic receptors. Each neuron has a chloride equilibrium potential of -80 millivolts. At 1:55 AM, a large amount of TTX is added to the physiological saline in all three dishes. Ignore any effects due to voltage-gated calcium channels with S4 helices. At 1:58 AM, the amount of intracellular calcium in each neuron is the same as that of each other neuron. At 2:00 AM:

glutamate is added to the physiological saline of Dish X; glutamate and APV are added to the physiological saline of Dish Y; glutamate and CNQX are added to the physiological saline of Dish Z. For each neuron, define MAXV as the maximum voltage that is reached by that neuron

during the period from 2:00 AM to 2:02 AM. A. At 2:01AM, the total sodium conductance in Neuron Y is less than the total

sodium conductance in Neuron X. B. MAXV of Neuron Z is less than MAXV of Neuron Y. C. At 2:01 AM, the amount of intracellular calcium in Neuron Y will be less than the

amount of intracellular calcium in Neuron X. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

4-79. Consider Neuron B in the frog central nervous system whose plasma membrane has a previously unknown channel that is selectively conductive to a newly discovered trivalent anion named TVA with a valence of -3. The threshold for an action potential in Neuron B is -55 millivolts and the resting potential for Neuron B is -70 millivolts. The TVA channel in Neuron B is part of an ionotropic receptor with an extracellular binding site for the newly discovered ligand LGD. When LGD binds to its binding site, there is an increase in the TVA conductance of Neuron B. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron A's neurotransmitter is LGD. A. Consider the situation when the extracellular concentration of TVA is

10,000 times greater than the intracellular concentration of TVA. In response to an action potential in Neuron A, there will be a decrease in the membrane voltage of Neuron B.

B. Consider the situation when the extracellular concentration of TVA is 1,000 times greater than the intracellular concentration of TVA. In response to an action potential in Neuron A, there will be a decrease in the amount of intracellular TVA in Neuron B.

C. Consider the situation when the extracellular concentration of TVA is 100 times greater than the intracellular concentration of TVA. In response to an action potential in Neuron A, there will be an excitatory postsynaptic potential in Neuron B.


4-80. Which of the following are true? A. Consider the channel associated with the GABAB receptor and the channel

associated with the AMPA receptor. For both types of channel, there is a sodium conductance greater than zero when the channel is open.

B. Consider the channel associated with the muscarinic ACh receptor and the channel associated with the nicotinic ACh receptor. For both types of channel, there is a potassium conductance greater than zero when the channel is open.

C. ACh is an antagonist both at the muscarinic ACh receptor and at the nicotinic ACh receptor.


4-81. Which of the following are G-protein-coupled receptors? A. Plasma-membrane Calcium Receptors. B. Parathryroid Hormone Receptors (PTHRs). C. Insulin Receptors. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

4-82. A complete motor neuron is removed from a frog and placed in a large volume of normal physiological saline. The neuron is healthy; it has a stable resting voltage of -70 millivolts. It is not producing any action potentials; its threshold for an action potential is -50 millivolts. The neuron's plasma membrane has GABAA, GABAB, and glycine receptors. The equilibrium potential for chloride ions is -70 millivolts and the equilibrium potential for potassium ions is -90 millivolts. A. The addition of GABA to the physiological saline will lead to a decrease in the

amount of intracellular chloride. B. The addition of glycine to the physiological saline will lead to no change in the

amount of intracellular chloride. C. The addition of GABA to the physiological saline will lead to an increase in the

amount of intracellular potassium. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 22 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 22 4-83. Consider four culture dishes; each dish has one healthly neuron in it. Dish W has

Neuron W in it; Dish X has Neuron X in it; Dish Y has Neuron Y in it; and Dish Z has Neuron Z in it. At 1:00 AM: each neuron is bathed in normal physiological saline; all the neurons have the same properties; and each neuron is at rest with a resting potential of -70 millivolts. Each neuron has only three types of ionotropic ligand-gated receptors: AMPA Receptors, NMDA Receptors, and GABAA Receptors. None of the neurons have metabotropic receptors. Each neuron has a chloride equilibrium potential of -80 millivolts. At 1:55 AM, a large amount of TTX is added to the physiological saline in all four dishes. Ignore any effects due to voltage-gated calcium channels with S4 helices. At 1:58 AM, the amount of intracellular calcium in each neuron is the same as that of each other neuron.

At 2:00 AM: glutamate is added to the physiological saline of Dish W; glutamate and APV are added to the physiological saline of Dish X; glutamate and CNQX are added to the physiological saline of Dish Y; glutamate and GABA are added to the physiological saline of Dish Z. For each neuron, define MAXV as the maximum voltage that is reached by that neuron

during the period from 2:00 AM to 2:02 AM. A. At 2:01AM, the total sodium conductance in Neuron Z is less than the total

sodium conductance in Neuron W. B. MAXV of Neuron X is less than MAXV of Neuron Y. C. At 2:01 AM, the amount of intracellular calcium in Neuron W will be less than the

amount of intracellular calcium in Neuron Y. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

4-84. Consider four culture dishes; each dish has one healthly neuron in it. Dish W has Neuron W in it; Dish X has Neuron X in it; Dish Y has Neuron Y in it; and Dish Z has Neuron Z in it. At 1:00 AM: each neuron is bathed in normal physiological saline; all the neurons have the same properties; and each neuron is at rest with a resting potential of -70 millivolts. Each neuron has only three types of ionotropic ligand-gated receptors: nACh Receptors (nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors), NMDA Receptors, and GABAA Receptors. None of the neurons have metabotropic receptors. Each neuron has a chloride equilibrium potential of -80 millivolts. At 1:55 AM, a large amount of TTX is added to the physiological saline in all four dishes. Ignore any effects due to voltage-gated calcium channels with S4 helices. At 1:58 AM, the amount of intracellular calcium in each neuron is the same as that of each other neuron.

At 2:00 AM: ACh (acetylcholine) is added to the physiological saline of Dish W; glutamate is added to the physiological saline of Dish X; ACh and glutamate are added to the physiological saline of Dish Y; ACh, glutamate, and GABA are added to the physiological saline of Dish Z. For each neuron, define MAXV as the maximum voltage that is reached by that neuron

during the period from 2:00 AM to 2:02 AM. A. At 2:01AM, the total sodium conductance in Neuron Y is greater than the total

sodium conductance in Neuron Z. B. MAXV of Neuron W is greater than MAXV of Neuron X. C. At 2:01 AM, the amount of intracellular calcium in Neuron X will be less than the

amount of intracellular calcium in Neuron Y. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

4-85. Consider Neuron B in the frog central nervous system whose plasma membrane has a previously unknown channel that is selectly conductive to a newly discovered tetravalent anion named TRVA with a valence of -4. The threshold for an action potential in Neuron B is -55 millivolts and the resting potential for Neuron B is -70 millivolts. The TRVA channel in Neuron B is part of an ionotropic receptor with an extracellular binding site for the newly discovered ligand LGD. When LGD binds to its binding site, there is an increase in the TRVA conductance of Neuron B. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron A's neurotransmitter is LGD. A. Consider the situation when the extracellular concentration of TRVA is

10,000 times greater than the intracellular concentration of TRVA. In response to an action potential in Neuron A, there will be an increase in the membrane voltage of Neuron B.

B. Consider the situation when the extracellular concentration of TRVA is 100 times greater than the intracellular concentration of TRVA. In response to an action potential in Neuron A, there will be a increase in the amount of intracellular TRVA in Neuron B.

C. Consider the situation when the extracellular concentration of TRVA is 10,000 times greater than the intracellular concentration of TRVA. In response to an action potential in Neuron A, there will be an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in Neuron B.


4-86. A complete motor neuron is removed from a frog and placed in a large volume of normal physiological saline. The neuron is healthy; it has a stable resting voltage of -70 millivolts. It is not producing any action potentials; its threshold for an action potential is -50 millivolts. The only ligand-gated Receptors in the neuron's plasma membrane are AMPA Receptors, GABAB Receptors, and glycine Receptors. The equilibrium potential for chloride ions is -70 millivolts, the equilibrium potential for potassium ions is -90 millivolts, and the equilibrium potential for sodium ions is +60 millivolts. A. The addition of glycine and glutamate to the physiological saline will lead to an

increase in the amount of intracellular chloride. B. The addition of glycine to the physiological saline will lead to no change in the

amount of intracellular chloride. C. The addition of glycine and GABA to the physiological saline will lead to a

decrease in the amount of intracellular chloride. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

4-87. At 1:00AM, Neuron A is at rest with membrane potential equal to -70 millivolts; it is producing no action potentials. The threshold for an action potential in neuron A is -55 millivolts. There is a large amount of mechanically-gated channel X spanning proteins that are located in the plasma membrane of the cell body of neuron A. Channel X is the only mechanically-gated channel in neuron A. At 1:00 AM, there are no external forces on the cell body of neuron A and all the mechanically-gated channel X's channels are closed. At 1:05 AM, force is applied to the cell body of neuron A and all the mechanically-gated channel X's channels are open. If the equilibrium potential for mechanically-gated channel X is A. -70 millivolts, then at 1:05AM there will be no change in membrane voltage

following the application of force to the cell body of neuron A. B. -60 millivolts, then at 1:05AM there will be an increase in membrane voltage and

an action potential following the application of force to the cell body of neuron A. C. -90 millivolts, then at 1:05AM there will be a decrease in membrane voltage

following the application of force to the cell body of neuron A. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 23 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 23 4-88. Consider Neuron B in the frog central nervous system whose plasma membrane has a

newly discovered ligand-gated ionotropic receptor, named the LGD receptor. The channel in the same molecular complex as the LGD receptor is termed the LGD receptor channel and is a monovalent cation channel that, when open, is permeable to both sodium and potassium. The Nernst equilibrium potential for sodium in Neuron B is +60 mV, and the Nernst equilibrium potential for potassium in Neuron B is -90 mV. The threshold for an action potential in Neuron B is -55 mV and the resting potential for Neuron B is -70 mV. LGD is an agonist for the ligand-gated ionotropic LGD receptor. When LGD binds to its binding site, there is an increase in conductance of both sodium and potassium in the LGD receptor channel. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron A's transmitter is LGD. A. Consider the situation that when the LGD receptor channel is open in Neuron B,

then its potassium conductance equals its sodium conductance. For this situation, in response to an action potential in Neuron A, then there will be an excitatory postsynaptic potential in Neuron B.

B. Consider the situation that when the LGD receptor channel is open in Neuron B, its potassium conductance equals four times its sodium conductance. For this situation, in response to an action potential in Neuron A, then there will be a voltage increase and an action potential in Neuron B.

C. Consider the situation that when the LGD receptor channel is open in Neuron B, its potassium conductance equals nine times its sodium conductance. For this situation, in response to an action potential in Neuron A, then there will be an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in Neuron B.


4-89. Consider Neuron B in the frog central nervous system whose plasma membrane has a newly discovered ligand-gated ionotropic receptor, named the LGD receptor. The channel in the same molecular complex as the LGD receptor is termed the LGD receptor channel and is a monovalent cation channel that, when open, is permeable to both sodium and potassium. The Nernst equilibrium potential for sodium in Neuron B is +60 mV, and the Nernst equilibrium potential for potassium in Neuron B is -90 mV. The threshold for an action potential in Neuron B is -65 mV and the resting potential for Neuron B is -75 mV. LGD is an agonist for the ligand-gated ionotropic LGD receptor. When LGD binds to its binding site, there is an increase in conductance of both sodium and potassium in the LGD receptor channel. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron A's transmitter is LGD. A. Consider the situation that when the LGD receptor channel is open in Neuron B,

its potassium conductance equals its sodium conductance. For this situation, in response to an action potential in Neuron A, then there will be a voltage increase and an excitatory postsynaptic potential in Neuron B.

B. Consider the situation that when the LGD receptor channel is open in Neuron B, its potassium conductance equals four times its sodium conductance. For this situation, in response to an action potential in Neuron A, then there will be a voltage increase and an excitatory postsynaptic potential in Neuron B.

C. Consider the situation that when the LGD receptor channel is open in Neuron B, its potassium conductance equals nine times its sodium conductance. For this situation, in response to an action potential in Neuron A, then there will be a voltage decrease and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in Neuron B.


4-90. Which of the following are agonists that bind to the nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR)? A. Acetylcholine. B. Curare. C. Nicotine. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

4-91. Which of the following are true? A. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) blocks the potassium conductance of the channel

associated with the nAChR (nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor). B. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) blocks the sodium conductance of the voltage-gated sodium

channel. C. Consider the situation of an NMDA receptor in the membrane of a neuron. The

membrane potential of the neuron is at -70 mV. When NMDA and CNQX are added to the interstitial spaces surrounding the neuron, magnesium ions in channel associated with the NMDA Receptor block calcium conductance in the channel associated with the NMDA Receptor.


4-92. Which of the following is an agonist that binds to the receptor site that is part of a ligand-gated ionotropic ion channel? A. Insulin. B. Erythropoietin (EPO). C. Acetylcholine (ACh). D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

4-93. Which of the following serves as a ligand that binds to a receptor site on a ligand-gated ion channel? A. Strychnine. B. Curare. C. Muscarine. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

4-94. When an agonist binds to the receptor site of the A. nAChR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor), the channel associated with the nAChR

opens and no ions flow across the plasma membrane via the open channel. B. V2R (vasopressin2 receptor), this activates an alpha subunit of a G-protein

associated with the V2R. C. insulin receptor, there is activation of a tyrosine kinase in the extracellular portion

of the insulin receptor. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 24 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 24 4-95. For the voltage-gated sodium channel in a neuron, there will be a very large net flux of

sodium via the channel when A. TTX (tetrodotoxin) binds to the voltage-gated sodium channel. B. the voltage-gated sodium channel is inactivated due to the block of the

intracellular entrance of the channel by the "ball-and-chain" inactivation gate. C. the voltage-gated sodium channel is closed. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

4-96. Consider Neuron B in the frog central nervous system whose plasma membrane has a newly discovered ligand-gated ionotropic receptor, named the LGD receptor. The channel in the same molecular complex as the LGD receptor is termed the LGD receptor channel and is a monovalent cation channel that, when open, is permeable to both sodium and potassium. The Nernst equilibrium potential for sodium in Neuron B is +100 mV, and the Nernst equilibrium potential for potassium in Neuron B is -100 mV. The threshold for an action potential in Neuron B is -50 mV and the resting potential for Neuron B is -60 mV. LGD is an agonist for the ligand-gated ionotropic receptor. When LGD binds to its binding site, there is an increase in conductance of both sodium and potassium in the LGD receptor channel. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron A's transmitter is LGD. A. Consider the situation that when the LGD receptor channel is open in Neuron B,

its potassium conductance equals nine times its sodium conductance. For this situation, in response to an action potential in Neuron A, then the absolute value of the change in the amount of intracellular sodium in Neuron B is less than the absolute value of the change in the amount of intracellular potassium in Neuron B.

