1 Clavicle bone 1- Shaft: Lateral one third: Lateral one third: Convex backward to meet the scapula....

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Clavicle boneClavicle bone1- Shaft: 1- Shaft:

Lateral one third:Lateral one third:

Convex backward to meet the scapula.Convex backward to meet the scapula.

Medial end:Medial end:

Convex forward to give roomConvex forward to give room

behined and below the behined and below the

clavicle for passage of large clavicle for passage of large

vessels and nerves vessels and nerves

between neck and axilla. between neck and axilla.

123

22

Clavicle boneClavicle bone2-Medial end: 2-Medial end:

Enlarged.Enlarged.

3-Lateral end:3-Lateral end:

Flattened.Flattened.12

3

33

scapulascapula

Anterior view Posterior view

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Surfaces of scapula Surfaces of scapula Anterior surface:Anterior surface: Directed forward and medially, because of the Directed forward and medially, because of the

oblique plane of the scapula.oblique plane of the scapula. Slightly concave and forms the scapular fossa.Slightly concave and forms the scapular fossa. It shows three or four ridges for the origin of It shows three or four ridges for the origin of

subscapularis muscle.subscapularis muscle.

2.2. Posterior surface:Posterior surface: Directed backward and laterally.Directed backward and laterally. Slightly convex.Slightly convex.

ScapulaScapula

55

Borders of scapulaBorders of scapula

1.1. Lateral border:Lateral border:

Thick rough border.Thick rough border.

2.2. Medial border:Medial border:

Thin border.Thin border.

3.3. Superior border:Superior border:

Thin and sharp.Thin and sharp.

ScapulaScapula

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Angles of scapulaAngles of scapula1.1. Inferior angleInferior angle

Acute angle and over the 7Acute angle and over the 7thth rib or 7 rib or 7thth intercostal intercostal

space.space.

2.2. Superior angleSuperior angle

Nearly a right and lies over the 2Nearly a right and lies over the 2ndnd rib. rib.

3.3. Lateral angleLateral angle

Broadened and may be regarded as the head of Broadened and may be regarded as the head of

scapula and is connected to the flat body by a scapula and is connected to the flat body by a

slightly constricted neckslightly constricted neck

ScapulaScapula

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Processes of scapulaProcesses of scapula

1.1. Spine of scapula:Spine of scapula:

Is a horizontal shelf-like process projecting Is a horizontal shelf-like process projecting backward from the upper part of dorsal backward from the upper part of dorsal surface.surface.

2.2. Acromion process:Acromion process:

It is a rectangular process which projects It is a rectangular process which projects upward and forward as a continuation of upward and forward as a continuation of

the lateral end of the crest of the spine.the lateral end of the crest of the spine.

ScapulaScapula

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Humerus Humerus 1.1. Upper end:Upper end:

Consists of head, anatomical neck, lesser tuberosity, and greater tuberosity:Consists of head, anatomical neck, lesser tuberosity, and greater tuberosity: Head: Head:

1.1. Forms less than half of a large sphere. Forms less than half of a large sphere.

2.2. Directed upwards, backwards andDirected upwards, backwards and

medially to articulate with glenoid cavity.medially to articulate with glenoid cavity. Anatomical neck:Anatomical neck:

1.1. It is a faint constriction immediatelyIt is a faint constriction immediately

adjoining the margin of the head. It is adjoining the margin of the head. It is

relatively thick.relatively thick. Lesser tuberosity:Lesser tuberosity:

1.1. Projects forwards immediately belowProjects forwards immediately below

the anatomical neck.the anatomical neck. Greater tuberosity: Greater tuberosity:

1.1. Occupies the lateral part of the upperOccupies the lateral part of the upper

end of the humerus.end of the humerus.

2.2. Its anterior margin continues down Its anterior margin continues down

3.3. wards as lateral lip of bicipital groove.wards as lateral lip of bicipital groove.

