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CMPE511 Term Paper PresentationAfşin ÖZPINAR

2003800835- EE Phd

ARM Soft ARM Soft Microprocessor Microprocessor ArchitecturesArchitectures

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Overview

• What is ARM?• The History of ARM• Why ARM?• ARM Overview and Market• Partners• Processor Cores and Development• ARM Product Family and Comparision• Key Features of the ARM• ARM Architecture ARM11TDMI• Multiprocessor Structure• AMBA Bus Structure• ARM Instruction set • ARM Based Products

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What is ARM?

• ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machine

• A Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) developed by a company called Acorn Computers Ltd.

• ARM is the world leader company in IP offerings consist of a wide range of microprocessor cores, architectural extensions, development tools, peripheral IP and SoC solutions. All of these solutions are supported by ARM and a global network of design and engineering Partners

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The History of ARM

• ARM was established in November 1990 as Advanced RISC Machines Ltd., a UK-based joint venture between Apple Computer, Acorn Computer Group and VLSI Technology.

• Acorn, developer of the world’s first commercial single-chip RISC processor, and Apple, intent on advancing the use of RISC technology in its own systems, chartered ARM with creating a new microprocessor standard.

• With the introduction of its first embedded RISC core, the ARM6™ family of processors, in 1991, ARM signed VLSI as its initial licensee.

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Why ARM?

• ARM core-based microprocessors are used in industry commonly because:

Tools of Choice - ARM has the widest range of hardware and software tools support any 32 bit architecture

Ease of Access – There are more than 10 leading microcontroller suppliers providing ARM based MCUs

Flexibility in System Design – Through a wide range of functionality and power, parts running 1 MHz to 1 GHz with architectural performance enhancements for media and Java

Low Cost of Silicon – Processors and other products making efficient use of silicon while designing any kind of chips

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ARM Overview

• ARM’s 16/32-bit RISC microprocessors, data engines, peripherals, software and tools, combined with the company’s broad Partner community, provide a total system solution that offers a fast, reliable path to market for leading electronics companies

• ARM’s RISC technology addresses today’s design challenges, providing many advantages over competing architectures: Not only do ARM cores offer an unrivalled combination of

advanced logic, robust functionality, energy efficiency and low cost, but their simpler designs enable easy integration. In addition, their superior code densities allow for reduced memory and consequently, lower system costs

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Market

•ARM designs the technology that lies at the heart of advanced digital products:

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ARM : General

• As the industry’s leading provider of 32-bit embedded RISC microprocessors,with almost 75% of the market

ARM offers a wide range of processor cores,all using a common underlying architecture, to deliver high performance with low power consumption at minimal cost

The ARM architecture’s performance range extends to more than 1 GHz

ARM’s strength lies in the fact that it has over 100 partners throughout the world

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ARM and the Partners

• ARM is the number one semiconductor IP supplier in the world

• ARM Powered® microprocessors are pervasive in the electronic products we use, driving key functions in a variety of applications in the market

• ARM licenses its IP to a network of Partners, which includes some of the world’s leading semiconductor and system companies.

• These Partners utilise ARM’s low -cost, power efficient core designs to create and manufacture microprocessors, peripherals and SoC solutions

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Some of the Partners

• Alcatel, Analog Devices, Atmel, Epson, Ericsson, Fujitsu, IBM, Infineon, Intel, Kawasaki, Mitsubishi, Motorola, National Semiconductor, NEC, Panasonic, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, ST Microelectronics, Texas Instruments, Toshiba, Yamaha

• Operating Systems Partners: Mentor Graphics, Microsoft, Sun Microsystems,

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Processor Cores

• ARM offers a wide range of processor cores & solutions based on a common architecture, that deliver high performance together with low power consumption and system cost:

Embedded CoresApplication CoresSecure CoresOptimoDE Data Engine

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ARM Product Family

• There are currently seven main product families: ARM7™ ARM9™ ARM9E™ ARM10™ ARM11™ SecurCore™ Cortex Families

• Further implementations available from ARM’s partners (such as Intel® XScale™ technology and StrongARM® products) with available performance over 1 GHz

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Architecture Revisions

1998 2000 2002 2004

time

vers

ion

ARMv5

ARMv6

1994 1996 2006

V4

StrongARM®ARM926EJ-S™

XScaleTMARM102xE ARM1026EJ-S™

ARM9x6EARM92xT

ARM1136JF-S™

ARM7TDMI-S™

ARM720T™

XScale is a trademark of Intel Corporation

Future

SC100™

SC200™

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Thumb®Thumb® DSPDSP Jazelle®Jazelle® MediaMedia

