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• City-State• Asia Minor• Barbarian• Aristocracy• Oligarchy• Democracy• TyrannyTyranny

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• Ancient Greece was not a unified country– City-States

• An independent town or city that governs itself and the land around it.

• Polis– Typical Polis

• Town or small city• Farmland• Population less than 20,000• Approximately 100 square miles

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500 BC• Mostly in Greece along the Aegean Sea• Others scattered along the Coast of Asia

Minor Asia Minor: another name for the Anatolian

Peninsula, where much of Turkey is located• Along the coast of the Black Sea• Southern Italy• Northern Africa

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The people in the city-states all spoke Greek• Some difference in dialects

Dialect is a regional variety of a language Non-Greeks were called barbarians

• When the barbarians spoke only meaningless syllables could be heard

Religion• Greek Gods

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Zeus Hera Apollo Poseidon Aphrodite

Chief God Wife of Zeus The sun god Sea god Goddess of Love

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• Spent most of their time on Mount Olympus

• Came down time to time to influence human affairs

• Marvelous stories were told about the adventures and misadventures of the gods

• Temples were built to honor the gods

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Own distinctive forms of government Very innovative when it came to

government We still use many of their terms

• Politics The art of governing a polis

• Policeman A person who preserves order in the state

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In the genesis most Greek city-states were ruled by kings.

500 BC Many different forms of government• Tyranny• Aristocracy• Oligarchy• Democracy

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Power by the few noble and upper-class families

Aristocracy means rule of the best Power was sometimes shared with

an assembly made up of citizens, not always

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Similar to aristocracy Power by only a few people Oligarchy means “rule of the few” The few were not noble families They were wealthy men

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Power is shared by a large number of citizens

Citizens took part in the government• Debates• Policy• Elected officials

Greeks seemed to be the first people to experiment with this type of government

Very popular among the Greek city-states

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The city-states loved their independence and individuality

They thought it was better to have a local government than to be ruled by a king that lived far away

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Many of the city-states would get into disagreements and wars• This made it easy for foreign countries to

invade Greece• During times of crisis they might join

together to fight the foe but this was the exception

• Alliances between city states were fragile and short lived

• Rivalries among them were sturdy and long-lasting

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Athens vs. Sparta Two of the largest and most powerful

city-states

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Ecclesia Ostracism Boule Stratagoi Metic Rhetoric

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• One of the largest Greek Polis’• One of the most democratic

– Not always democratic• Monarch• Aristocracy• Oligarchy• Democracy• Even a few tyrants

• People were able to participate in the government by 500 BC

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• All citizens were allowed to participate in the Assembly

• Before making decisions the merits would be debated

• Decision would be made by a vote– Pass by a majority

• The assembly passed laws, levied taxes and voted on issues such as war and peace

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• The Assembly also had the power to ostracize citizens who might be a problem– Ostracize- to banish or send away

• Votes took place on an ostrakon or piece of pottery

• If enough people wrote the same name the person had to leave the polis for 10 years– The ostracized person was allowed to keep

their property during that time

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The Boule was a smaller council that assisted The Assembly

Made up of 500 members chosen by lots

Terms were 1 year No-one could serve more than one

term They decided which issues need to

be brought before the Assembly

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Athenian Law was divided into two sections

Public Laws• Had to do with the city state• Fine or penalty decided by the Assembly or the

Boule Private Laws

• For people to work out their disagreements• Take your neighbor to court and have a jury

decide the case

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• Much larger than today’s– Sometimes as big as 501 citizens– The bigger the jury was the less likely to

have problems with bribery• Most citizens served on a jury at one

point in their lives.• Strategoi

– Leaders of the military– Elected officials by the Assembly

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Athens was not completely democratic by modern standards

Not everyone in the polis was a citizen• Male• Atleast 18 years• Not a slave• Son of two athenian parents

All others could not vote in the Assembly or serve on juries

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• Played an important role in religious affairs

• No political rights• No owning of property• Always under the control of a man

– Decided who she would marry• Could not participate in the debates• Could not attend certain public

events• Not sent to school• Women were to bear children and

tend to their families

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Foreign residents Artisans Craftsmen and merchants

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Made up a quarter of the population or a third of the population

Rich citizens had hundreds of slaves Did not have political rights Freedom could be bought Citizenship could not

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After slaves, women and children are subtracted there are only about 40,000 people that qualified as citizens.