1

2

3

1

2

3

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Humerus Humerus 2.2. Shaft:Shaft:It has 3 borders and 3 surfaces:It has 3 borders and 3 surfaces:Borders:Borders: Anterior border:Anterior border:1.1. In the upper part it becomes In the upper part it becomes continuous with the lateral lip of bicipital continuous with the lateral lip of bicipital groove.groove.2.2. It is smooth and rounded in lower half ofIt is smooth and rounded in lower half of the shaft.the shaft. Medial border:Medial border:1.1. At the middle of the shaft, it presents aAt the middle of the shaft, it presents a rough area for muscular rough area for muscular attachment (coraco-brachialis).attachment (coraco-brachialis). Lateral border:Lateral border:1.1. About the middle of the shaft, it isAbout the middle of the shaft, it is interrupted by the radial or spiral groove.interrupted by the radial or spiral groove.Surfaces:Surfaces: Anteromedial surface:Anteromedial surface:Smooth.Smooth. Anterolateral surface:Anterolateral surface:Its middle part marked by rough area which called Its middle part marked by rough area which called deltoid tuberosity.deltoid tuberosity. Posterior surface:Posterior surface:Its middle third is crossed by a wide, shalow Its middle third is crossed by a wide, shalow groove (radial or spiral groove).groove (radial or spiral groove).

1

2

3

1

2

3

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Humerus Humerus 3.3. Lower end:Lower end:

It is expanded transverselyIt is expanded transversely

and presents articular and and presents articular and

non-articular portiobns:non-articular portiobns: Articular portion:Articular portion:

The condyle; conjoinedThe condyle; conjoined

capitulum and trochlia). capitulum and trochlia).

It is divided by a faint It is divided by a faint

groove into capitulum laterallygroove into capitulum laterally

and trochlea medially to and trochlea medially to

articulate with radius and ulnaarticulate with radius and ulna

forming the elbow joint.forming the elbow joint. Non-articular portion:Non-articular portion:

Includes the medial and lateralIncludes the medial and lateral

epicondyles and the olecranon, epicondyles and the olecranon,

coronoid and radial fossa.coronoid and radial fossa.

1

2

3

1

2

3

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ulnaulnaIt is the medial bone of the forearm and is parallel to It is the medial bone of the forearm and is parallel to

the radius when the forearm is supinated.the radius when the forearm is supinated. Upper end:Upper end:Massive hook-like with the cocavity of theMassive hook-like with the cocavity of the hook directed forward. It has:hook directed forward. It has:1.1. Olecranon process:Olecranon process:The uppermost part of the bone. Its upper The uppermost part of the bone. Its upper part bends forwards to form a prominent tip.part bends forwards to form a prominent tip.2.2. Coronoid process:Coronoid process:Projects forward from the upper end of the Projects forward from the upper end of the shaft and its anterior tip is received into theshaft and its anterior tip is received into the coronoid fossa.coronoid fossa.3.3. Trochlea notch:Trochlea notch:A deeply concave articular surface whichA deeply concave articular surface which articulates with trochlea of humerus to formarticulates with trochlea of humerus to form part of elbow joint.part of elbow joint.

1

2

3

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ulnaulnaIt is the medial bone of the forearm and It is the medial bone of the forearm and

is is parallel to the radius when the forearm is parallel to the radius when the forearm is supinated.supinated.

Shaft:Shaft:

It has 3 surfaces and 3 borders.It has 3 surfaces and 3 borders.

1

2

3

Anterior surface.Anterior surface.

Medial surface.Medial surface.

Posterior surface.Posterior surface.

Lateral border.Lateral border. Anterior Anterior border.border. Posterior Posterior border.border.

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ulnaulnaIt is the medial bone of the forearm and It is the medial bone of the forearm and

is parallel to the radius when the is parallel to the radius when the forearm is supinated.forearm is supinated.

Lower end:Lower end:

Formed of head and styloid process:Formed of head and styloid process:

1.1. Head:Head:

Is rounded.Is rounded.

2.2. Styloid process:Styloid process:

A short rounded projection.A short rounded projection.

1

2

3

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RadiusRadiusIt is the lateral bone of the forearm.It is the lateral bone of the forearm. Radial head:Radial head: Is disc shaped.Is disc shaped. Articulates with the capitulum Articulates with the capitulum of the humerus to form part of the of the humerus to form part of the

elbow joint.elbow joint.2.2. Shaft:Shaft: Gently curved being convex Gently curved being convex laterally.laterally.