B. Consider the situation that when the LGD receptor channel is open in Neuron B, its potassium conductance equals four times its sodium conductance. For this situation, in response to an action potential in Neuron A, then the absolute value of the change in the amount of intracellular sodium in Neuron B is equal to the absolute value of the change in the amount of intracellular potassium in Neuron B.

C. Consider the situation that when the LGD receptor channel is open in Neuron B, its potassium conductance equals its sodium conductance. For this situation, in response to an action potential in Neuron A, then the absolute value of the change in the amount of intracellular sodium in Neuron B is equal to the absolute value of the change in the amount of intracellular potassium in Neuron B.


4-97. Consider Neuron B in the frog central nervous system whose plasma membrane has a newly discovered ligand-gated ionotropic receptor, named the LGD receptor. The channel in the same molecular complex as the LGD receptor is termed the LGD receptor channel and is a monovalent cation channel that, when open, is permeable to both sodium and potassium. The Nernst equilibrium potential for sodium in Neuron B is 0 (zero) mV, and the Nernst equilibrium potential for potassium in Neuron B is -100 mV. The threshold for an action potential in Neuron B is -50 mV and the resting potential for Neuron B is -80 mV. LGD is an agonist for the ligand-gated ionotropic receptor. When LGD binds to its binding site, there is an increase in conductance of both sodium and potassium in the LGD receptor channel. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron A's transmitter is LGD. A. Consider the situation that when the LGD receptor channel is open in Neuron B,

its sodium conductance equals nine times its potassium conductance. For this situation, in response to an action potential in Neuron A, there is an increase in the membrane voltage of Neuron B. In addition for this situation in response to an action potential in Neuron A, the absolute value of the change in the amount of intracellular sodium in Neuron B is less than the absolute value of the change in the amount of intracellular potassium in Neuron B.

B. Consider the situation that when the LGD receptor channel is open in Neuron B, its potassium conductance equals four times its sodium conductance. For this situation, in response to an action potential in Neuron A, there is no change in the membrane voltage of Neuron B. In addition for this situation in response to an action potential in Neuron A, the absolute value of the change in the amount of intracellular sodium in Neuron B is equal to the absolute value of the change in the amount of intracellular potassium in Neuron B.

C. Consider the situation that when the LGD receptor channel is open in Neuron B, its potassium conductance equals its sodium conductance. For this situation, in response to an action potential in Neuron A, there is an increase in the membrane voltage of Neuron B. In addition for this situation in response to an action potential in Neuron A, the absolute value of the change in the amount of intracellular sodium in Neuron B is equal to the absolute value of the change in the amount of intracellular potassium in Neuron B.


4-98. A complete motor neuron is removed from a frog and placed in a large volume of modified extracellular saline. The neuron is healthy; it has a stable resting voltage of -70 millivolts. It is not producing any action potentials; its threshold for an action potential is -50 millivolts. The only ligand-gated Receptors in the neuron's plasma membrane are AMPA Receptors, GABAA Receptors, GABAB Receptors, and glycine Receptors. The equilibrium potential for chloride ions is -80 millivolts, the equilibrium potential for potassium ions is -70 millivolts, and the equilibrium potential for sodium ions is +60 millivolts. A. The addition of GABA to the physiological saline will lead to an increase in the

amount of intracellular chloride and a decrease in the amount of intracellular potassium.

B. The addition of glycine to the physiological saline will lead to no net change in the amount of intracellular chloride.

C. The addition of glutamate to the physiological saline will lead to an increase in the amount of intracellular sodium and a decrease in the amount of intracellular potassium.


Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 25 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 25 4-99. A complete motor neuron is removed from a frog and placed in a large volume of

modified extracellular saline. The neuron is healthy; it has a stable resting voltage of -70 millivolts. It is not producing any action potentials; its threshold for an action potential is -50 millivolts. The only ligand-gated Receptors in the neuron's plasma membrane are AMPA Receptors, GABAA Receptors, GABAB Receptors, and glycine Receptors. The equilibrium potential for chloride ions is -70 millivolts, the equilibrium potential for potassium ions is -70 millivolts, and the equilibrium potential for sodium ions is +60 millivolts.

A. The addition of glutamate and glycine to the physiological saline will lead to an increase in the amount of intracellular sodium, a decrease in the amount of intracellular potassium, and to an increase in the amount of intracellular chloride.

B. The addition of GABA to the physiological saline will lead to an increase in the amount of intracellular chloride and a decrease in the amount of intracellular potassium.

C. The addition of glutamate and GABA to the physiological saline will lead to no net change in the amount of intracellular chloride.


5-CIRCULATION-5-CIRCULATION-5-CIRCULATION-5-CIRCULATION-5-CIRCULATION-5 5-1. An increase in the diameter of the arterioles will cause


in blood pressure in the arteries. 5-2. The nerves from the carotid artery baroreceptors are cut. The central axonal stumps of

these cells still connected to the central nervous system are stimulated at a very high rate, then this causes A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the amount of pressure sensed by the peripheral terminals of the baroreceptors still in the carotid artery.

5-3. If a mammal receives a continuous injection of norepinephrine into the blood stream this will lead to A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change in the firing frequency of the carotid artery baroreceptors (assume the central axon terminals of baroreceptors are destroyed).

5-4. T or F: Cardiac output equals blood pressure times total peripheral resistance. 5-5. Which of the following are true for the valves in a mammalian heart?

A. They control the flow of blood from the left atrium to the right atrium. B. The sounds generated during the closing of the valves can be heard by an

external observer. C. The valve at the entrance to the left ventricle closes at the same time as the valve

at the exit of the left ventricle closes. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-6. When ACh is released near the heart, then A. heart rate will slow down. B. there will be a decrease in the amount of time needed to reach the threshold of

the cardiac muscle action potential. C. the pressure in the arteries will increase. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-7. The nerves from the carotid artery baroreceptors are cut. Their central axonal stumps are still connected to the central nervous system and are electrically stimulated at a high rate. This stimulation will A. cause an increase in sympathetic discharge to the heart. B. cause a decrease in arteriole diameter. C. cause a decrease in blood pressure. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-8. Which of the following contribute to an increase in blood pressure? A. An increase in heart rate. B. An increase in arteriole diameter. C. An increase in parasympathetic activity to the heart. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-9. In a recently discovered rare mutant, it is found that the carotid artery baroreceptors decrease their firing frequency in response to an increase in blood pressure. All other parts of this rare mutant are the same. The response of the rare mutant to an increase in blood pressure is A. a further increase in blood pressure. B. an increase in norepinephrine release. C. a decrease in parasympathetic neuron firing rate. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-10. The peripheral terminals of all the baroreceptors in the body were destroyed at 2 AM. All else is normal. Which of the following statements is true for the system at 2:10 AM when compared to their values at 1:50 AM? A. Blood pressure will increase. B. Arteriole diameter will increase. C. Parasympathetic discharge to the heart will increase. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-11. At 2 AM a frog heart is removed from the body and placed in normal physiological saline. At 3 AM the AV node is destroyed. At 4 AM A. the number of atrial contractions per minute will be higher than at 2 AM. B. there will be more atrial contractions per minute than ventricular contractions per

minute. C. cardiac output will be higher than at 2 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-12. Patient X and patient Y both have the same blood pressure and the same stroke volume. The heart rate (beats/minute) of X is twice that of Y. A. Y's cardiac output is greater than X's cardiac output. B. Y's total peripheral resistance is greater than X's total peripheral resistance. C. Y's carotid artery baroreceptors will discharge at one-half the action potential

firing rate of X's carotid artery baroreceptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-13. The axons of carotid artery baroreceptors are partially damaged at 2 AM so that only one-half of the action potentials produced near baroreceptor peripheral terminals actually reach baroreceptor axonic endings. At 2:30 AM A. the blood pressure will be higher than at 1:30 AM. B. the parasympathetic output to the heart will be higher than at 1:30 AM. C. arteriolar diameters will be larger than at 1:30 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 26 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 26 5-14. The AV node of a mammalian heart is destroyed.

A. A depolarization in a cell in the left atrium will cause a depolarization of a cell in the left ventricle.

B. The contraction of the left ventricle will occur at a different time than the contraction of the right ventricle.

C. The rate of ventricular contractions will be lower than the rate of atrial contractions.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 5-15. T or F: An increase in ACh concentration near the heart will lead to an increase in the

amount of time a SA node cell remains below its threshold value for its action potential. 5-16. T or F: A decrease in sympathetic activity to arteriole muscles will lead to an increase in

arteriolar diameter. 5-17. An increase in arteriolar diameter will cause


in the resistance of the arterioles to blood flow. 5-18. An increase in blood pressure will lead to


in the time interval between two successive action potentials in a carotid artery baroreceptor cell.

5-19. Cardiac output in a human A. will increase when ACh is applied near the heart. B. is equal to stroke volume times heart rate. C. always decreases when heart rate increases. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-20. When there is an increase in the firing rate of carotid artery baroreceptors, this will lead to an increase in A. heart rate. B. total peripheral resistance. C. ACh released near the heart. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-21. Patient S and patient T both have the same blood pressure and the same heart rate. The stroke volume of S is twice that of T. A. The total peripheral resistance of S is twice that of T. B. The cardiac output of S is twice that of T. C. The carotid artery baroreceptors of S fire at half the impulse frequency of the

carotid artery baroreceptors of T. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-22. Patient W and patient Z have the same blood pressure and the same stroke volume. The cardiac output of W is double that of Z. A. The total peripheral resistance of W is twice that of Z. B. The heart rate (beats per minute) of W is twice that of Z. C. W's carotid artery baroreceptors discharge at twice the action potential firing rate

when compared with Z's carotid artery baroreceptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-23. An increase in norepinephrine released in the vicinity of the heart will lead to A. an increase in the amount of time a SA node cell remains below threshold for

action potential. B. an increase in heart rate. C. a decrease in cardiac output. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-24. An increase in the amount of ACh released near the heart will lead A. to an increase B. to a decrease C. to no change

in the heart rate (number of contractions per minute). 5-25. T or F: In a healthy heart in a mammal, the cardiac muscle cells of the atrium have an

action potential 150 milliseconds after the cardiac muscle cells of the ventricle. Assume heart rate of 70 per minute.

5-26. Which of the following will lead to an increase of total peripheral resistance? A. Decrease in the diameters of all arterioles. B. Decrease in carotid artery baroreceptor impulse frequency. C. An increase of sympathetic discharge to the musculature of all arterioles. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-27. Which of the following are examples of exocytosis? A. Net movement of potassium ion from intracellular space to extracellular space. B. Release of neurotransmitter from neurons. C. Release of blood from the circulatory system through a cut in an artery. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-28. The carotid artery baroreceptors A. have their peripheral terminals located in the walls of the carotid artery. B. have their central axonic endings near the heart. C. produce action potentials only when the blood pressure is higher than normal

levels. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-29. Which of the following statements are true for a healthy heart? A. The valves at the entrance and exit of each ventricle close during the same

millisecond of the heart beat cycle. B. Each cardiac muscle cell has only one action potential during each beat of the

heart. C. The application of acetylcholine near the heart will cause an increase in the heart

rate. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-30. In a human heart, A. the ventricles contract 150 milliseconds before the atrial contraction. B. sounds associated with the valves closing can be heard by an external observer. C. the cells in the AV node conduct action potentials at a very high velocity. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-31. The diameter of an arteriole A. is given its normal steady-state value by steady-state levels of parasympathetic

discharge. B. will increase in order to produce an increase in blood pressure. C. will decrease if all autonomic nerve activity to the arteriole is removed. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-32. Which of the following are true for the mammalian heart? A. A voltage decrease of one atrium cell will lead to a voltage decrease in the

adjacent cell. B. Cells in the SA node are responsible for the 150 msec delay between the atrium

and the ventricle. C. An increase in sympathetic discharge to the heart will lead to a decrease in heart

rate. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 27 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 27 5-33. Patient H has a disease that has destroyed all of the smooth muscles that control the

diameter of patient H's arterioles. In order to maintain a normal blood pressure, patient H must have A. low values of cardiac output compared with pre-disease values. B. low values of heart rate compared with pre-disease values. C. high levels of parasympathetic discharge to the heart compared with pre-disease

levels. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-34. Which of the following are true for the SA node cardiac muscle cells? An increase in A. the binding of norepinephrine to beta-adrenergic receptors will lead to a decrease

in heart rate. B. potassium conductance will lead to an increase in heart rate. C. the binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic ACh receptors on the SA node cells will

lead to an increase in heart rate. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-35. Application of ACh near the SA node of the heart will increase A. heart rate. B. the calcium conductance of the cells of the SA node. C. the conductance of potassium channels associated with muscarinic ACh

receptors on the SA node cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-36. An increase in sympathetic activity to the heart A. occurs when there is also an increase in sympathetic activity to the arteriolar

smooth muscles in response to a decrease in blood pressure. B. occurs in response to a decrease in carotid artery baroreceptor neuron activity. C. will lead to an increase in heart rate. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-37. Which of the following statements are true? A. The number of heart sounds per minute equals the number of cardiac action

potentials per minute. B. A red blood cell that is in the left ventricle will travel through lung capillaries

before it reaches the right ventricle. C. Voltage-gated calcium channels have high conductance only when the voltage of

a cardiac muscle cell is less than the threshold for an action potential. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-38. The channel that is responsible for the F-current (also termed If) A. is found only in the ventricular muscle cells of the heart. B. allows passage of only chloride ions when it is open. C. assists in the production of pacemaker potentials recorded in SA node cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-39. A carotid artery baroreceptor neuron A. will display a decrease in action potential frequency in response to an increase in

blood pressure. B. has mechanically-gated ion channels located in its peripheral terminals. C. releases neurotransmitter only near the SA node of the heart. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-40. Which of the following is true during an action potential in a cardiac muscle cell in the ventricle? A. Voltage-gated calcium channels display an increase in calcium conductance in

response to an increase in membrane voltage. B. An increase in calcium conductance leads to a decrease in the amount of

intracellular calcium. C. An increase in potassium conductance leads to an increase in membrane

voltage. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-41. An increase in parasympathetic discharge to the heart leads to A. an increase in the conductance of channels in SA node cells associated with

glycine receptors. B. a decrease in the amount of ACh (acetylcholine) released near the heart. C. an increase in the conductance of potassium channels associated with beta-

adrenergic receptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-42. Which of the following is true for active hyperemia, a local control mechanism within the circulatory system? A. There will be less blood flow into a local region in response to high rates of

cellular activity in body cells in that region. B. An increase in the diameter of local arterioles will occur in response to increases

in such chemicals as carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions that are produced by high rates of cellular activity in body cells in that region.