Athens should be remembered as having many people involved in politics

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• Young men were prepared to become good citizens

• Rhetoric– The Art of using language to persuade others

• Logic, reading, writing, arithmetic and music

• Learned to play instruments and memorized epic poems– Epic poems: long poem that tells the

adventures of legendary heroes

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2 years of Military instruction Many years of PE Lots of exercise in gymnasiums

• Gymnasium- to exercise naked Participation in Symposiums

The goal of Athenian education was produce solid citizens and well-rounded individuals

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Helots Assembly

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Spartans required 23 years of military education

Education system emphasized military training

Inspection at birth Treatment of children

• Crying• Shoes

At age of 7 children began their military training

Taught to obey without question

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Little time was spent with reading writing and poetry

PE most important subject Taught how to endure great pain Food rations cut when they became

teenagers Marriage at 20

• Barracks until 30• Dinner with army until 60

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Could not fight Could own land Encouraged to participate in sports Expected to raise their sons as warriors Expected to be prepared to lose sons in

war “I bore him so that he might die for Sparta,

and that is what has happened, as I wished”

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Protection against enemies• Wall of men the most effective defense

Spartans ruled large numbers of slaves• Helot

Had it much worse than Athenian slaves Spartans made fun of Athenians for treatment

of slaves

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Called helots Outnumbered Spartans 10 – 1 Treated like farm animals Beaten regularly Put to death for complaining

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Spartan society produced the desired results.

The people care more about the polis than their own personal well-being

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Oligarchy• Elements of monarchy, aristocracy and limited

democracy Ruled by 2 kings

• Suppose to keep each other from becoming tyrants

• In charge of the army Council of Elders Assembly

• Much less democratic than the Ecclesia of Athens

Citizens could not debate

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Shouting for the candidates• Loudest crowd wins• Athenians thought this was funny

Spartans thought that their traditional way of life was much better than Athenian Society

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ATHENS Sparta

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Truce ekecheiria Pankration

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• Held in the city of Olympia• Every 4 years• A sacred disk was carried to all of the Greek

City States• Truce

– An agreement where two or more people agree to stop fighting

– The truce lasted as long as it took the athletes to travel to Olympia, attend the games, and return home

– The Greeks called this truce ekecheiria which means the holding of hands

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The Olympics were a religious festival in honor of Zeus

776 BC a foot race was added• 200 yard race

Other events were added and the Games became a regular event

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Prize for winning was a wreath of olive leaves

Honor Athletes became heroes and were

immortalized in songs or sculptures

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They dressed Athenian Style• Not even shoes• Runners felt that clothing would slow them

down Only males and priestesses were

allowed to watch• Slaves and women put to death for

watching

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• Most events were based on skills that were needed for survival– Javelin

• Distance• Accuracy while riding a horse

– Run– Wrestle– Horse Riding– Discus– Long Jump

• Involved carrying weights

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Pentathlon• 5 events: discus, javelin, long jump,

wrestling, 200 yd foot race Pankration

• No rules• Except no biting and sticking fingers into

opponents eyes 400 yard race

• While wearing helmet shin guards and carrying a shield

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The Games lasted until 393 AD Theodosius I

• Did not like the religious rites in honor of Zeus

First Modern Olympics were held in 1896 in Athens

The Olympics have been held every 4 years since• Not during WWI and WWII

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Miletus Marathon Xerxes Leonidas Thermopylae Pausanias

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499 BC Miletus Rebels against Persian rule

• Needed the help of Greek City States Athens agrees to help

498 BC• Athenians cross the Aegean Sea and defeat

the City of Sardis• The other Greek Polis’s decide to join in• Athenians went home

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495 BC• Darius puts down the revolt in Asia Minor• Angry with the Athenians• Crosses the Aegean sea for revenge

Marathon• 26 miles from Athens• Athenians were badly outnumbered• CHARGE• Persians broke ranks and fled to their ships• 6,000 Persians/192 Athenians

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After the victory Pheidippides to Athens announces

victory• “Nenikékamen!”• And died of exhaustion

Marathon was an extremely important battle because the Athenians were filled with pride.

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• Persians didn’t like defeat• 480 BC• Xerxes determined to conquer all of

Greece– 100,000 men – 600-700 Ships

• Athens and Sparta Unite– 200 -300 Ships– 10,000 Men– Led by King Leonidas of Sparta

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• The Greeks realized that they couldn’t win without a strategy

• Thermopylae– 75 miles north of Athens– Narrow pass between high cliffs– Only one part of the army could attack

at a time• Greeks held the pass for 2 days• A traitor (Ephialtes) showed the

Persians how to slip around the Greeks

• Leonidas ordered the majority of the army to retreat.