3

1

2

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RadiusRadius3.3. Lower end:Lower end:A flattened expanded end A flattened expanded end

having five surface:having five surface: Anterior surface.Anterior surface. Posterior surface.Posterior surface. Lateral surface.Lateral surface. Medial surface.Medial surface. Inferior surface.Inferior surface. 3

1

2

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Hand bonesHand bones1.1. Carpal bones:Carpal bones:8 in number and are arranged in8 in number and are arranged in two rows:two rows: Proximal row:Proximal row: Scaphoid bone.Scaphoid bone. Lunate bone.Lunate bone. Triquitral bone.Triquitral bone. Pisiform bone.Pisiform bone. Distal row:Distal row: TrapeziumTrapezium TrapezoidTrapezoid CapitateCapitate HamateHamate

1

2

3

3

2

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Hand bonesHand bones2.2. Metacarpal bones:Metacarpal bones:

Are five bones numbered Are five bones numbered

from one to five, from the from one to five, from the

thumb to the little finger.thumb to the little finger.

3.3. Phalanges:Phalanges:

The thumb has two phalangesThe thumb has two phalanges

while each of the other fingerwhile each of the other finger

has three phalanges.has three phalanges.

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2

3

3

2

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Muscles of upper limbsMuscles of upper limbs

1.1. DeltoidDeltoidFunction: Function: *Anterior fibers: flexion*Anterior fibers: flexionShoulder.Shoulder.#Middle fibers: abduct #Middle fibers: abduct Shoulder.Shoulder.Posterior fibers: extendPosterior fibers: extendShoulder. Shoulder.

*#

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1.1. Biceps brachiiBiceps brachii Function: flex the Function: flex the

ElbowElbow

2. Triceps2. Triceps Function: extend the elbowFunction: extend the elbow

1


2

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Flexors of wrist and fingers:Flexors of wrist and fingers:

1.1. Superficial group:Superficial group: Pronator teres.Pronator teres. Flexor carpi radialis.Flexor carpi radialis. Palmaris longus.Palmaris longus. Flexor carpi ulnaris.Flexor carpi ulnaris. Flexor digitorum superficialis.Flexor digitorum superficialis.

2.2. Deep group:Deep group: Flexor pollicis longus.Flexor pollicis longus. Flexor digitorum profundus.Flexor digitorum profundus. Pronator quadratus.Pronator quadratus.


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Extensors of wrist and fingersExtensors of wrist and fingers1.1. Superficial group:Superficial group: Brachioradialis.Brachioradialis. Extensor carpi radialis longus.Extensor carpi radialis longus. Extensor carpi radialis brevis.Extensor carpi radialis brevis. Extensor digitorum.Extensor digitorum. Extensor digiti minimiExtensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnarisExtensor carpi ulnaris Anconeus.Anconeus.2.2. Deep group:Deep group: Supinator.Supinator. Abductor pollicis longus.Abductor pollicis longus. Extensor pollicis brevis.Extensor pollicis brevis. Extensor pollicis longus.Extensor pollicis longus. Extensor indicis.Extensor indicis.


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Joint of upper limbsJoint of upper limbs Shoulder joint:Shoulder joint:

1.1. Type: synovial, ball and Type: synovial, ball and

socket.socket.

2.2. Articulation between Articulation between

Head of humerus and glenoid Head of humerus and glenoid

cavity.cavity.

3.3. Movements allowed:Movements allowed:

Flexion, extension, abduction, Flexion, extension, abduction,

adduction, internal and adduction, internal and

external rotation.external rotation.

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Joint of upper limbsJoint of upper limbs Elbow joint:Elbow joint:

1.1. Type: synovial, hinge joint.Type: synovial, hinge joint.


Capitulum of humerusCapitulum of humerus

and head of radius.and head of radius.

Trochlea of humerus Trochlea of humerus

and trochlear notch of ulna.and trochlear notch of ulna.

3.3. Movements allowed:Movements allowed:

Flexion and extension.Flexion and extension.