C. Changes in the amount of neurotransmitter released by carotid artery baroreceptor neurons are directly responsible for the arteriolar diameter changes observed during active hyperemia.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 5-43. Which of the following in a mammal contain high amounts of total oxygen? Total oxygen

= bound oxygen and unbound oxygen. A. Blood in the pulmonary vein. B. Blood in the aorta. C. Blood in the left ventricle. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-44. Consider a time when the membrane voltage of a SA node cell in the heart is at its minimum value (near -80 mv). At this time, A. all the voltage-gated calcium channels will be open. B. the membrane voltage will be greater than the threshold voltage for the calcium

action potential. C. the conductance of the channels that carry the F-current (also called If) will be

high when compared to the conductance of these channels at the peak of the action potential.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 5-45. Which of the following is true for the circulatory system?

A. Heart rate equals stroke volume times cardiac output. B. Cardiac output equals mean arterial pressure times total peripheral resistance. C. If stroke volume is constant, then cardiac output times heart rate is constant. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 28 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 28 5-46. Starting at 1 AM, you record the firing frequency of the axons of carotid artery

baroreceptors as well as the blood pressure in the carotid artery. At 2 AM, you directly apply chemical X to all the axons of the carotid artery baroreceptors at location L in a peripheral nerve at a place that is midway between the baroreceptor peripheral terminals and the baroreceptor central axonic terminals. You discover that chemical X induces a previously unknown hyperexcitability of the axon with the following property: for each action potential produced between baroreceptor peripheral terminals and location L, there are two action potentials produced between location L and baroreceptor central axonic terminals. Thus, chemical X causes a doubling of the rate of firing of carotid baroreceptors as action potentials pass location L. At 2:10 AM, A. blood pressure will be higher than at 1:50 AM. B. the parasympathetic output to the heart will be higher than at 1:50 AM. C. total peripheral resistance will be higher than at 1:50 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-47. Which of the following is true for the pacemaker potential of the SA node cells in the heart? A. An increase in the slope (dV/dt) of the pacemaker potential of all SA node cells

will lead to an increase in heart rate. B. ACh released near SA node cells will lead to a decrease in the slope of the

pacemaker potential of SA node cells. C. When the pacemaker potential of SA node cells is near its minimum value, then a

large number of F-channels will be open. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-48. Which of the following is true for the AV valves of the mammalian heart? A. Specialized AV muscle fibers are responsible for closing the AV valves. B. The AV valves are responsible for producing the 150 millisecond delay from the

time of the atrial contraction to the time of the ventricular contraction. C. The sound produced by the closing of the AV valves can be heard by an external

observer. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-49. Which of the following statements are true? A. The equilibrium potential for the F-channel is less than -40 millivolts. B. The GABAB receptor is always associated with a channel whose equilibrium

potential is greater than -20 millivolts. C. The voltage-gated calcium channel has an S4 helix that serves as a receptor for

calcium ions. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-50. Which of the following is true for active hyperemia, a local control mechanism within the circulatory system? A. There will be less blood flow into a local region in response to high rates of

cellular activity in body cells in that region. B. There will be an increase in the potassium conductance of ATP-sensitive

potassium channels in smooth muscle cells in response to a decrease in the levels of intracellular ATP in those cells.

C. There will an increase in force developed by smooth muscles surrounding arterioles that lead into a local region in which there has been high rates of cellular activity in body cells in that region.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 5-51. During which of the following processes is there a net flux of potassium from a region of

high potassium concentration to a region of low potassium concentration? During the movement of potassium through an A. open channel associated with the nicotinic ACh receptor. B. open F-channel in a SA node cell. C. open channel associated with the GABAB receptor. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-52. Which of the following is true for channels in the plasma membrane of a SA node cell in the heart? A. The equilibrium potential of its voltage-gated calcium channels is greater than the

value of the threshold voltage for the action potential. B. The equilibrium potential of its F channels is greater than the value of the

threshold voltage for the action potential. C. The equilibrium potential of its voltage-gated potassium channels is less than the

equilibrium potential of its F channels. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-53. Patient A has a disease that causes continuous maximal contractions of all the smooth muscles that control the diameter of patient A's arterioles. Which of the following will help restore patient A's blood pressure toward normal levels? A. Higher values of cardiac output compared with pre-disease values of cardiac

output. B. Higher values of heart rate compared with pre-disease values of heart rate. C. Higher values of activity in parasympathetic neurons that synapse on SA node

cells of the heart compared with pre-disease levels of activity in these parasympathetic neurons.


5-54. Removal of calcium ion from blood plasma causes A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change in the clotting ability of blood in response to tissue damage.

5-55. Which of the following processes are involved in the exchange of substances within capillary beds? A. Diffusion. B. Osmotic pressure. C. Bulk flow pressure. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-56. In the lymphatic system of the body, A. fluids are filtered through nodes. B. fluids drain into the veins of the circulatory system. C. some antibodies are produced. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-57. Which of the following statements are true for fluid exchange in capillaries? A. Osmotic pressure tends to push fluid into interstitial spaces external to the

capillary. B. Blood pressure tends to bring fluid into the blood plasma from interstitial spaces

external to the capillary. C. In a normal steady state in a capillary, the magnitude of osmotic pressure greatly

exceeds the magnitude of blood pressure. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-58. An increase in the amount of dissolved protein in the blood plasma will A. lead to an increase B. lead to a decrease C. lead to no change

in the amount of water in the interstitial space surrounding blood capillaries. 5-59. Which of the following statements are true for the clotting of blood?

A. Fibrin catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. B. Calcium is needed for the production of thrombin. C. Fibrin is easily dissolved in physiological saline. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 29 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 29 5-60. Consider a system that contains two neurons and one cardiac SA node cell in a culture

dish bathed in normal physiological saline. All three cells are healthy. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron B synapses onto the SA node cell. Neuron A and Neuron B have acetylcholine (ACh) in their synaptic vesicles. The only ligand-gated channels in the plasma membrane of Neuron A are AMPA receptors. The only ligand-gated channels in the plasma membrane of Neuron B are nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs). Both neurons have no metabotropic receptors in their plasma membranes. The SA node cell has its usual set of molecules. At 1AM, Neuron A's action potential firing rate is 100 Hz, Neuron B's action potential firing rate is 100 Hz, and the SA node cell's action potential firing rate is 1.00 Hz. Which of the following will lead to an increase in the SA node cell's action potential firing rate? A. Glutamate is added to the bath. B. Curare is added to the bath. C. Muscarine is added to the bath. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-61. Consider a system that contains two neurons and one cardiac SA node cell in a culture dish bathed in normal physiological saline. All three cells are healthy. Neuron A synapses onto Neuron B. Neuron B synapses onto the SA node cell. Neuron A has glycine in its synaptic vesicles. Neuron B has acetylcholine (ACh) in its synaptic vesicles. The only ligand-gated channels in the plasma membrane of Neuron A are AMPA receptors. The only ligand-gated channels in the plasma membrane of Neuron B are glycine receptors. Both neurons have no metabotropic receptors in their plasma membranes. Neuron A, Neuron B, and SA node cell each have a chloride equilibrium potential of -80 millivolts and a potassium equilibrium potential of -86 millivolts. The threshold for an action potential in all 3 cells is -55 millivolts. The SA node cell has its usual set of molecules. At 1:00 AM, Neuron A's action potential firing rate is 100 Hz, Neuron B's action potential firing rate is 100 Hz, and the SA node cell's action potential firing rate is 1.00 Hz. Which of the following will lead to an increase in the SA node cell's action potential firing rate? A. At 1:01 AM, glutamate is added to the bath. B. At 1:01 AM, strychnine is added to the bath. C. At 1:01 AM, muscarine is added to the bath. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-62. Which of the following statements are true for the clotting of blood? A. Thromboplastin is converted to thrombin. B. Fibrinogen is needed for thrombin formation. C. Fibrin molecules are present within the blood clot. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-63. Which of the following is a ligand-gated channel? A. the water-gated AQP2 (aquaporin2) channel. B. the glucose-gated Na-glucose channel. C. the ATP-sensitive potassium channel. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

5-64. Consider a system that contains a healthy SA node cell in a culture dish bathed in normal physiological saline. The SA node cell contains all of the usual molecules. You use a technique to measure GF-channel (F-channel conductance) when the membrane of the SA node cell is held at a constant voltage of -75 millivolts starting at 1:55 AM. The technique allows you to keep the SA node cell at that voltage for 10 minutes. You also have the ability to control directly the intracellular amounts of cAMP. You can also add substances to the extracellular saline bathing the SA node cell. At 2:00 AM, you measure GF-channel. A. At 2:01 AM, norepinephrine is added to the physiological saline.

This will lead to a decrease in GF-channel compared with its 2:00 AM value. B. At 2:01 AM, there is a decrease in the intracellular amount of cAMP.

This will lead to a decrease in GF-channel compared with its 2:00 AM value. C. At 2:01 AM, ACh (acetylcholine) is added to the physiological saline.

This will lead to a decrease in GF-channel compared with its 2:00 AM value. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

5-65. At 1:00 AM a frog heart is removed from the body and placed in normal physiological saline. At 3:00 AM, the SA node is destroyed. A. The cardiac output at 4:00 AM will be lower than the cardiac output at 2:00 AM. B. The number of atrial contractions per minute at 4:00 AM will be lower than the

number of atrial contractions per minute at 2:00 AM. C. The number of atrial contractions per minute at 4:00 AM will be equal to the

number of ventricular contractions per minute at 4:00 AM. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

5-66. Which of the following serves as an effector, or as part of an effector, that functions in a negative feedback system? A. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChR) in SA node cells of the heart. B. F-channels in the cells of the AV valves of the heart. C. Alpha-adrenergic Receptors in smooth muscles surrounding the arterioles. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

5-67. For which of the following processes is the net flux of calcium ions from a region of high concentration of calcium to a region of low concentration of calcium? The net flux of calcium ions A. from intracellular space to extracellular space via open voltage-gated calcium

channels in a SA node cell. B. from the cytosol to the inside of the sarcoplasmic reticulum via open Ryanodine

receptors in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes of a skeletal muscle fiber. C. from intracellular space to extracellular space via open NMDA Receptor channels

with magnesium ion block removed due to a 20 mV voltage increase following the opening of AMPA Receptor channels in the dendrites of toe motor neurons.


Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 30 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 30 5-68. Which of the following events occur at the same time, or nearly at the same time, of the

cardiac cycle of a healthy person? A. The T wave of the EKG and closing of the AV valves. B. The P wave of the EKG and decreases in membrane voltage of atrial muscle

cells. C. The QRS complex of the EKG and increases in membrane voltage of Purkinje

fibers. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

5-69. Which of the following serves as an actuating signal, or as part of an actuating signal, that functions in a negative feedback system? A. Action potentials in parasympathetic neurons that release acetylcholine (ACh)

from their axon terminals near the SA node cells of the heart. B. Action potentials in carotid artery baroreceptor neurons that release glutamate

from their axon terminals in the central nervous system. C. Action potentials in Purkinje fibers that release norepinephrine (NE) near

ventricular muscle cells of the heart. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

5-70. Which of the following serves as an actuating signal in a negative feedback system? A. Action potentials in parasympathetic neurons that release ACh (acetylcholine)

near SA node cells of the heart. B. Action potentials in ventricular muscle cells of the heart. C. Action potentials in SA node cells of the heart. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

5-71. Consider a single cycle in a healthy heart. Define the start of the cycle as the peak of the action potential in a SA node cell, which occurs at t1, and the end of the cycle as the peak of the following action potential in that same SA node cell, which occurs at t2. During the interval between t1 and t2, there are 2 heart sounds. The first heart sound is lub; the second heart sound is dub. Which of the following is true during the time interval between the end of the lub sound and the beginning of the dub sound in that single cycle? A. There is a decrease in the volume of blood in the left ventricle. B. The value of the membrane voltage of a ventricular muscle cell is greater than the

value of the voltage threshold for an action potential in that cell. C. The right AV valve is not open, that is, it is in the closed state. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

5-72. Consider a single cycle in a healthy heart. Define the start of the cycle as the peak of the action potential in a SA node cell, which occurs at t1, and the end of the cycle as the peak of the following action potential in that same SA node cell, which occurs at t2. During the interval between t1 and t2, there are 2 heart sounds. The first heart sound is lub; the second heart sound is dub. Which of the following is true during the time interval between the end of the dub sound and t2 in that single cycle? A. There is an increase in the volume of blood in the left ventricle. B. In the electrocardiogram, there is an occurrence of the QRS voltage deflection. C. There is an occurrence of the peak of the action potential in a Bundle of His cell. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

5-73. Consider a single cycle in a healthy heart. Define the start of the cycle as the peak of the action potential in a SA node cell, which occurs at t1, and the end of the cycle as the peak of the following action potential in that same SA node cell, which occurs at t2. During the interval between t1 and t2, there are 2 heart sounds. The first heart sound is lub; the second heart sound is dub. Which of the following is true during the time interval between t1 and the start of the lub sound in that single cycle? A. There is a decrease in the volume of blood in the left ventricle. B. In the electrocardiogram, there is an occurrence of the T wave. C. There is an occurrence of the opening of an aortic valve, that is, it goes from a

closed position to an open position. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

NOTE: THERE ARE NO CHAPTER 6 QUESTIONS IN THE BIO 3058 HANDOUT.

7-OXYGEN-7-OXYGEN-7-OXYGEN-7-OXYGEN-7-OXYGEN-7-OXYGEN-7-OXYGEN-7

7-1. If a person breathes in air containing 95% C02 and 5% 02, then this will lead to A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the rate of ventilation. 7-2. Two compartments of equal volume of physiological saline are separated by a

membrane permeable only to oxygen. At 2 AM equal amounts of oxygen are dissolved into both the left and right compartments. At 3 AM healthy red blood cells are prepared so that they contain no oxygen. At 3:05 AM these cells are placed into the right compartment. At 4 AM additional oxygen is added to the left compartment only. For this question, ignore effects of cellular respiration in the red blood cells and ignore the volume of the red blood cells. A. At 3:30 AM the amount of oxygen in the left compartment will be lower than it was

at 2:30 AM. B. At 4:30 AM the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in the red blood cells will

be larger than or equal to the amount at 3:30 AM. C. At 3:30 AM the amount of extracellular oxygen in the right compartment will be

lower than it was at 2:30 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 31 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 31 7-3. An increase in hydrogen ion concentration in interstitial spaces of the brainstem will lead

to A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the number of ventilatory cycles per minute. 7-4. A decrease in the amount of oxygen dissolved in blood plasma in the capillaries will

cause A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the percent of hemoglobin molecules in the capillaries which have oxygen molecules bound to them.