Performance Architectures

• ARM v4T• ARM v5TE• ARM v5TEJ• ARM v6

ArchitectureArchitecturev4Tv4Tv5TEv5TEv5TEJv5TEJ

v6v6

ArchitectureArchitecturev4Tv4Tv5TEv5TEv5TEJv5TEJ

v6v6

Feature SetFeature Set

ARM7 and ARM9 Family

ARM10 FamilyARM10 FamilyARM11 Family

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ARM Family Comparision

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Performance Changes

• The ARM architecture is now the industry’s leading 32-bit embedded RISC microprocessor solution

• All ARM processors share this architecture, ensuring that developers gain on software development as they move to higher performance processors

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Key Features of The Architecture(1)

• Some of the key features of the ARM architecture:

Thumb® : ARM processors are native 32-bit designs, but also incorporate the 16-bit Thumb instruction set which enables software to be coded as shorter 16-bit instructions. This provides typical memory savings of up to 35 while retaining all the benefits of a 32-bit system

SIMD Technology: The ARM SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) media extensions increase the processing capability of ARM solutions

DSP : A set of arithmetic instructions for DSP applications. The addition of the DSP instruction set offers 16-bit and 32-bit arithmetic capabilities

Jazelle™ : An extension to enable direct execution of Java byte-codes in hardware

Media : 2-4x performance increase for audio and video processing

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Key Features of The Architecture(2)

ARM TrustZone™ : Provides a secure foundation for systems running open Operating Systems (OS), to ensure that data downloaded or run on the device remains secure

The ARM Intelligent Energy Manager (IEM): Implements advanced algorithms to optimally balance processor workload and energy consumption. The Intelligent Energy Manager technology works with the operating system dynamically predict the required future CPU performance level for the applications running on the mobile phone

The ARM OptimoDE™ : An extremely configurable VLIW-styled data engine architecture, targeted at intensive non-stop data processing

ARM NEON™ : Presents an extensive set of new instructions for future ARM processors that is a 64/128-bit hybrid SIMD architecture

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• The ARM11 microarchitecture is the first implementation of the ARMv6 instruction set architecture, and forms the basis of a new family of ARM11 cores

• Key Benefits The ARM11 microarchitecture represents a major step in system performance

with target performance for the first cores in the 350-500MHz to over 1GHz. Processor implementations based on the ARM11 microarchitecture will

achieve less than 0.4mW/MHz at 1.2V in a 0.13µm process technology. The ARM11 microarchitecture has been developed both for synthesizable and

semicustom hard macrocell implementations. Since, primarily, the cores will be used within a system on a chip (SoC) context, enabling implementation through synthesis allows developers to easily integrate the design.

To better facilitate synthesis, ARM11 cores have a synthesis-friendly pipeline structure designed to work with commercially available synthesis tools

The ARM11 microarchitecture – through the ARM v6 architecture, also benefits software developers. It includes a large set of media processing instructions to accelerate audio and video applications

Some Details on ARM11™ Family

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ARM Microprocessor Core

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ARM11™ Pipeline

ARM11 Microarchitecture – Pipelining• Differing from preceding ARM cores the ARM11 consists

of 8 stages• An 8-stage pipeline allows 8 different processing stages to

be carried out simultaneously• Highly-pipelined structures can impair efficiency by

introducing excessive delays, or latency, into the system.• Forwarding:

Long pipelines mean that execution of some instructions may be delayed, because they depend on the results of previous instructions the ARM11 pipeline avoids these delays by extensive use of forwarding within the pipeline.

• Predecting: The ARM11 also has a fetaure of branch predecting

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ARM11™ Pipeline

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Example ARM System

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The ARM MPCore

• The ARM MPCoreTM synthesizable multiprocessor is based on the ARM11TM microarchitecture Can be configured to contain between one and four processors delivering up to 2600

Dhrystone MIPS of performance

The new ARM multiprocessor solution delivers greater performance at lower frequencies than comparable single processor solutions

The MPCore enables system designers to view the core as a single “uniprocessor”, simplifying development and reducing time-to-market.

The MPCore multiprocessor supports up to four-way cache coherent symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), up to four-way asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP), or any combination of both. 