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Joints of upper limbsJoints of upper limbs Wrist joint:Wrist joint:1.1. Type: synovial, biaxial joint.Type: synovial, biaxial joint.2.2. Articulation betweenArticulation between lower end of radius andlower end of radius and carpal bones( scaphoid, carpal bones( scaphoid, lunate, and triquitral).lunate, and triquitral).3.3. Movements allowed:Movements allowed:Flexion, extension, radial Flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation, and ulnar deviation.deviation.

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Rib cage and sternumRib cage and sternum Rib cage is composed of:Rib cage is composed of:1.1. Sternum:Sternum:Is commonly known as the Is commonly known as the breastbone and is divided breastbone and is divided into three areas:into three areas: Manubrium with Manubrium with suprasternal notch.suprasternal notch. Body with costal notchesBody with costal notches Xiphoid process.Xiphoid process.

Manubrium

Body

xiphoid

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Rib cage and sternumRib cage and sternum

2.2. Ribs: Ribs:

Which attached to Which attached to

transverse process of transverse process of

vertebra.vertebra.

The bend in the rib isThe bend in the rib is

known as the rib angle.known as the rib angle.

Rib

Transverse process

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Hip boneHip boneIt is a large bone formed of 3 It is a large bone formed of 3

parts: parts:

1- Ilium: forms the upper 2/5 1- Ilium: forms the upper 2/5 of the hip bone.of the hip bone.

2- Ischium: forms the lower 2- Ischium: forms the lower and posterior 2/5 of the hip and posterior 2/5 of the hip bone.bone.

3-Pubis: forms the anterior 1/5 3-Pubis: forms the anterior 1/5 of the hip bone.of the hip bone.

1

23

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Right and Right and leftleft differentiation differentiation

Look to:Look to: Iliac crest Iliac crest lies abovelies above Acetabulum Acetabulum lies laterallylies laterally Ischial tuberosity Ischial tuberosity lies below and lies below and

behindbehind

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The femurThe femur The longest bone of the body 45 cm forming the skeleton of the thigh. It consists of;

1-Upper end;

head , neck,

and two trochanters. The head:

It is spherical in shape; directed

upward, forward and medially. The neck:

It is 5cm long.

It joins the shaft at the neck shaft

angle which is about 110°-140°.

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2

3

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The femurThe femur The grater trochanter:

A quadrangular elevation which lies

laterally at the junction of the neck

with the shaft.

The lesser trochanter:

A conical projection which lies

posterior-medially at the junction

of the neck with the shaft.

1

2

3

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The femurThe femur2-The shaft:2-The shaft: Anteriorly: it is forward.Anteriorly: it is forward. Posteriorly:Posteriorly:

A- the upper 1/3 of the A- the upper 1/3 of the

shaft is bounded medially.shaft is bounded medially.

B- the middle 1/3 shows B- the middle 1/3 shows

a rough central ridge a rough central ridge

called linea aspera.called linea aspera.

C- the lower 1/3 is calledC- the lower 1/3 is called

popliteal surface.popliteal surface.

1

2

3

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The femurThe femur

3- lower end:3- lower end:

It is expanded and consistsIt is expanded and consists

of medial and lateral condylesof medial and lateral condyles

which are fused anteriorly which are fused anteriorly

to form a patellar surface to form a patellar surface

and separated posteriorly and separated posteriorly

to form an intercondylar fossa.to form an intercondylar fossa.

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2

3

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Rt.and Lt. differentiationRt.and Lt. differentiation

Look to;Look to;

1.1. The head The head

lies above and mediallylies above and medially

2. The shaft : 2. The shaft :

convex and smooth anteriorlyconvex and smooth anteriorly

Linea aspera posteriorlyLinea aspera posteriorly

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PatellaPatella

Triangular in shape; 3 borders and 2 Triangular in shape; 3 borders and 2

surfacessurfaces

Base: it gives attachment to 3Base: it gives attachment to 3

vasti and rectus femoris muscles.vasti and rectus femoris muscles.

Apex: gives attachment to Apex: gives attachment to

the patellar ligament.the patellar ligament.

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PatellaPatella Anterior surface: rough andAnterior surface: rough and

subcutaneous.subcutaneous.

Posterior surface: its upper partPosterior surface: its upper part

is smooth and articular surface is smooth and articular surface

divided by vertical ridge into a divided by vertical ridge into a

large lateral facet and smaller one.large lateral facet and smaller one.