7-5. T or F: An increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the cytosol of a red blood cell will lead to the hemoglobin in that red blood cell binding more oxygen.

7-6. Which of the following processes in lung capillaries assist in the removal of carbon dioxide from the body? A. Formation of carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells. B. Net flux of carbon dioxide from plasma into red blood cells. C. Net flux of bicarbonate from plasma into red blood cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-7. Which of the following will lead to a decrease in the amount of oxygen delivered to the body cells? A. An increase in the rate of ventilation. B. An increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the interstitial spaces of the

brainstem. C. An increase in blood plasma levels of erythropoietin. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-8. During ventilation in a human, A. the volume of the lung can be changed by movements of the diaphragm muscle. B. the volume of the lung can be changed by the movements of skeletal muscles

that are inside the lung. C. the diaphragm muscle contracts normally even in the absence of action potentials

in the motor neurons that innervate the diaphragm muscle. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-9. Carbon dioxide A. can be stored in the form of bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma. B. can be bound to hemoglobin. C. can diffuse from a capillary in the lung into a nearby alveolus. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-10. Which of the following is true for ventilation? A. ACh is released near muscarinic ACh receptors located in the diaphragm. B. the volume of the chest cavity does not change. C. the diaphragm serves as a part of an effector in a negative feedback loop. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-11. Which of the following processes assist in the removal of C02 from body cells? A. Diffusion of C02 from blood plasma into the body cells. B. Binding of C02 by hemoglobin. C. Diffusion of bicarbonate from blood plasma into the alveoli. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-12. Which of the following processes help bring oxygen to the body cells that are in a leg? A. Diffusion of oxygen from blood plasma into red blood cells in the lung capillaries. B. An increase in hydrogen ion concentration in red blood cells in the body

capillaries. C. Removal of oxygen from hemoglobin in response to a low partial pressure

(concentration) of oxygen. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-13. Blood entering the lungs has A. more bicarbonate ions than blood leaving the lungs. B. more hemoglobin with oxygen bound to it than blood leaving the lungs. C. less hydrogen ions than blood leaving the lungs. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-14. Inspiration of air into the lungs is caused by A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the air pressure within the chest cavity. 7-15. A decrease in the oxygen content of the blood will lead to


in the production of red blood cells. 7-16. A decrease in the concentration of oxygen in body capillaries leads to


in the concentration of hemoglobin molecules which have no oxygen bound to them. 7-17. Which of the following processes help bring carbon dioxide to the lungs?

A. Diffusion of carbon dioxide from interstitial space into the body cells. B. Breakdown of carbon dioxide into elemental carbon and oxygen. C. Binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-18. T or F: Bicarbonate ions assist in the transport of C02 from the body cells to the lungs. 7-19. Near the body cells that are in a leg,

A. There is a net flux of bicarbonate ions from the intracellular spaces of the red blood cells into the blood plasma.

B. carbonic anhydrase allows water to react with carbon dioxide. C. the net flux of carbon dioxide is from blood plasma into red blood cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-20. Blood A. entering the lung is high in oxygen. B. leaving the lung will go to the right atrium. C. leaving the lungs is high in bicarbonate ions. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-21. During ventilation, A. skeletal muscles in the lung contract. B. acetylcholine (ACh) is released near the rib cage muscles. C. negative pressure in the pleural cavity leads to expiration of air. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 32 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 32 7-22. Which of the following statements are true for both rib cage muscles and the smooth

muscles of the arterioles? A. Each can be directly inhibited by parasympathetic activity. B. Each is only excited by acetylcholine (ACh). C. Each serves as an effector in a negative feedback control loop. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-23. At 2 AM patient X is injured so that the patient has several large holes on both the left and the right sides of the chest wall. There is no damage to X's lungs. At 2:02 AM patient X begins the production of an increase in the firing rate of inspiratory motor neurons. This increase lasts for two minutes. The volume of X's lungs at 2:03 AM will show A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

when compared to the volume of X's lungs at 2:01 AM. 7-24. Which of the following will lead to a decrease in the percentage of oxygen-binding sites

in hemoglobin that have oxygen bound to these sites? A. A decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions. B. An action potential in the hemoreceptors. C. A decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-25. Which of the following serves as an effector or as a portion of an effector in a negative feedback system? A. Cardiac muscle cells. B. Skeletal muscle cells in the lung. C. Carotid artery baroreceptor neurons. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-26. In a region near active body cells that are in a leg, A. there is a net flux of bicarbonate ions from plasma into red blood cells. B. the major influence of carbonic anhydrase is to break down carbonic acid into

carbon dioxide and water. C. over 90% of the oxygen binding sites on hemoglobin have oxygen bound to them. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-27. An increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions in a region near the body cells will lead to A. an increase in the B. a decrease in the C. no change in the

amount of oxygen released from hemoglobin molecules in that region. 7-28. Which of the following are involved in the long-term regulation of the oxygen-carrying

capacity of the blood? A. Secretion of the hormone erythropoietin. B. Stimulation of bone marrow to make more red blood cells. C. Change in the total amount of hemoglobin in the blood. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-29. Two compartments of equal volume of physiological saline are separated by a membrane permeable only to oxygen. At 1 AM equal amounts of oxygen are dissolved into both left and right compartments. At 3 AM healthy red blood cells are prepared so that they contain no oxygen. At 3:05 AM these cells are placed into the right compartment. For this question, ignore effects of cellular respiration in the red blood cells and ignore the volume of the red blood cells. A. At 4 AM the amount of extracellular oxygen in the right compartment will be

higher than the total amount of oxygen in the right compartment at 2 AM. B. At 4 AM the total amount of oxygen in the left compartment will be less than the

amount of extracellular oxygen in the right compartment at 4 AM. C. At 4 AM the total amount of oxygen (extracellular, intracellular bound, and

intracellular unbound oxygen) in the right compartment will be equal to the total amount of oxygen in the left compartment at 4 AM.


7-30. Which of the following are true for ventilation? A. An increase in the hydrogen ion concentration in the interstitial spaces of the

brainstem leads to an increase in the duration of the respiratory cycle (duration of respiratory cycle equals duration of inspiration plus duration of expiration).

B. An increase in the pressure within the chest cavity results in the expiration of air from the lungs.

C. The problems with ventilation induced by injection of curare occur because the drug's action on cells in the alveoli.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 7-31. Erythropoietin

A. acts only by binding to receptors located on cells in the kidney. B. is secreted by red blood cells. C. serves as a sensor in a long-term negative feedback loop that controls the levels

of oxygen dissolved in the blood. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-32. Which of the following is true for ventilation? A. Interneurons responsible for generating the rhythm of ventilation are located in

the brainstem. B. All the central chemoreceptors that sense the levels of hydrogen ions in the

interstitial fluids of the brain are located in the hypothalamus. C. Motor neurons that excite the diaphragm muscle utilize glutamate as their

neurotransmitter. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-33. Which of the following is true for red blood cells? A. Carbonic anhydrase is the intracellular enzyme needed for the binding of carbon

dioxide to hemoglobin. B. Oxygen binds directly to the Chloride-Bicarbonate Transporter (also called

Chloride-Bicarbonate Anion Exchanger). C. The permeability to oxygen of the plasma membrane of the red blood cell is very

low when blood plasma levels of ORH (oxygen-releasing hormone) are very low. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-34. Which of the following serves as an actuating signal, or part of an actuating signal, in a negative feedback system? A. Action potentials in motor neurons innervating the diaphragm. B. Action potentials in central chemoreceptors that sense the levels of hydrogen

ions in interstitial fluids of the brainstem. C. Action potentials in peripheral chemoreceptors that sense the levels of hydrogen

ions in the plasma. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 33 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 33 7-35. Which of the following processes occur in the lungs?

A. Net flux of oxygen from the alveoli into the plasma. B. Net flux of oxygen from the plasma into red blood cells. C. Net flux of bicarbonate from the plasma into red blood cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-36. At 1:55 AM, hemoglobin molecules are in an environment with 40 mm Hg partial pressure of oxygen. At 2 AM, which of the following will lead to an increase in the percentage of oxygen-binding sites in hemoglobin molecules that have oxygen bound to these sites? A. An increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions. B. An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen. C. A decrease in the concentration of HmRH (Hemoglobin Releasing Hormone). D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-37. Consider a human who is at a high altitude climbing a mountain. Which of the following is true for that person at that altitude? A. A decrease in the oxygen concentration in the blood plasma in the carotid artery

will lead to an increase in the firing frequency of the oxygen-sensitive peripheral chemoreceptors.

B. An increase in the firing frequency of the oxygen-sensitive peripheral chemoreceptors whose peripheral terminals are located in the brainstem will lead to an increase in the rate of ventilation.

C. A decrease in the hydrogen-ion concentration in the blood plasma in the carotid artery will lead to an increase in the firing frequency of the hydrogen-ion-sensitive peripheral chemoreceptors.


7-38. Which of the following serves as a sensor, or as part of a sensor, that functions in a negative feedback system? A. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptors in parathyroid gland cells. B. Muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in SA node cells of the heart. C. Hydrogen-ion-sensitive central chemoreceptor neurons in the brainstem. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-39. Which of the following serves as an actuating signal, or as part of an actuating signal, in a negative feedback system? A. Action potentials in motor neurons that synapse upon skeletal muscles in the

lung. B. Action potentials in parasympathetic neurons that synapse upon skeletal muscles

surrounding the arterioles. C. Action potentials in carotid artery baroreceptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-40. Which of the following serves as an effector, or as part of an effector, that functions in a negative feedback system? A. Parathyroid gland cells. B. Alpha-adrenergic receptors in the SA node cells of the heart. C. Muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in the muscle fibers of the diaphragm

muscle. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-41. Which of the following serves as a controlled variable in a negative feedback system? A. Blood plasma levels of erythropoietin (EPO). B. Blood plasma levels of hydrogen ions in the carotid artery. C. Blood plasma levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

7-42. Which of the following processes occur in the lung? A. Net flux of oxygen from red blood cells into the plasma in capillaries of the lung. B. Removal of oxygen from hemoglobin in response to high levels of hydrogen ions

in red blood cells in the lung. C. Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin in response to high partial pressures of oxygen

in red blood cells in the lung. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

7-43. Which of the following serves as an effector, or as part of an effector, in a negative feedback system? A. Myosin molecules in rib cage inspiratory muscles. B. Erythropoietin Receptors (EPORs) in bone marrow cells. C. Dihydropyridine Receptors (DHPRs) in diaphragm muscles. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

7-44. Which of the following is true? A. The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood plasma in the pulmonary artery is

higher than the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood plasma in the pulmonary vein.

B. The blood plasma levels of bicarbonate in the pulmonary artery are higher than the blood plasma levels of bicarbonate in the pulmonary vein.

C. The percent Hemoglobin saturation (percent of oxygen-binding sites in Hemoglobin that have oxygen bound) in the red blood cells in the pulmonary artery is lower than the percent Hemoglobin saturation in the red blood cells in the pulmonary vein.


7-45. Which of the following will lead to an increase in the rate of ventilation? A. An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood plasma in the carotid

artery in a person who is mountain climbing at high altitude. B. An increase in the binding of EPO (erythropoietin) to EPO Receptors located only

in the plasma membranes of the diaphragm muscle. C. An increase in levels of hydrogen ions in interstitial spaces of the brain stem. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above. 8-SALT & WATER-8-SALT & WATER-8-SALT & WATER-8-SALT & WATER-8

8-1. An increase in the pressure in the blood capillaries serving Bowman's capsule will cause A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the rate of filtration across the capsule membrane. 8-2. An increase in the total concentration of solutes dissolved in the blood plasma will cause


in the concentration of solutes dissolved in the urine.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 34 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 34 8-3. If the concentration of solutes in the interstitial space of the kidney medulla were equal to

the concentration of solutes in the collecting ducts of the nephron, then an increase in the blood plasma level of vasopressin would cause A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the concentration of solutes in the urine. 8-4. T or F: An increase in vasopressin concentration in the blood plasma leads to a decrease

in the volume of urine produced; assume axons of vasopressin neurosecretory cells cut. 8-5. Sodium chloride

A. passes from blood into the nephron lumen at Bowman's capsule. B. is present at very low concentrations in the interstitial spaces (outside of the

nephron) of the kidney medulla. C. net flux from luminal spaces (inside of the nephron) to the interstitial spaces is

due to active transport processes in the descending limb of the Loop of Henle. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-6. Which of the following processes are utilized within the Loop of Henle? A. Diffusion of water. B. Secondary active transport. C. Osmosis. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-7. Which of the following are part of a negative feedback loop? A. Potassium ion voltage dependent conductance changes in neurons. B. Vasopressin release in response to the concentration of dissolved solutes. C. ACh release by parasympathetic nerves innervating the heart. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-8. If all the cells in an animal that contain vasopressin were destroyed and high levels of vasopressin were continually injected into the blood plasma then A. the animal would produce a dilute urine. B. the permeability of the collecting duct to water would be high. C. there would be a high concentration of dissolved ions in the blood plasma. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-9. If all the cells in an animal that contain vasopressin are destroyed, then the animal would A. produce a dilute urine. B. produce large volumes of urine. C. need to consume large volumes of water. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-10. If there is protein in the urine, then A. this means that the organism has a diet of too much protein. B. there is malfunction of filtering occurring at Bowman's capsule. C. the active transport system in the loop of Henle is inhibited. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-11. Which of the following is true for the kidney? A. The volume of blood entering the kidney equals the volume of blood leaving the

kidney. B. The solute concentration of interstitial space of kidney cortex is higher than that of

kidney medulla. C. Liquid being processed into urine crosses the boundary between the kidney

cortex and the kidney medulla no more than once. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-12. The high levels of salt in regions surrounding the loop of Henle are A. produced by high levels of vasopressin. B. produced by active transport of ions. C. produced by osmosis of water from the collecting ducts. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-13. Which of the following structures are located in the kidney cortex? A. Distal tubule. B. Bowman's capsule. C. Proximal tubule. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-14. A normal person has recently consumed large amounts of water. The response to this will be A. the production of a dilute urine. B. an increase in vasopressin levels of the blood plasma. C. a reduction in the volume of urine produced. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-15. You are presented with a patient who is making antibodies that destroy the V2 receptors in his body. This person will A. have high amounts of vasopressin in his blood plasma. B. have a concentrated urine. C. retain large amounts of water in his body. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-16. T or F: During the formation of urine, fluid in a nephron crosses the boundary between the kidney cortex and the kidney medulla three different times.

