1 Commodity Chains and Marketing Strategies: Nike and the Global Athletic Footwear Industry Miguel...
-
Upload
hilary-hicks -
Category
Documents
-
view
246 -
download
0
Transcript of 1 Commodity Chains and Marketing Strategies: Nike and the Global Athletic Footwear Industry Miguel...
1
Commodity Chains and Marketing Strategies: Nike and the Global Athletic Footwear Industry
Miguel Korzeniewicz, Ch. 18, pp. 163-172 (Excerpted from Korzeniewicz, “Commodity Chairs and Marketing Strategies…,” in Gereffi & Korzeniewicz, eds., Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism,1994)
2
Global Commodity Chains (GCC)
GCC: the complex global network of economic links which ties together groups, organizations, and regions involved in the production and distribution of goods
GCC analysis is a development of the world-system or global-system perspective (which, themselves grow out of dependency theory)
(Gereffi & Korzeniewicz, eds., Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, 1994)
3
GCC challenges idea that “development” in capitalism is contained within nation-states
Development in context of capitalism is a global process
GCC tracks the organizational, geographical, & cultural dimensions of world-wide chains for the manufacture & distribution of goods e.g.,clothing, automobiles, food, & drugs
(Gereffi & Korzeniewicz, eds., Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, 1994)
4
Focusing on the distribution segment of GCC
Inadequate attention has been paid to the design, distribution and marketing nodes within a GCC
Yet these are often the sources of innovation that allows firms to capture greater shares of wealth in a commodity chain
5
Athletic footwear market shows how GCCs are embedded in cultural trends
Marketing & consumption patterns in “core” shape production patterns in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries
The social organization of advertising, fashion, and consumption shapes the networks & nodes of GCCs
6
Trends in the US Athletic Shoe Market
Continued phenomenal rates of growth Highly segmented by consumer age groups Teenagers the most important consumers
Athletic shoes constructed and promoted among teens as important & visible symbol of social status and identity
7
Sports footwear market highly segmented by:
Consumer age group Model/target sport Price
Price rather than appearance & functionality is the key factor differentiating athletic shoes as status symbols
8
Nike Corporation has become the largest and most important sneaker company in the US
In 2004, Nike’s share of market is 42% # 2: Adidas (27%) # 3: Reebok (12%)
9
The key to Nike’s rise?
ability to capture a succession of nodes along GCC, increasing its expertise and control over critical areas:
design distributionmarketing advertising
10
US Athletic Footwear Industry % Market Share by Sales Volume (2004)
42
27
12
6
53 2 111
Nike
Adidas
Reebok
Puma
New Balance
Sketchers
K-Swiss
Vans
Asics
Saucony
11
The most fundamental industry innovation is the creation of a market
constructing a convincing world of symbols, ideas, and values harnessing the desires of individuals to the consumption of athletic shoes (165)
12
Capitalism and Commodity Fetishism – Marx (1867) Fetishism, in ancient religions, meant the belief that inanimate
objects such as icons, trees, clouds, etc., possess human properties
Fetishism is the belief that natural objects have supernatural powers, or that something created by people has power over people
In Marx's critique, commodity fetishism denotes the mystification of human relations said to arise out of the growth of capitalism, when social relationships between people are expressed as, mediated by and transformed into, objectified relationships between things (commodities and money) links the subjective aspects of economic value (exchange
value) to its objective aspects (use value) subjective=brand (image) vs. objective=product (uses)
In this formulation, Marx attempted to capture the essential nature of all ideological illusions of bourgeois society
13
Pd. 1: Gaining control over import & distribution nodes of GCC (1962-1975)
Nike sells tens of millions of sneakers in the US annually, yet all manufacturing operations are conducted overseas
From the start Nike imports shoes from Japan
Nike concentrates its design, distribution, and marketing activities in the US
14
Nike is the archetype of a global sourcing strategy: subcontracting
Nike originated by importing shoes from Japan It has subcontracted nearly all of its production
overseas ever since
Nike’s VP for Asia-Pacific: “We don’t know the first thing about manufacturing.”
15
Pd. 2: Marketing as an upgrading strategy (1976-1984)
Nike enhances competitive position by extending control to marketing
Nike redesigns subcontracting strategy to seize new opportunities in Southeast Asia First in South Korea & Taiwan Later, China, Thailand, and Indonesia
16
Pd. 3: Design, advertising, and return to the semiperiphery (post-1985) Another period of high growth based on
innovations in product design and advertising “Air Nike” comes out Nike signs its most popular endorser, Michael Jordan
Continued targeting new niche markets e.g., aerobics & athletic apparel
Subcontracting strategy changes again returns to South Korea for more specialized,
sophisticated, and experienced manufacturers
17
Conclusions
Case study confirms a division of labor between core & peripheral/semi-peripheral countries Core specializing in services Periphery/semi-periphery specializing in manufacturing
Korean and Chinese firms produce the actual shoe, as US-based Nike promotes the symbolic nature of the shoe–and appropriates the greater share of value from sales