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Rt. & LT.Rt. & LT.

Look to;Look to; BaseBase directs upward directs upward

Apex directs Apex directs downwards.downwards.

Ant. surfacesAnt. surfaces; ; articular its lateral articular its lateral area is larger then area is larger then medialmedial

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TibiaTibia Two ends and shaft:Two ends and shaft:

1-upper end:1-upper end:

Tuberosity: a projection Tuberosity: a projection

Which lies anteriorly and has Which lies anteriorly and has

A smooth upper part for A smooth upper part for

attachment of patellar attachment of patellar

ligament.ligament.

Medial condyle: it is larger Medial condyle: it is larger

than the lateral one and itsthan the lateral one and its

upper articular surface is oval.upper articular surface is oval.

1

2

3

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TibiaTibia

Lateral condyle: its upper Lateral condyle: its upper

articular surface is circular.articular surface is circular.

Intercondylar area: arough Intercondylar area: arough

non articular area present non articular area present

between the 2 articularbetween the 2 articular

surfaces of the 2 condyles.surfaces of the 2 condyles.

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2- shaft:2- shaft:

Triangular in cross section; Triangular in cross section;

it shows:it shows:

3 borders: anterior, medial 3 borders: anterior, medial

and interosseus.and interosseus.

3 surfaces: medial, lateral 3 surfaces: medial, lateral

and posterior.and posterior.

TibiaTibia

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3-Lower end3-Lower end::

It has 5 surfaces:It has 5 surfaces:1-anterior surface: smooth.1-anterior surface: smooth.

2-posterior surface: has a 2-posterior surface: has a

vertical groove for the tendonvertical groove for the tendon

of tibialis posterior.of tibialis posterior.

3-medial surface: smooth and3-medial surface: smooth and

subcutaneous, it projectssubcutaneous, it projects

downward forming the downward forming the

medial malleolus.medial malleolus.

TibiaTibia

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4-lateral surface: has a 4-lateral surface: has a

fibular notch to articulate fibular notch to articulate

with the lower end of fibula. with the lower end of fibula.

5-inferior surface: articulates5-inferior surface: articulates

with the body of talus atwith the body of talus at

the ankle joint.the ankle joint.

TibiaTibia

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Rt.& Lt.Rt.& Lt.Look to;Look to; Condyles of tibia Condyles of tibia lie upwardlie upward Tuberosity and shin of tibia Tuberosity and shin of tibia lie anteriorlylie anteriorly Medial malleolus Medial malleolus lie downwards and lie downwards and

mediallymedially

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Foot BonesFoot Bones

1

2

3

1- Tarsus

2-

Metatarsus

3-Phalanges

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2

3

1- Tarsus:

It is made of 7 bones arranged in 2

rows:

•Proximal row (talus above and

calcaneus below).

•Distal row (consists of cuboid

laterally, and 3 cuneiforms medially).

•In between 2 rows: the navicular

bone lies medially.

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1

2

3

2- metatarsus:

•It is formed of 5

metatarsal bones; one for

each toe.

•The metatarsal bone has

a base, a shaft and a head.

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1

2

3

3- The phalanges:

•Each toe has 3 phalanges

(exept the big toe which

has only 2 phalanges).

•Each phalanx is formed of

a base, a shaft and a head.

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Muscles of lower limbMuscles of lower limb

Muscles of anterior aspect of Muscles of anterior aspect of

the hip:the hip:

Iliopsoas Iliopsoas

Function: Function:

Powerful flexion and medial Powerful flexion and medial

rotation of the thigh upon the rotation of the thigh upon the

pelvis. pelvis.