8-17 T or F: The blood from a water-deprived dog is transfused into a normal dog. The reaction of the normal dog will be to produce a dilute urine.

8-18. You are given a rare mutant in which the concentration of solutes in the kidney medulla interstitial spaces (outside of the nephron) is lower than the concentration of solutes in the liquid of the collecting ducts. In this rare mutant, an increase in vasopressin will lead to A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the concentration of dissolved substances in the urine. 8-19. Which of the following statements are true for the proximal tubule of the kidney?

A. Active transport of glucose. B. Active transport of sodium ion. C. Osmosis of water into the space surrounding the tubule. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-20. Consider the case of a rare mutant in which the concentration of solutes in the kidney medulla interstitial spaces is equal to the concentration of solutes in the liquid in the lumen of the collecting duct. The defective molecules associated with this rare mutation are NOT located in the epithelial cells of the kidney collecting duct; the defective molecules are located in other cells of the kidney. In this rare mutant, an increase in the amount of vasopressin that binds to V2 receptors in the kidney will lead to an increase in the A. water permeability of the luminal membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells. B. amount of water that is reabsorbed into the blood plasma from the lumen of the

collecting duct. C. net flux of water from the luminal spaces of the collecting duct to the interstitial

spaces of the kidney medulla. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-21. T or F: There is a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial spaces (outside of the nephron) of the kidney medulla.

8-22. T or F: Under conditions of low vasopressin, the urine produced will have a high concentration of dissolved substances.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 35 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 35 8-23. Diffusion under the influence of pressure

A. is called osmosis. B. occurs in Bowman's capsule. C. is responsible for the active transport of calcium. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-24. An increase in the firing frequency of vasopressin-containing neurosecretory cells will lead to A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the blood plasma levels of vasopressin. 8-25. Which of the following serve as a sensor, or contain a sensor, that functions in a negative

feedback loop? A. Neurotransmitters in vesicles. B. Skeletal muscles in the lung. C. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-26. Which of the following do not take place in the kidney medulla? A. Filtration of blood. B. Osmosis of water. C. Active transport of ions. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-27. An animal is no longer able to produce its own vasopressin and is continuously receiving in its blood plasma a high dosage of vasopressin. While this animal is on these high doses, it A. will produce large volumes of urine. B. will have a high water permeability of its collecting ducts. C. will need to drink large amounts of water to survive. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-28. Which of the following takes place in the kidney medulla? A. Primary active transport of sodium ions. B. Osmosis of water. C. Secondary active transport of chloride ions. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-29. In the formation of urine in a healthy person, A. proteins are secreted from the collecting ducts to the blood plasma. B. active transport and diffusion remove salts from the fluid inside the nephron. C. vasopressin binding to V2 Receptors changes the water permeability of the

luminal membranes of the descending Loop of Henle. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-30. Which of the following are examples of exocytosis? A. Release of urine from the bladder. B. Pumping blood out of the heart. C. Releasing neurotransmitter from axonic endings of neurons. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-31. An increase in the water permeability of the luminal membranes of the kidney collecting ducts A. leads to the formation of a more dilute urine. B. is caused by a decrease in the blood plasma levels of vasopressin. C. will lead to a net flux of water from intracellular spaces across the luminal

membranes into luminal spaces of the collecting ducts. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-32. Which of the following are examples of osmosis? A. The release of urine from the bladder. B. The movement of blood from the atrium to the ventricle. C. The net flux of water from the lumen of the kidney collecting duct into the

interstitial spaces near collecting duct cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-33. Which of the following serves as an effector, or as a part of an effector, in a negative feedback system? A. Cardiac muscles. B. V2 (Vasopressin2) Receptors. C. Nicotinic ACh Receptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-34. Which of the following are examples of diffusion? A. Osmosis of water across the luminal membranes of the descending limb of the

Loop of Henle. B. Net flux of sodium ions through sodium channels. C. Filtration of blood in Bowman's Capsule. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-35. Which of the following serve as an effector, or as part of an effector, in a closed loop negative feedback system? A. Water channels in the luminal membranes of collecting duct epithelial cells in a

nephron. B. Mechanically-gated ion channels in the peripheral processes of carotid artery

baroreceptor neurons. C. Voltage-sensitive sodium ion channels in the axons of carotid artery baroreceptor

neurons. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-36. You are presented with patient X who has a genetic disease. You discover a mutation in all aquaporin2 (AQP2) channels manufactured in the epithelial cells of the collecting duct so that there is no increase in water permeability when the mutated channels are inserted into the plasma membrane in response to vasopressin binding to the V2 receptor. Patient X will A. produce urine with very low concentration of dissolved solutes. B. produce only a small volume of urine. C. benefit from injections of vasopressin into the blood plasma. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-37. Which of the following are examples of diffusion? A. Net flux of water across the luminal membrane of the epithelial cells in the

descending limb of the Loop of Henle. B. Net flux of potassium ions through potassium channels. C. Movement of ACh (acetylcholine) in the interstitial spaces of the synaptic cleft

between the presynaptic terminal and the postsynaptic cell. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-38. Which of the following is a situation in which a closed loop negative feedback system is converted to an open loop system? A disease that destroys A. ten percent of the nicotinic ACh receptors in the diaphragm. B. ten percent of the cells in the parathryroid gland. C. ten percent of the V2 receptors in the kidney. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 36 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 36 8-39. Which of the following is true for the kidney?

A. Sodium-glucose 1 (SGLT1) cotransporter molecules are located in luminal membranes of the late proximal tubule epithelial cells.

B. Sodium-potassium-2chloride (Na-K-2Cl) cotransporter molecules are located in luminal membranes of epithelial cells in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle.

C. Sodium-potassium-ATPase pump molecules are located in the basolateral membranes of epithelial cells in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle.


8-40. Which is true for the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle? A. The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle is located only in the cortex of the

kidney. B. Water channels are inserted into the luminal membranes of epithelial cells in the

ascending limb of the Loop of Henle in response to increases in blood plasma levels of vasopressin.

C. All of glucose reabsorption in the kidney occurs in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle.


8-41. Which of the following is a situation in which a closed loop negative feedback system is converted to an open loop system? A disease that A. destroys all kidney cells. B. destroys all motor neurons. C. destroys all baroreceptor neurons. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-42. Which of the following is located in the luminal membrane of early proximal tubule epithelial cells in the kidney? A. Sodium-potassium pump. B. GLUT2 molecule. C. Na-glucose 2 (SGLT2) co-transporter. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-43. Luminal plasma membranes of epithelial cells in which of the following regions of the kidney have high water permeability in a human with blood plasma levels of vasopressin that are very low? A. Collecting ducts. B. Ascending limb of the Loop of Henle. C. Descending limb of the Loop of Henle. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-44. A healthy person is on a diet that consists of very low amounts of water. This person will A. have high blood plasma levels of vasopressin. B. produce a very dilute urine. C. have very low water permeability across the luminal membranes of the collecting

duct epithelial cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-45. Which of the following is true for the epithelial cells of the kidney late proximal tubule? A. The sodium-glucose 1 (SGLT1) co-transporters in the luminal membrane are

responsible for the net flux of sodium from intracellular space to the luminal space in the lumen of the proximal tubule.

B. The sodium-potassium pumps in the basolateral membrane are responsible for the net flux of potassium from intracellular space to interstitial space.

C. The GLUT1 molecules in the basolateral membrane are responsible for the net flux of glucose from interstitial space to intracellular space.


8-46. If all the V2 receptors in an animal were destroyed and high levels of vasopressin were continually injected into the blood plasma then the A. animal would produce a concentrated urine with high levels of dissolved solutes. B. water permeability of the luminal membranes of the collecting duct would be high. C. animal would produce only a small volume of urine. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-47. Which of the following processes assist in the maintenance of high levels of dissolved solutes in the interstitial spaces of the kidney medulla? A. Net flux of sodium from interstitial spaces to intracellular spaces via the sodium-

potassium-2chloride co-transporters located in the basolateral membranes of the epithelial cells in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle.

B. Net flux of sodium ions from intracellular spaces to interstitial spaces via sodium-potassium-ATPase pumps located in the basolateral membranes of the epithelial cells in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle.

C. Net flux of sodium ions from intracellular spaces to luminal spaces via the sodium-glucose co-transporters located in the luminal membranes of the epithelial cells in the descending limb of the Loop of Henle.


8-48. Which of the following serves as an actuating signal, or part of an actuating signal, in a negative feedback system? A. Action potentials in motor neurons that innervate the diaphragm. B. Action potentials in sympathetic neurons that innervate arteriolar smooth muscle. C. Blood plasma levels of vasopressin. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-49. Which of the following serves as an effector, or part of an effector, that functions in a negative feedback system? A. Muscarinic ACh (acetylcholine) receptors of rib cage respiratory muscles. B. V2 receptors of collecting duct cells. C. Hydrogen-ion chemoreceptor neurons in the brainstem. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-50. Which of the following is a situation in which a closed loop negative feedback system is converted to an open loop system? A disease that destroys all the A. V2 receptors of collecting duct cells. B. water channels of collecting duct cells. C. G-proteins of collecting duct cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-51. Which of the following is true? A. A patient with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus will benefit from injections of

vasopressin into the blood plasma. B. A patient with neurogenic diabetes insipidus will receive no benefit from injections

of vasopressin into the blood plasma. C. If a patient with neurogenic diabetes insipidus is not treated, the patient will

produce large volumes of dilute urine. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-52. Which of the following serves as an actuating signal, or part of an actuating signal, in a positive feedback system? A. Blood plasma levels of oxytocin. B. Blood plasma levels of vasopressin. C. Action potentials in carotid baroreceptor neurons. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 37 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 37 8-53. You are presented with patient X who has a genetic disease. You discover a mutation in

all the AQP2 (aquaporin2) water channel proteins manufactured in the epithelial cells of the collecting duct so that there is no increase in water permeability when the mutated channels are inserted into the plasma membrane in response to vasopressin binding to the V2 receptor. Patient X will A. produce urine with very high concentration of dissolved solutes. B. produce only a small volume of urine. C. benefit from injections of vasopressin into the blood plasma. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-54. Which of the following is true for V2 receptors? A. V2 receptors are located in the luminal membranes of the collecting duct

epithelial cells. B. Binding of vasopressin to a V2 receptor leads to a movement of the V2 receptor

from an intracellular vesicle to the basolateral membrane of the collecting duct epithelial cell.

C. A patient has a disease that destroys all V2 receptors in the patient's body; the patient receives no medication for the disease. Large volumes of dilute urine will be produced by this patient.


8-55. Patient X has a disease that has destroyed all of the vasopressin-containing neurosecretory cells in X's body. Everything else in Patient X is normal. A. When Patient X receives no medication, Patient X produces only a small volume

of urine with high concentration of solutes. B. Patient X receives medication consisting of injection of appropriate levels of

vasopressin into Patient X's blood plasma; this can lead to the production of a normal volume of urine with a normal concentration of solutes in Patient X.

C. When Patient X receives no medication, Patient X will have large numbers of AQP2 water channels in the luminal membrane of Patient X's collecting duct epithelial cells.


8-56. Which of the following is true for the epithelial cells of the Descending Loop of Henle in the kidney? A. AQP1 (aquaporin1) water channels are located in their plasma membranes. B. Sodium-potassium-2chloride co-transporters are located in their luminal

membranes. C. Sodium-glucose co-transporters are located in their luminal membranes. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-57. A new drug named ANTI-V2R has been developed that is a V2 receptor antagonist. When ANTI-V2R binds to a V2 receptor, there is no binding of vasopressin to that V2 receptor and there is no activation of G proteins. ANTI-V2R will help relieve some of the problems for which of the following patients? A. A patient with neurogenic diabetes insipidus who produces no vasopressin. B. A patient with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by a mutation in the AQP2-

channel gene. C. A patient whose blood plasma vasopressin levels are always very high due to a

tumor whose cells are vasopressin-containing neurosecretory cells that continuously secrete high levels of vasopressin into the blood plasma.


8-58. A new drug named AGON-V2R has been developed that is a V2 receptor agonist. When AGON-V2R binds to a V2 receptor, there is activation of G proteins that are normally activated by binding of vasopressin to that V2 receptor. AGON-V2R will help relieve some of the problems for which of the following patients? A. A patient with neurogenic diabetes insipidus who produces no vasopressin. B. A patient with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by a mutation in the AQP2-

channel gene. C. A patient whose blood plasma vasopressin levels are always very high due to a

tumor whose cells are vasopressin-containing neurosecretory cells that continuously secrete high levels of vasopressin into the blood plasma.


8-59. Which of the following is true for exocytosis? During exocytosis A. in the axon terminals of motor neurons, the vesicle membrane fuses with the

plasma membrane. B. in the central axon terminals of mechanosensory neurons, neurotransmitter

molecules are released into extracellular space. C. in the epithelial cells of the kidney collecting duct, AQP2 (aquaporin2) channels

are inserted into the luminal membrane. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-60. Which of the following is true for endocytosis? During endocytosis A. in the axon terminals of motor neurons, the vesicle membrane fuses with the

plasma membrane. B. in the central axon terminals of mechanosensory neurons, neurotransmitter

molecules are released into extracellular space. C. in the epithelial cells of the kidney collecting duct, AQP2 (aquaporin2) channels

are removed from the luminal membrane. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-61. Healthy Person P takes a drug that produces a strong effect on the epithelial cells of the kidney collecting duct within one hour and lasts for one week after taking the drug. One day after taking the drug, which of the following drugs will produce a condition with the symptoms of diabetes insipidus in Healthy Person P? A. Drug X that blocks endocytosis of AQP2 for one week. B. Drug Y that produces a condition in which there is continuous high levels of

intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) for one week. C. Drug Z that is a agonist at V2 receptors that remains bound to V2 receptors for

one week. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-62. Healthy Person H takes a new drug named ANTICAMPCOLLDUCT that blocks the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in collecting duct epithelial cells in response to vasopressin binding to V2 receptors. A single dose of the new drug works within one hour and lasts for one week. Which of the following is true for H one day after taking the new drug? A. Water permeability of the luminal membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells

will higher than pre-drug levels. B. The total amount of AQP2 channels stored in intracellular vesicles will be lower

than pre-drug levels. C. H will produce a higher volume of urine compared with the volume of urine

produced prior to taking the drug. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 38 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 38 8-63. Healthy Person H takes a new drug named CAMPCOLLDUCTUP that results in

continuous very high values of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in collecting duct epithelial cells. A single dose of the new drug works within one hour and lasts for one week. Which of the following is true for H one day after taking the new drug? A. The total amount of AQP2 channels stored in H's intracellular vesicles of

collecting duct epithelial cells will be lower than pre-drug levels. B. H's urine will be very similar to the urine of a patient with nephrogenic diabetes

insipidus. C. Water permeability of H's luminal membranes of collecting duct epithelial cells will

be lower than pre-drug levels. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

8-64. Which of the following is true for the sodium-potassium pump ATPase? A. There is a net flux of sodium from intracellular spaces into luminal spaces via

sodium-potassium pump ATPase spanning proteins located in the luminal membranes of epithelial cells in the medullary collecting duct of the kidney.