The MPCore also supports the partitioning of processors to support traditional asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) providing software compatibility for existing applications and increased throughput when multiple applications are run in parallel

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MPCore Features• Highly configurable

Flexibility of total available performance from implementations using between 1 and 4 processors

Sizing of both data and instruction cache between 16K and 64K bytes across each processor

Either dual or single 64-bit AMBA 3.0 AXI system bus connection allowing rapid and flexibility during SoC design

Optional integrated vector floating point (VFP) unit

• Efficient processing Rich ARMv6 architecture-based multiprocessor-capable instruction set architecture Support for ARM Thumb ® instruction set ,ARM Jazelle® technology , ARM DSP

extensions SIMD (single instruction, multiple data) media processing extensions delivering up

to 2x performance for video processing Advanced Operating System (AOS) extensions providing architectural

enhancements that improve performance of a multiprocessor capable OS.

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MPCore Features• Energy Efficient

Low power system design allowing gate level shutdown of unused resources

Support for ARM Intelligent Energy Management (IEM) Various levels of individual processor shutdown providing up to

85% energy saving on both dynamic and static energy usage• High Performance Memory

16-64k independent data and instruction cache per processor with full data coherence

Ability for data to be copied between each processor’s cache permitting rapid data sharing without accesses to main memory

• Simple Design Integration Utilizes 64-bit AMBA AXI bus interconnect

• Software Support Environment

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The ARM MPCore

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AMBA Overview

• Standard for On-Chip Bus AMBA is an open standard, on-chip bus specification that details a

strategy for the interconnection and management of functional blocks that makes up a System-on-Chip (SoC)

It facilitates "right-first-time" development of embedded processors with one or more CPU/signal processors and multiple peripherals

AMBA enhances a reusable design methodology by defining a common backbone for SoC modules

• AMBA Flexibility For the on-chip bus, flexibility is the key to reuse by enabling

developers to select the optimal architecture to efficiently meet the performance requirements of a wide variety of systems.

AMBA enables the SoC designer to select the optimal combination of bus frequency (to match the peripherals) and number of channels (to achieve the bandwidth), using the AMBA Multi-layer architecture

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AMBA Overview

• AMBA Compatibility The AMBA interface standards ensure that peripherals can

be reused with confidence in a multitude of systems AMBA compliance provides the mechanism to ensure reuse

of peripherals between systems

• AMBA Support AMBA has been widely adopted throughout the industry

and, as a consequence, there is support for the development of AMBA bus-based systems from a growing number of companies

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The ARM Instruction Set Architecture

• The ARM architecture  provides  support for the 32-bit ARM and 16-bit Thumb® Instruction Set Architectures along with architecture extensions to provide support for Java acceleration (Jazelle™) and security (TrustZone™) technologies

• ARMv4ARMv4 can be considered a 32-bit ISA operating in a 32-bit address space.

• ARMv4TThe ARMv4T architecture added the 16-bit Thumb instruction set which enabled compilers to generate more compact code while retaining all the benefits of a 32-bit system.

• ARMv5TEThumb architecture, along with ARM ‘Enhanced’ DSP instruction set extensions to the ARM ISA.

• ARMv5TEJThe Jazelle extension to support Java acceleration technology.

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The ARM Instruction Set Architecture

• ARMv6The ARMv6 architecture includes media instructions to support Single Instruction Multiple Data(SIMD) software execution. The SIMD extensions are optimized for a broad range of software applications including video and audio codecs, where the extensions increase performance by up to four times.

• NEONTM Media Acceleration TechnologyARM NEON technology is designed to address the demands of next generation high-performance, media intense, low power mobile handheld devices. NEON technology is a 64/128-bit hybrid SIMD architecture

• Vector Floating Point (VFP)Vector Floating Point (VFP) coprocessor support is an architecture option. The VFP architecture supports single and double precision floating point arithmetic

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Some of ARMBased Products

• Atmel AT91SC25672RC - Secure MCU AT91 Series - Micro Controllers

• Motorola DragonBall TM / i.MX, i.MXL, i.MX1, i.MX21

• NEC High performance / low risk SoC Design

• Philips LPC2000 series microcontrollers

• Samsung S3F/C - ARM core-based MCUs

• Texas Instruments TMS320DSC25 - Digital Signal Processor

• ST Microelectronics Mobile Multimedia Processor Platform

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Thanks For Listening !..

Questions?