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Muscles of posterior Muscles of posterior

aspect of the hip:aspect of the hip:

Gluteus maximusGluteus maximus

Function: Function:

extension of hipextension of hip


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Muscles of lateral aspect of the hip:Muscles of lateral aspect of the hip:

1. Glutues medius1. Glutues medius Function: Function:

abducts the femur abducts the femur


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Muscles of anterior aspect of the thigh:Muscles of anterior aspect of the thigh: Quadriceps femoris:Quadriceps femoris:1.1. Rectus femoris,Rectus femoris,2.2. vastus lateralis,vastus lateralis,3.3. vastus medialis vastus medialis 4.4. vastus intermedius vastus intermedius Function:Function:1- powerful extension of the knee.1- powerful extension of the knee.2- flexion of the hip joint through the rectus 2- flexion of the hip joint through the rectus femoris.femoris.3- the lower fibers of the vastus medialis3- the lower fibers of the vastus medialis help to stabilize the patella against the lateralhelp to stabilize the patella against the lateral pull induced by the ilio-tibial tract extends the pull induced by the ilio-tibial tract extends the knee knee

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Muscles of medial aspect of the thighMuscles of medial aspect of the thigh

1.1. Adductor longus:Adductor longus:

2.2. Adductor magnus:Adductor magnus:

3.3. Adductor brevis:Adductor brevis:

Function:Function:

Adducts and Adducts and

medial rotates medial rotates

the thigh.the thigh.


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Muscles of posterior aspect of the thigh:Muscles of posterior aspect of the thigh:

Hamstring:Hamstring:

1.1. Biceps femoris Biceps femoris

2.2. Semimembranosus Semimembranosus

3.3. Semitendinosus Semitendinosus

Function:Function:

1-The muscles flex and laterally rotate (biceps femoris), 1-The muscles flex and laterally rotate (biceps femoris),

medial rotate (Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus) medial rotate (Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus)

the leg at the knee joint.the leg at the knee joint.

2-The long head of biceps femoris2-The long head of biceps femoris

alone extends alone extends

the hip joint. the hip joint.


2

1

3

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Muscles of anterior aspect of the Muscles of anterior aspect of the leg:leg:

1.1. Tibialis anteriorTibialis anterior

Function: Function: Dorsiflexes and inverts the footDorsiflexes and inverts the foot Inversion of foot.Inversion of foot. Maintain the medial longitudinalMaintain the medial longitudinal

arch of foot. arch of foot.


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Muscles of posterior aspect of the leg:Muscles of posterior aspect of the leg:

2.2. GastrocnemiusGastrocnemius

Function:Function:

It planterflexes of the ankle joint.It planterflexes of the ankle joint.

It raises the heel during walking It raises the heel during walking

and running.and running.

It also flexes the knee joint. It also flexes the knee joint.

2


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Joints of lower limbsJoints of lower limbs

Hip joint:Hip joint:

1.1. Type: synonial, ball and Type: synonial, ball and

socket.socket.


head of femur and head of femur and

acetabulum of hip boneacetabulum of hip bone

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Joints of lower limbsJoints of lower limbs Knee joint:Knee joint:

1.1. Type: synovial, modified hinge joint.Type: synovial, modified hinge joint.


lower end femur andlower end femur and

upper end of tibia upper end of tibia

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Joints of lower limbsJoints of lower limbs

Ankle joints:Ankle joints:

1.1. Type: synovial, uniaxial joint.Type: synovial, uniaxial joint.

2.2. Articulation inferior surfaces Articulation inferior surfaces

of Tibia and fibula with talus (of Tibia and fibula with talus (

tarsal bone).tarsal bone).

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Vertebral columnVertebral column

Cervical vertebraeCervical vertebrae (7) (7)

Thoracic vertebraeThoracic vertebrae (12) (12)

Lumbar vertebraeLumbar vertebrae (5) (5)

Sacral vertebraeSacral vertebrae (5) (5)

CoccgyealCoccgyeal (4) (4)

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VertebraeVertebrae Structure:Structure:

1.1. BodyBody

2.2. Transverse processTransverse process

3.3. Spinous processSpinous process

4.4. PediclePedicle

5.5. LaminaLamina

6.6. Vertebral foramenVertebral foramen

12

3

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VertebraeVertebrae

Spinous process

Transverse process

lamina

Vertebral foramen

pedicle

Body

Anterior

Posterior

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1 Clavicle bone 1- Shaft: Lateral one third: Lateral one third: Convex backward to meet the scapula....

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Transcript of 1 Clavicle bone 1- Shaft: Lateral one third: Lateral one third: Convex backward to meet the scapula....