B. There is a net flux of sodium from intracellular spaces into extracellular spaces via sodium-potassium pump ATPase spanning proteins located in the plasma membranes of toe motor neurons.

C. There is a net flux of sodium from cytosol near troponin molecules into the internal spaces of the sarcoplasmic reticulum via sodium-potassium pump ATPase spanning proteins located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes of diaphragm muscles.


8-65. Healthy Person W is a human who has volunteered to take experimental drug Z. Person W has a normal dinner at 6 PM on May 1 and then does not eat for 12 hours. At 5 PM on May 2, W takes a dose of Z that completely blocks the net flux of glucose via all sodium-glucose cotransporters (both SGLT1 and SGLT2) in the kidney for 12 hours. Drug Z has no direct effect on cells located outside of the kidney. Person W has a normal dinner at 6 PM on May 2 and then does not eat for 12 hours. A. At 8 PM on May 2, the amount of glucose in W's urine will be higher than the

amount of glucose in W's urine at 8 PM on May 1. B. At 8 PM on May 2, the net flux of glucose from intracellular spaces of proximal

tubule epithelial cells in W's kidney to interstitial spaces surrounding these cells will be much higher than the net flux of glucose from intracellular spaces of proximal tubule epithelial cells in W's kidney to interstitial spaces surrounding these cells at 8 PM on May 1.

C. At 8 PM on May 2, the osmolarity of the luminal fluid in the medullary collecting duct of W's kidney will be much lower than the osmolarity of the luminal fluid in the medullary collecting duct of W's kidney at 8 PM on May 1.


8-66. SGLT1 (sodium-glucose co-transporter 1) is A. located in luminal membranes of epithelial cells in the late proximal tubule

of the kidney. B. located in luminal membranes of epithelial cells of the small intestine. C. responsible for the net flux of glucose from intracellular spaces to

interstitial spaces in the late proximal tubule of the kidney. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

9-FOOD-9-FOOD-9-FOOD-9-FOOD-9-FOOD-9-FOOD-9-FOOD-9-FOOD-9-FOOD-9 9-1. T or F: The stomach in a human is responsible for all of the G.I. tract digestion. 9-2. A human has voluntary control of muscles in which of the following structures?

A. Stomach. B. The top one-third of the esophagus. C. Small intestine. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

9-3. Which of the following is an example of bulk flow in response to changes in pressure? A. Movement of blood in the heart. B. Movement of air in the lungs. C. Movement of the contents of the G.I. (Gastrointestinal) tract from one location in

the tract to another. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

9-4. The walls of the stomach A. are moved only by skeletal muscles. B. contain cells that secrete trypsin. C. contain cells that secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid). D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

9-5. Which of the following is true for the G.I. (Gastro-Intestinal) system? A. Skeletal muscles directly control the movement of substances at the entrance of

the G.I. system. B. Smooth muscles control the movement of substances in the small intestine. C. A skeletal muscle helps control the timing of removal of solid waste products from

the G.I. system. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

9-6. An increase in the amount of pepsin in the stomach will cause A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the number of starch molecules converted to double sugars. 9-7. Which of the following are directly responsible for the chemical breakdown of food

molecules? A. Trypsinogen. B. Enterokinase. C. Pepsinogen. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

9-8. Which of the following are directly responsible for the chemical breakdown of food molecules? A. Pepsin. B. Trypsin. C. Pancreatic amylase. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

9-9. Which of the following function in the Gastrointestinal tract by converting an inactive form of an enzyme to its active form? A. Enterokinase. B. Pepsin. C. Trypsinogen. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

9-10. Which of the following functions of the Gastrointestinal tract occur in the mouth? A. movement of substances in the Gastrointestinal tract. B. digestion of substances in the Gastrointestinal tract. C. secretion of substances into the Gastrointestinal tract. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 39 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 39 9-11. Which of the following structures produce enzymes that assist in carbohydrate digestion?

A. Salivary glands. B. Pancreas. C. Small intestine. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

9-12. Which of the following is an inactive form of an enzyme that is converted into an active form within the gastro-intestinal tract? A. Progesterone. B. Vasopressin. C. Pepsinogen. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

9-13. Which of the following substances assist in the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates? A. Bile salts. B. Trypsin. C. Salivary amylase. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

9-14. Which of the following function in the gastro-intestinal tract by converting an inactive form of an enzyme to its active form? A. Hydrochloric acid. B. Pepsinogen. C. Trypsinogen. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

9-15. Which of the following are true for the gastro-intestinal system? A. Skeletal muscles of the stomach assist in the movement of chyme. B. When absorption takes place in the small intestine, small molecules pass only

from the blood plasma into the contents of the small intestine. C. During digestion of carbohydrates, simple sugars are chemically linked to form

long chains of sugars called glycogen. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

9-16. Which of the following is true? A. Pepsinogen is produced in the pancreas and is converted into its active form by

the enzyme enterokinase; the enzyme enterokinase is located in the membranes of cells in the walls of the stomach.

B. Trypsinogen is produced in the pancreas and is converted into its active form by HCl in the lumen of the stomach.

C. Salivary amylase is produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine; in the small intestine, it breaks down long chains of carbohydrates into double sugars.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 9-17. Which of the following assist in the digestion of fats?

A. Production of bile salts in the liver and the secretion of those bile salts into the small intestine.

B. Production of lipase in the liver and secretion of lipase into the lumen of the small intestine.

C. Emulsification of fats into droplets by lipase in the lumen of the small intestine. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-HORMONES-10-HORMONES-10-HORMONES-10-HORMONES-10-HORMONES-10 10-1. Neurosecretory neurons that contain which of the following substances have axons in the

pituitary stalk connecting the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland? A. TSH. B. Oxytocin. C. FSH. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-2. The effect that results from an increase in blood plasma levels of insulin is that of A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the blood plasma levels of glucose. 10-3. T or F: Hormones called Releasing Hormones are produced by cells in the anterior

pituitary gland. 10-4. T or F: An increase in blood plasma levels of glucose leads to an immediate increase in

glucagon hormone secretion. 10-5. Which of the following processes in skeletal muscles lead to an increase in the number

of intracellular vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane of the muscle? A. Binding of ACh (acetylcholine) to nicotinic ACh receptors in skeletal muscles. B. Binding of insulin to insulin receptors in skeletal muscles. C. Binding of vasopressin to V2 receptors in skeletal muscles. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-6. The pancreas contains cells which A. secrete substances in response to high blood plasma levels of glucose. B. secrete substances in response to low blood plasma levels of glucose. C. produce substances convertible to enzymes which assist in the breakdown of

proteins. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-7. Which of the following serves as a sensor, or contains a sensor, for a negative feedback system? A. Carotid artery baroreceptor cells. B. Alpha islet cells of the pancreas. C. Hypothalamic osmoreceptor cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-8. Which of the following are true when a human has a fever? A. The negative feedback loop for control of body temperature becomes inoperative. B. The set point of the loop increases. C. Both of the above. D. None of the above.

10-9. If an insulin pill were swallowed by a person with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), it would not relieve the diabetic symptoms because A. it would take too long for the insulin to reach the blood stream. B. insulin would be broken down into amino acids in the G.I. tract. C. the hormone would cause a maladaptive diffusion of sugar via the small intestine. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-10. In response to a decrease in blood plasma glucose, there will be A. a decrease in glucagon release. B. an increase in insulin release. C. an increase in the breakdown of glycogen. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-11. An increase in the amount of vasopressin release from the pituitary is brought about by an increase in A. VRH (Vasopressin Releasing Hormone) released by the hypothalamus. B. blood plasma CO2 levels. C. the frequency of action potentials in vasopressin-containing cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-12. When insulin binds to its receptor on a fat cell's surface then this A. will lead to an increase B. will lead to a decrease C. will lead to no change

in the permeability of the fat cell's plasma membrane to glucose.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 40 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 40 10-13. Which of the following statements are true for the control of body temperature in a

mammal? A. Smooth muscles controlling blood flow are one of the system's effectors. B. Temperature sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus are one of the system's

sensors. C. The set point of the system is altered during fever. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-14. Which of the following are found in the anterior pituitary? A. Cells that contain GHRH receptors. B. Cells that release TSH. C. Cells that contain TRH receptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-15. Which of the following serve as a sensor, or contain a sensor, that functions in a negative feedback circuit? A. Temperature sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus. B. Alpha and beta pancreatic islet cells. C. Hydrogen ion sensitive cells in the brainstem. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-16. During starvation, A. there is an increase in insulin secretion. B. glycogen molecules are broken down. C. there is a decrease in the breakdown of fat. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-17. Which of the following are true? A. Shivering helps increase the amount of heat in the body. B. Shivering occurs when the body temperature set point is less than the actual

body temperature. C. During a fever the body temperature set point is lower than its normal value. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-18. When a normal person has a low level of glucose in the blood plasma, then this will lead to an increase A. of net flux of glucose from the blood plasma to fat cells. B. in the breakdown of long chains of sugars. C. in the metabolic breakdown of glucose. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-19. An injection of insulin into a person with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) will cause A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the level of blood plasma levels of glucose. 10-20. T or F: OxRH is the hypothalamic Releasing Hormone for the pituitary hormone

oxytocin. 10-21. Glucagon

A. receptors are released into the blood plasma by alpha-islet cells in the pancreas. B. is secreted by cells in the liver. C. is present in high levels in the blood plasma when there are high blood plasma

levels of glucose. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-22. An increase in glucagon levels in the extracellular spaces that surround liver cells will lead to A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the production of cyclic AMP in the liver cells.

10-23. Which of the following are released by cells in the anterior pituitary? A. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). B. Oxytocin. C. Vasopressin. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-24. A person with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who is not properly treated will have A. glucose in the urine. B. low blood plasma levels of glucose. C. high levels of glucose in skeletal muscle cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-25. A decrease in the temperature in the region near temperature-sensitive cells of the hypothalamus will A. induce a decrease in the amount of sweating. B. induce an increase in the amount of blood circulating in vessels near the skin. C. lead to a decrease in the contraction rate of skeletal muscle. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-26. In a healthy person when there is a high blood plasma level of glucose, A. then glucose is directly broken down in the blood plasma. B. then insulin is secreted by cells in the anterior pituitary. C. then the excess glucose is secreted in the urine. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-27. An increase in the plasma levels of insulin will lead to an increase in A. the net flux of glucose from blood plasma into intracellular spaces of skeletal

muscles via glucose active transport pumps. B. the blood plasma levels of glucose. C. glucose permeability of skeletal muscle cell membranes due to an increase in the

number of GLUT4 molecules located in intracellular vesicles of the skeletal muscle cells.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 10-28. Which of the following substances are released from the posterior pituitary?

A. Growth Hormone. B. VRH (Vasopressin Releasing Hormone). C. FSH. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-29. An increase in the blood plasma levels of glucagon will lead to A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the blood plasma levels of glucose. 10-30. When the body temperature of a human is below the set point, then this will lead to


in the amount of blood flow that is close to the surface of the body. 10-31. Which of the following serve as a controlled variable in a negative feedback system?

A. Glucose levels in the blood plasma. B. Hydrogen ion levels in the blood plasma. C. Concentration of calcium ions in the blood plasma. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-32. Releasing hormones A. are released from cells in the hypothalamus. B. travel via axons in the pituitary stalk. C. enhance the release of hormones present in the posterior pituitary. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 41 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 41 10-33. Which of the following substances are released from neurons whose cell bodies in the

hypothalamus? A. Vasopressin. B. FSH. C. LH. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-34. Which of the following manipulations will convert a closed loop negative feedback system into an open loop system? A. Destroying all insulin receptors on body cells. B. Destroying all nicotinic ACh receptors on muscles involved with ventilation. C. Cutting the carotid artery baroreceptor axons. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-35. The cells that contain oxytocin A. are part of a positive feedback system. B. have axons in the pituitary stalk. C. release oxytocin when these cells generate action potentials. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-36. Which of the following convert a closed loop negative feedback system to an open loop system? A disease that destroys A. ten percent of the muscles involved with ventilation. B. all neurons that contain oxytocin. C. all the nicotinic ACh receptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-37. Which of the following is true for the beta-islet cell of the pancreas? A. The beta-islet cell secretes the hormone glucagon. B. The beta-islet plasma membrane contains a potassium channel that is sensitive

to the concentration of extracellular ATP. C. An increase in intracellular calcium concentration will lead to an increase in

hormonal secretion from the beta-islet cell. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-38. The hormone glucagon is released in A. response to low blood plasma levels of glucose. B. cells of the anterior pituitary. C. response to an increase in blood plasma levels of the hypothalamic hormone

GRH (Glucagon Releasing Hormone). D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-39. Cells that secrete Growth Hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary A. have axons in the pituitary stalk. B. have receptors for Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH). C. have cell bodies in the hypothalamus. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-40. During a fever in a human, A. the control system for body temperature becomes an open loop system. B. there is a decrease in the value of the set point. C. shivering occurs when the actual body temperature is less than the set point. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-41. Hormones that are lipid soluble A. can not cross the plasma membrane. B. are released only by cells in the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary. C. can not bind to any receptor molecule. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-42. A cell that contains TRH A. has its cell body in the anterior pituitary. B. has an axon in the pituitary stalk. C. releases the hormone in the hypothalamus. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-43. An oxytocin-containing cell A. has its cell body in the hypothalamus. B. generates action potentials that lead to oxytocin release. C. has an axon in the pituitary stalk. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-44. A patient has complete destruction of all of the beta-islet cells of the pancreas. Prior to receiving treatment, this patient will A. have low blood plasma levels of glucose. B. have high levels of glucose in the urine. C. have high levels of insulin in the blood plasma. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-45. Which of the following serves as a controlled variable in a negative feedback system? A. Blood plasma levels of glucose. B. Blood plasma levels of insulin. C. Blood plasma levels of hemoglobin. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-46. Which of the following is a situation in which a closed loop negative feedback system is converted to an open loop system? A disease that destroys all the A. thermoreceptor (temperature-sensitive) neurons in the body. B. alpha-islet and all the beta-islet cells in the pancreas. C. baroreceptor neurons in the body. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-47. Which of the following are true for the beta-islet cell of the pancreas? A. An increase in intracellular calcium ion levels leads to an increase in insulin

secretion. B. An increase in intracellular levels of ATP leads to a decrease in potassium

conductance. C. A decrease of potassium conductance leads to an increase in membrane voltage. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-48. Which of the following is true for peptide hormones? A. All peptide hormones are lipid soluble. B. All peptide hormones bind to receptors located within the cell nucleus. C. In some cells, intracellular levels of cyclic AMP increase following the binding of a

peptide hormone to its receptor. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-49. Which of the following serves as an actuating signal in a negative feedback system? A. Blood plasma levels of glucose. B. Blood plasma levels of insulin. C. Levels of hemoglobin in red blood cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-50. Which of the following occurs in a beta islet cell of the pancreas in response to an increase in blood plasma levels of glucose? A decrease in A. intracellular levels of ATP. B. insulin release from the cell. C. the potassium conductance of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 42 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 42 10-51. Which of the following is true for the net flux of glucose?

A. GLUT2 molecules are responsible for net flux of glucose into the beta cells of the pancreas.

B. GLUT4 molecules in muscle cells are the only molecules in muscle cells that have insulin receptors.

C. GLUT4 molecules are released into the blood plasma by fat cells in response to high blood plasma levels of glucose.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 10-52. Which of the following serves as an actuating signal, or as part of an actuating signal, in

a negative feedback system? A. Blood plasma levels of glucose. B. Blood plasma levels of glucagon. C. Blood plasma levels of GLUT4 molecules. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-53. Which of the following serves as a sensor, or as part of a sensor, that functions in a negative feedback system? A. Hydrogen ion levels in the interstitial spaces in the brainstem. B. Oxygen levels in the blood plasma. C. Temperature-sensitive (thermoreceptor) neurons in the hypothalamus. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-54. Which of the following serves as a controlled variable in a negative feedback system? A. Blood plasma levels of vasopressin. B. Blood plasma levels of PTH (parathryroid hormone). C. Blood plasma levels of insulin. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-55. Which of the following serves as an effector, or as part of an effector, that functions in a negative feedback system? A. Alpha-islet cells in the pancreas. B. Beta-islet cells in the pancreas. C. Parathyroid gland cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-56. An increase in the cell's potassium conductance will occur following which of these situations? A. A decrease in ATP levels in a beta-islet cell in the pancreas. B. An increase in the number of open channels associated with nicotinic ACh

(acetylcholine) receptors in a skeletal muscle fiber. C. An increase in the number of open channels associated with AMPA receptors in a

spinal cord neuron. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-57. Patient Z has a disease that has destroyed all the beta-islet cells of the pancreas. Without any treatment, Z will have A. high blood plasma levels of glucose. B. high blood plasma levels of glucagon. C. high blood plasma levels of insulin. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-58. Which of the following serves as a sensor, or part of a sensor, that functions in a negative feedback system? A. Mechanically-gated mechanosensory channels in the peripheral terminals of

carotid artery baroreceptor neurons. B. Nicotinic ACh (acetylcholine) receptors of cardiac muscle. C. Insulin receptors of skeletal muscle. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-59. Which of the following serves as an effector, or as part of an effector, that functions in a negative feedback system? A. V2 receptors in collecting duct epithelial cell plasma membranes. B. GLUT4 molecules in skeletal muscle cell plasma membranes. C. AQP2 (aquaporin2) water channels in collecting duct epithelial cell plasma

membranes. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-60. Which of the following is a situation in which a closed-loop negative feedback system prior to disease onset is converted to an open-loop system as a result of the disease? A disease that destroys all the A. GLUT2 molecules in the body and all the GLUT4 molecules in the body. B. insulin receptors in the body. C. beta-islet cells of the pancreas. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-61. Which of the following is true for the ATP-sensitive potassium channel? A. Binding of ATP to its receptor site leads to an opening of the associated

potassium channel. B. The channel is a spanning protein with a receptor site for ATP located on an

extracellular region of the protein. C. Binding of ATP to its receptor site leads to an increase in membrane voltage. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-62. Which of the following is true for GnRH receptors? A. GnRH receptors are only located in the plasma membranes of posterior pituitary

cells. B. GnRH receptors travel in the specialized capillaries located between the

hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary. C. Binding of FSH to GnRH receptors leads to the release of GnRH. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-63. Which of the following is true for the beta-islet cell of the pancreas? A. An increase in intracellular ATP levels leads to an increase in potassium

conductance. B. A decrease in potassium conductance leads to an increase in plasma membrane

voltage. C. An increase in plasma membrane voltage leads to a decrease in intracellular

levels of calcium. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-64. Person X is a healthy human who has volunteered to take experimental drug Y. Person X has a normal dinner at 6 PM on April 1 and then does not eat for 12 hours. At 5 PM on April 2, X takes a dose of Y that opens all the ATP-sensitive potassium channels in X's beta-islet cells of the pancreas for 12 hours. Person X has a normal dinner at 6 PM on April 2 and then does not eat for 12 hours. For this question, ignore any effects due to alpha-islet cells of the pancreas. At 8 PM on April 2, A. X's blood plasma levels of glucose will be higher than X's blood plasma levels of

glucose at 8 PM on April 1. B. the glucose permeability of X's skeletal muscle cells will be higher than the

glucose permeability of X's skeletal muscle cells at 8 PM on April 1. C. X's blood plasma levels of insulin will be higher than X's blood plasma levels of

insulin at 8 PM on April 1. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 43 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 43 10-65. Person X is a healthy human who has volunteered to take experimental drug Y. Person

X has a normal dinner at 6 PM on April 1 and then does not eat for 12 hours. At 2 AM on April 2, X takes a dose of Y that closes all the ATP-sensitive potassium channels in X's beta-islet cells of the pancreas for 6 hours. For this question, ignore any effects due to alpha-islet cells of the pancreas. A. At 3 AM, X's blood plasma levels of glucose will be higher than X's blood plasma

levels of glucose at 1 AM. B. At 3 AM, the glucose permeability of X's skeletal muscle cells will be lower than

the glucose permeability of X's skeletal muscle cells at 1 AM. C. At 3 AM, X's blood plasma levels of insulin will be higher than X's blood plasma

levels of insulin at 1 AM. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-66. Insulin A. receptors are released into the blood plasma by beta-islet cells in the pancreas. B. is secreted by fat and muscle cells. C. is present in high levels in the blood plasma when there are very low blood

plasma levels of glucose. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-67. Which of the following receptors are found in the plasma membranes of cells in the anterior pituitary? A. ORH (Oxytocin Releasing Hormone) receptors. B. GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone) receptors. C. VRH (Vasopressin Releasing Hormone) receptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-68. Person W is a healthy human who has volunteered to take experimental drug Z. Person W has a normal dinner at 6 PM on May 1 and then does not eat for 12 hours. At 5 PM on May 2, W takes a dose of Z that completely blocks the net flux of glucose via all sodium-glucose transporters in the kidney for 12 hours. Drug Z has no effect on cells located outside of the kidney. Person W has a normal dinner at 6 PM on May 2 and then does not eat for 12 hours. A. At 8 PM on May 2, the amount of glucose in W's urine will be higher than the

amount of glucose in W's urine at 8 PM on May 1. B. At 8 PM on May 2, the glucose permeability of W's skeletal muscle cells will be

much higher than the glucose permeability of W's skeletal muscle cells at 8 PM on May 1.

C. At 8 PM on May 2, W's blood plasma levels of insulin will be much higher than W's blood plasma levels of insulin at 8 PM on May 1.


10-69. Which of the following is true for GHRH receptors (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone receptors)? A. GHRH receptors are only located in the plasma membranes of cells in the

hypothalamus. B. GHRH receptors travel in the specialized capillaries located between the

hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary. C. Binding of GHRH to GHRH receptors located in the plasma membranes of cells

in the posterior pituitary leads to the secretion of GH (Growth Hormone) from the posterior pituitary.


10-70. Glycogen A. breakdown in the liver increases in response to an increase in blood plasma

levels of glucagon. B. is secreted only from cells in the anterior pituitary. C. levels in the blood plasma decrease only in response to increased blood plasma

levels of the hypothalamic hormone GRH (Glycogen Releasing Hormone). D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-71. Person X is a healthy human who has volunteered to take experimental drug Y. Person X has a normal dinner at 6 PM on April 1 and then does not eat or drink for 12 hours. There is no glucose in X's urine at 9 PM on April 1. At 5 PM on April 2, X takes a dose of Y. The action of drug Y occurs within 10 minutes and lasts for 12 hours. Person X has a normal dinner at 6 PM on April 2 and then does not eat or drink for 12 hours. Which of the following is true? A. If drug Y causes the closing of all the ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the

beta-islet cells of the pancreas, then at 9 PM on April 2 there will be glucose in X's urine.

B. If drug Y blocks endocytosis of GLUT4 molecules in all fat and muscle cells, then at 9 PM on April 2 there will be glucose in X's urine.

C. If drug Y blocks all the transport of sodium and glucose via sodium-glucose co-transporters in the luminal membranes of proximal tubule epithelial cells, then at 9 PM on April 2 there will be glucose in X's urine.


10-72. For which of the following receptors does an activation of a tyrosine kinase occur in response to the binding of an agonist to the receptor's extracellular binding site? A. V2 receptor. B. Glucagon receptor. C. Insulin receptor. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-73. Which of the following is true for exocytosis? A. During exocytosis in collecting duct epithelial cells, there is insertion of AQP4

channels into luminal membranes. B. During exocytosis in fat cells, there is insertion of GLUT2 molecules into plasma

membranes. C. During exocytosis in toe motor neurons, there is release of AMPA from axonal

terminals in response to action potentials. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-74. Which of the following is true for exocytosis? A. In collecting duct epithelial cells, there will be exocytosis of of AQP4 channels

from intracellular vesicles into luminal membranes in response to high levels of vasopressin binding to V2 receptors in basolateral membranes.

B. In skeletal muscle cells, there will be exocytosis of GLUT4 molecules from intracellular vesicles into sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes in response to high levels of insulin binding to insulin receptors in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.

C. During exocytosis in IA muscle-spindle stretch receptor neurons, there will be release of glutamate from axonal terminals in the spinal cord in response to an increase in intracellular calcium levels in the axonal terminals of these neurons.


Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 44 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 44 10-75. Which of the following is true for GLUT2 molecules?

A. GLUT2 molecules are responsible for the net flux of glucose into the beta-islet cells of the pancreas.

B. GLUT2 molecules are responsible for the net flux of glucose from the intracellular spaces of proximal tubule epithelial cells into the interstitial spaces of the kidney cortex.

C. GLUT2 molecules are responsible for the net flux of glucose into liver cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-76. Insulin binding to insulin receptors in the plasma membrane of a A. liver cell will lead to an increase in the intracellular amounts of cAMP in the liver

cell. B. beta-islet cell of the pancreas will lead to an increase in the glucose permeability

of the plasma membrane of the beta-islet cell. C. skeletal muscle cell will lead to an increase in endocytosis of GLUT4 molecules

from the plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle cell. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

10-77. Person W is a healthy human who has volunteered to take experimental drug Z. Person W has a normal dinner at 6 PM on May 1 and then does not eat for 12 hours. At 6 AM on May 2, W takes a dose of Z that completely blocks the net flux of glucose via all GLUT2 molecules in the beta-islet cells of the pancreas for 24 hours. Drug Z has no effect on any other cells. Person W has a normal dinner at 6 PM on May 2 and then does not eat for 12 hours. A. At 8 PM on May 2, W's blood plasma levels of glucose will be much lower than

W's blood plasma levels of glucose at 8 PM on May 1. B. At 8 PM on May 2, the potassium conductance of the ATP-sensitive potassium

channels in W's beta-islet cells will be higher than potassium conductance of the ATP-sensitive potassium channels in W's beta-islet cells at 8 PM on May 1.

C. At 8 PM on May 2, the glucose permeability of W's skeletal muscle cells will be much higher than the glucose permeability of W's skeletal muscle cells at 8 PM on May 1.

D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 10-78. Healthy Person P takes a new drug that is a member of a drug family that results in

constant levels of cytosolic cyclic AMP (cAMP) in one and only one cell type in the body. A single dose of each member of the new drug family works within one hour and lasts for one week. Which of the following is true for P one day after taking a specific member of the new drug family? A. Consider the situation that P takes Drug A that produces a condition with

constant very low levels of cytosolic cAMP in the epithelial cells of the medullary collecting duct of the kidney. One day after taking Drug A, the water permeability of the luminal membranes of these cells in P will be higher than pre-drug levels.

B. Consider the situation that P takes Drug B that produces a condition with constant very low levels of cytosolic cAMP in the SA node cells of the heart. One day after taking Drug B, P's heart rate will be higher than pre-drug levels.

C. Consider the situation that P takes Drug C that produces a condition with constant very high levels of cytosolic cAMP in the cells of the liver. Ignore any effects due to insulin binding to insulin receptors in the liver. One day after taking Drug C, the amount of glycogen in P's liver cells will be higher than pre-drug levels.


10-79. Which of the following cells serve as both a sensor and a controller, or contain both a sensor and a controller, for a negative feedback system? A. Alpha islet cells of the pancreas. B. Beta islet cells of the pancreas. C. Parathyroid gland cells. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

10-80. Which of the following is true? A. Glucagon binding to Glucagon Receptors in the plasma membrane of a liver cell

leads to an increase in the levels of cAMP in the cytosol of the liver cell. B. Acetylcholine (ACh) binding to muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (mAChRs) in

the plasma membrane of a SA node cell leads to a decrease in the levels of cAMP in the cytosol of the SA node cell.

C. Vasopressin binding to V2 Receptors (V2Rs) in the luminal membrane of a medullary collecting duct epithelial cell leads to an increase in the levels of cAMP in the cytosol of the medullary collecting duct epithelial cell.


10-81. Insulin A. levels in the cytosol of a skeletal muscle increase in response to an increase in

GLUT4 molecule levels in the plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle cell. B. binding to Insulin Receptors in the plasma membrane of a liver cell leads to an

increase in the levels of cAMP in the cytosol of the liver cell. C. binding to Insulin Receptors in the plasma membrane of a liver cell leads to an

increase in the exocytosis of GLUT4 Transporters from intracellular vesicles into the plasma membrane of the liver cell.


10-82. Which of the following is true? A. An increase in the amount of vasopressin that binds to V2 Receptors

(vasopressin 2 receptors) in the basolateral membrane of an epithelial cell in the medullary collecting duct of the kidney leads to an increase in the amount of unbound GDP in the cytosol of the epithelial cell.

B. An increase in the amount of ACh that binds to mAChRs (muscarinic acetylcholine receptors) in a SA node cell of the heart leads to an increase in the amount of cAMP in cytosol of the SA node cell.

C. An increase in the amount of glucagon that binds to glucagon receptors in a liver cell leads to an increase in the amount of cAMP in the cytosol of the liver cell.


Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 45 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 45 11-BRAIN-11-BRAIN-11-BRAIN-11-BRAIN-11-BRAIN-11-BRAIN-11-BRAIN-11-BRAIN-11 11-1. A normal right-handed person with a complete transection of the corpus callosum will

A. be blind in the left visual field. B. be able to comprehend written language in the right visual field. C. be able to transfer visual information between the left and right cerebral

hemispheres. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-2. A right-handed adult patient with a complete transection of the corpus callosum is presented with the word AXON so that AX is in his left visual field and ON is in his right visual field. A. when asked to read the word, the patient will say the word is AX. B. when asked to use scrabble tiles (pieces of wood with letters on them) to spell the

word using his right hand, the patient will spell the word ON. C. the patient will be unable to comprehend the meaning of written language. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-3. The right visual cortex in human receives information A. from the right visual field. B. from the right half of the left retina. C. from the left half of the right retina. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-4. A right-handed human with damage to Wernicke's area will A. not be able to vocalize words. B. be able to comprehend the meaning of written language only in the person's right

visual field. C. not comprehend spoken language. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-5. Right-handed adult patient X with a complete transection of the corpus callosum is presented with a simple written question in his right visual world. A barrier is positioned so that patient X can see his right hand only in his right visual world and his left hand only in his left visual world. Patient X will be A. unable to respond correctly to the sentence with a verbal reply. B. able to use his left hand to move scrabble tiles (pieces of wood with letters on

them) so that he spells out the correct answer with his left hand. C. able to use a pencil in his right hand to spell out the correct answer on a piece of

paper. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-6. A word is flashed on a screen in the left visual field of a right handed person. The person has a patch over his right eye so that he sees the word only in his left eye. The A. stimulus will excite neurons in the right half of his left retina. B. stimulus will excite neurons in his right visual cortex. C. person will understand the meaning of the word and repeat the word orally only

when neurons in his left cerebral cortex are excited. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-7. A brief electrical stimulus applied to a small region of the right visual cortex will A. be perceived as an electrical shock. B. not be perceived since there are no receptors in visual cortex. C. be perceived as a brief visual stimulus in a region of the left visual field. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-8. Neuron A inhibits neuron B. Both A and B are spontaneously active. A decrease in the firing frequency of neuron A action potentials will lead to A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the firing frequency of neuron B action potentials.

11-9. A right-handed person has damage to all of his right visual cerebral cortex. The person will A. be able to speak fluently. B. not be able to read in his right visual field. C. be able to see clearly in his left visual field. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-10. A normal human is staring straight ahead. A visual stimulus to his left visual world will excite visual neurons in A. the right half of his left retina. B. his left visual cortex. C. the left half of his right retina. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-11. You ask a patient, "Do you enjoy watching television?" The patient replies with a rapidly spoken answer, "Before I was in the one here, I was over in the other one." On the basis of this reply, it is likely that this person has had damage to A. Broca's area. B. Wernicke's area. C. Corpus callosum. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-12. Which of the following structures are needed when a right-handed person reads and understands a question presented in his left visual field and verbally responds with the correct answer? A. the right visual cortex. B. Wernicke's area in the left cortex. C. the corpus callosum. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-13. After damage to Broca's area of a right-handed adult, there will be A. a loss in ability to comprehend written language. B. a loss in ability to comprehend spoken language. C. paralysis in muscles controlling speech. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-14. T or F: Nerve cells in the right half of the left retina influence the activities of nerve cells in the right visual cortex.

11-15. T or F: A right handed person has a complete transection of the corpus callosum. The person will be unable to understand written material presented to the right half of his visual field.

11-16. Neuron A excites neuron B. Both A and B are spontaneously active. A decrease in the firing frequency of neuron A action potentials will lead to A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the firing frequency of neuron B action potentials. 11-17. A right-handed person with a complete transection of the corpus callosum will be

A. unable to speak with meaning. B. unable to write with his right hand. C. able to read words presented to his right visual field. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-18. After damage to Wernicke's area only in the brain of a right-handed person, the person will be A. able to write meaningful sentences. B. able to comprehend the meaning of spoken words. C. unable to see. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-19. T or F: In a human a visual stimulus presented to the left half of the visual field will never alter the activity of axons leaving the left retina.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 46 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 46 11-20. T or F: A right-handed human with a complete lesion of Wernicke's area in the left

cerebral cortex will be able to understand this question. 11-21. The corpus callosum

A. carries visual information from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. B. must be intact so that a right-handed person can read and understand words

presented in his right visual world. C. is responsible for neuronal communication between the left cerebral cortex and

the right cerebral cortex. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-22. For which of the following channels is the value of its equilibrium potential greater than the value of the threshold of the action potential in the cell in which the channel is located? A. AMPA-receptor channels in right knee extensor motor neurons. B. Nicotinic-ACh-(acetylcholine)-receptor channels in the right knee extensor

muscle. C. Mechanosensitive channels in the peripheral terminals of IA muscle-spindle

stretch receptor neurons in the right knee extensor muscle. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-23. Which of the following occur in response to an increase in the length of the right knee extensors in response to a quick tap applied to the right patellar tendon? An increase in the amount of A. open AMPA-receptor channels in right knee extensor motor neurons. B. open nicotinic-ACh-(acetylcholine)-receptor channels in the right knee extensor

muscle. C. open mechanosensitive channels in the peripheral terminals of IA muscle-spindle

stretch receptor neurons in the right knee extensor muscle. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-24. A question is flashed on a screen in the left visual world of right-handed person Z. Person Z is a healthy individual with an normal nervous system. Person Z has a patch over Z's right eye so that Z sees the question only in Z's left eye. A. The stimulus will excite neurons in the left half of Z's left retina. B. The stimulus will not excite neurons in Z's right visual cortex. C. Z will understand the meaning of the question and generate a correct oral answer

only after some of the axons in the corpus collosum generate action potentials. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-25. Patient X is a right-handed adult who had a normal nervous system until the age of 30. At the age of 31, X had a stroke that produced severe damage to Broca's area. After the stroke, A. X's speech was slow and labored and X had difficulty producing sentences with

complex grammar. B. X lost the ability to comprehend spoken language. C. X had paralysis of muscles controlling speech. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

11-26. Which of the following is true for a motor cortex corticospinal interneuron A that produces action potentials during movements of the big toe of the left foot in right-handed Patient X who has a complete transection of the corpus callosum. A. In Patient X, the central sulcus of the right cerebral cortex is located in between

the cell body of interneuron A and the right eye. B. The axon terminals of interneuron A are located on the left side of Patient X's

spinal cord. C. Interneuron A will increase its action potential firing rate after Patient X reads the

statement "Wiggle the big toe of your left foot" presented in Patient X's right visual field.


12-REPRODUCTION-12-REPRODUCTION-12-REPRODUCTION-12-REPRODUCTION-12 12-1. An increase in FSH levels in the blood plasma induces


in the estrogen released by the ovaries. 12-2. Which of the following substances are actuating signals utilized by positive feedback

systems? A. Vasopressin. B. Oxytocin. C. Progesterone. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is A. found in females but not in males. B. needed for sperm production in males. C. released by cells which have their nuclei in the hypothalamus. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-4. Which of the following molecules is in its inactive form and needs to be chemically changed to another molecule prior to its being physiologically active? A. Fibrin. B. Pepsinogen. C. Estrogen. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-5. Human chorionic gonadotropin A. is secreted by cells associated with the fetus. B. prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum during the early months of

pregnancy. C. can be detected in the urine of pregnant women. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-6. Z is a healthy adult female who ovulates in each menstrual cycle; Z is not pregnant. During Z's menstrual cycle, high blood plasma levels of progesterone A. occur immediately prior to ovulation. B. occur immediately after menstruation. C. occur only when levels of estrogen are also high. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-7. In the human female, A. new follicles are produced continuously throughout adulthood. B. the corpus luteum is a structure formed by a ruptured follicle. C. after fertilization occurs the corpus luteum degenerates. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-8. Endometrium A. thickens and softens in response to estrogen and progesterone. B. development stops when the corpus luteum degenerates. C. cells are part of the menstrual discharge. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-9. During the second half of the menstrual cycle in a human female there is a high blood plasma concentration of A. LH. B. FSH. C. Progesterone. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 47 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 47 12-10. Which of the following pairs of events occur at the same time during the menstrual cycle?

A. High LH secretion and menstruation. B. High progesterone secretion and follicle development. C. Low levels of estrogen and ovulation. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-11. All action potential transmission between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is prevented by the local application of chemical X. This will cause A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the release of FSH from the pituitary gland. 12-12. The corpus luteum

A. produces estrogen and progesterone. B. is maintained during the early months of pregnancy. C. produces hormones which assist in endometrium thickening. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-13. In a male an increase in blood plasma LH concentration will lead to A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the blood plasma level of testosterone. 12-14. Which of the following are needed for follicle development and ovulation in human

female? A. Estrogen. B. LH. C. FSH. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-15. An increase in the discharge of mechanoreceptors in the uterine wall during the last month of pregnancy will cause A. an increase B. a decrease C. no change

in the firing frequency of neurons in the hypothalamus that contain oxytocin. 12-16. In the human female

A. FSH stimulates follicular growth. B. progesterone is the stimulus for ovulation. C. LH prevents ovulation. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-17. T or F: Chorionic gonadotropin secreted by the placenta prevents the implantation of the fertilized eggs on the walls of the bladder.

12-18. A human male with normal levels of LH and with no FSH will A. have normal levels of testosterone. B. have normal sperm production. C. will have no LH Receptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-19. Which of the following are needed for proper sperm production in a male human? A. LH. B. FSH. C. Testosterone. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-20. In female human, increases in both estrogen and progesterone lead A. to an increase B. to a decrease C. to no change

in the levels of FSH released by the anterior pituitary.

12-21. The corpus luteum A. is formed in the first week of the menstrual cycle. B. will degenerate within two weeks unless the egg is fertilized. C. is able to secrete FSH. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-22. Which of the following substances serve as actuating signals for positive feedback loops? A. Potassium ions in nerve cells. B. Oxytocin molecules from posterior pituitary gland. C. Progesterone and estrogen working in combination in the human female. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-23. An increase in the amount of GnRH (Gonadotrophin releasing hormone) A. will lead to an increase B. will lead to a decrease C. will lead to no change

in the amount of LH in the blood plasma. 12-24. Which of the following substances are produced by the primary reproductive organs in

humans? A. LH. B. FSH. C. GnRH. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-25. Which of the following receptors in the male are located ONLY in the plasma membranes of Sertoli cells? A. Testosterone Receptors. B. LH Receptors. C. GnRH Receptors. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-26. During the menstrual cycle in the human female A. whenever progesterone levels are high, then estrogen levels are also high. B. FSH levels are high after menstruation. C. high levels of LH lead to ovulation. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-27. In the postovulatory phase of the human female menstrual cycle A. there are high levels of LH and FSH. B. there are high levels of estrogen and progesterone. C. the corpus luteum releases high FSH. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-28. Choronic gonadotropin in the human female A. is secreted in high levels immediately prior to ovulation. B. prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum during the early months of

pregnancy. C. stimulates menstruation. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-29. Which of the following prevent ovulation in the human female? A. High levels of LH and FSH. B. High levels of estrogen combined with high levels of GnRH (gonadotrophin

releasing hormone). C. High levels of estrogen and progesterone combined. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 48 Biology 3058 Handout Questions 2017 Page 48 12-30. In the human male,

A. testosterone inhibits sperm production. B. LH stimulates testosterone production. C. FSH inhibits sperm production. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-31. The ovaries in a female release A. GnRH. B. Estrogen. C. LH. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-32. The testes in the human male A. release LH. B. contain cells that produce testosterone. C. contain structures that produce sperm only when blood plasma levels of FSH are

very low. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-33. Which of the following help prevent ovulation in a female who is pregnant? A. High levels of LH and FSH. B. Low levels of estrogen and progesterone. C. High levels of human chorionic gonadotropin. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-34. An adult human male has a disease that destroys all cells that produce GnRH. This man will have A. plasma levels of testosterone that are higher than those of a normal healthy adult

male. B. plasma levels of FSH that are lower than those of a normal healthy adult male. C. levels of production of sperm that are the same as those of a normal healthy adult

male. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-35. A young adult human female receives a chemical implant that is programmed to alternate between two conditions. The first condition lasts one week; during the first condition, the implant releases no chemicals. The second condition lasts three weeks; during the second condition, the implant releases high levels of estrogen and progesterone into the blood plasma. Every 4 weeks, this female will A. ovulate. B. menstruate. C. have high levels of LH. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-36. A young adult female develops a disease of the anterior pituitary that destroys all the cells responsible for LH and FSH production and release. This female A. will require high doses of estrogen and progesterone in order to ovulate. B. will no longer menstruate. C. will have a corpus luteum that will not degenerate. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-37. A young adult male has a disease that destroys all the interstitial cells of the testes. This male will A. be sterile. B. produce testosterone at high levels. C. continue to be able to secrete FSH from the Sertoli cells of the seminiferous

tubules. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-38. Which of the following pairs of events occur at, or nearly at, the same time during the menstrual cycle? A. High LH secretion and ovulation. B. High FSH secretion and follicle development. C. High progesterone secretion and thick endometrical walls of the uterus. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-39. Testosterone is a hormone A. found only in young adult females. B. that is lipid soluble and binds to intracellular receptors. C. released by cells in the posterior pituitary. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-40. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) A. binds to receptors located only on cells that produce Growth Hormone (GH). B. is directly released by cells in the anterior pituitary. C. is released by hypothalamic cells. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-41. A human female who has high plasma levels of human Chorionic Gonadotropin will also have very A. low blood plasma levels of progesterone. B. high blood plasma levels of LH. C. high blood plasma levels of FSH. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-42. The Leydig (interstitial) cells of the male A. secrete testosterone. B. are directly stimulated by FSH. C. contain all their LH receptors in intracellular cytoplasmic spaces. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-43. The primary reproductive organs (gonads) A. in males produce sperm. B. produce LH in both males and females. C. produce FSH in both males and females. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-44. A human female in the sixth week of pregnancy will have A. high plasma levels of human Chorionic Gonadotropin. B. high plasma levels of LH. C. high plasma levels of FSH. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

12-45. Healthy young adult human female F has high blood plasma levels of hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin). During the time that F's blood plasma hCG levels are high, A. she is pregnant. B. she will ovulate once a month. C. she will secrete high levels of FSH and LH from the corpus luteum. D. A and B. E. A and C. F. B and C. G. A, B, and C. H. None of the above.

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