• 300 left behind

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The heroism of the Spartans slowed the Persians but did not stop them

Xerxes burns Athens to the ground• Most of the citizens had been evacuated

Persians are set to conquer Greece Xerxes leads with his navy

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Fleets crash at Salamis• Athenian navy lured them to shallow waters • Rammed and sunk Persian ships• Greek boats were filled with soldiers

Defeat of the Persians Xerxes sails home Pausanias

• The battle of Plataea• Persians out of Greece

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Delian League Pericles Parthenon Doric

Aristophanes Sophocles Euripides Aeschylus Trilogy Herodotus Thucydides Hippocrates

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After the Persian War• Sparta hurries home to their helots• Athens begins to build a mighty empire• Many of the poleis feared that the Persians

would invade again Wanted to protect themselves from future invasions

The Delian League is Established• Sparta refused to join• Athens plays the leading role

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Each polis agrees to:• Send money or ships to support the league

Amount sent determined by Athens Athens begins to treat allies more

like colonies Each member of the league had to

swear allegiance to Athens No one was allowed to resign from

the league

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Used to fund the Golden Age of Athens

This period lasts 75 years• From the Persian Wars (479 BC) to the end

of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC) Athens produces some of the

greatest artistic and achievements the world has ever known

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One of the leading citizens during the Golden Age

Elected to the Strategoi for 30 years An amazing orator

• “his words were like lightning and thunder” People were swayed by his opinion Hard Worker, and dedicated

• He did not spend time walking on roads that did not lead to government buildings

• He did not believe in wasting time attending parties or social events

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Led the military in victorious campaigns Kept members of Delian League in line Established and supervised Athenian

Colonies Convinced the Ecclesia to build bigger and

stronger walls to protect Athens• Walls to Piraeus

Strengthened Athenian Democracy• Convinced Ecclesia to pay citizens for

government work Enabled the poor the opportunity to participate in the

government.

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Patron of the Arts Rebuild the temples and buildings in

the Acropolis• Wanted to use money from the Delian

League• Controversial• Pericles used his oratorical skills to

persuade the allies

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The most famous building built under the leadership of Pericles

Temple to Athena the Greek Goddess of Wisdom

Built between 447 and 432 BC One of the Greatest Treasures of

human culture

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• Pericles wanted the building to be a symbol of the wealth, power and prosperity of Athens

• 2 Architects were recruited– Iktinos and Kallikrates,

• They designed a building that was 230 x 100 x 60

• 20,000 tons of marble were used• Each side of the Parthenon had a row of

columns– Doric columns

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Carvings on the side were done by Pheidias• The most famous sculptor of Ancient

Greece Inside the Temple

• 40 ft statue of Athena Covered with Gold and Ivory Statue of Athena cost more than the building it

was housed in. Destroyed in ancient times A smaller copy still exists

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• Large Theatres were built for drama performances

• Drama began as Festival in honor of the Greek god of wine– Dionysus

• Two Types of Drama– Comedy– Tragedy

• The Theatre of Dionysus– 3000 participants each year

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Comic• Aristophanes

Tragic• Sophocles• Euripides• Aeschylus

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Comic playwright• Made fun of statesmen

Pericles• Made fun of Dramatists

Euripides• Made fun of Scholars

Socrates

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Teenager during the Persian Wars Played roles in performances

celebrating the victory Aeschylus’ biggest rival Oedipus the King

• Most famous play

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Produced 80-90 plays Won fewer awards than Aeschylus

and Sophocles Admired for his psychological

insights Media is his mosr famous play

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Oldest of the four dramatists Fought in the Persian Wars and

wrote plays about them• Sponsored by Pericles

Wrote a trilogy called the Orestiea • One scene caused children to go into

convulsions and pregnant women had miscarriages

Wrote more than 80 plays• Only 7 have survived

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Distinctive Pottery Hippocrates

• Father of Medicine• Hippocratic Oath

Herodotus• Father of History

Thucydides• History of the Peloponnesian War

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Peloponnesian League Alcibiades Sicily

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Sparta and some of its allies form the Peloponnesian League• Named that way because of its location

Democratic relations between Athens and the Peloponnesian League Deteriorated

431 BC War Breaks out

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Pericles knew that the Spartan Army was much stronger

Athens has a stronger navy Athenian Strategy

• Avoid meeting Sparta in a land battle• Hole up in the walls of Athens• Supply the people within the walls via the

Navy• Attack towns along the coast of the

Peloponnesus

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Pericles convinces the citizens to follow his plan

Everyone leaves and seeks refuge in Athens

Sparta marches in to find a deserted country-side• Burn everything• Athenians wanted to fight

“Crops will grow back, dead men will not” The strategy is successful in the 1st year Sparta gives up

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Year two Another Spartan land attack Athens retreats behind the walls

• A plague sweeps through the city 1/4 of the population is killed Lasts 3 years Pericles Dies Pericles is replaced

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Sparta could not attack Athens would not leave Alcibiades

• Attack the island of Sicily• Renew supplies• Attack Sparta on Both sides• Some people didn’t trust Alcibiades

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• Athens met a strong resistance• Sicily is much stronger• Athenian army is divided

– Those that weren’t killed became slaves in the quarries

• Alcibiades is ordered to return to Athens– Flees to Sparta– Tells Sparta of Athens plans– Sparta did not trust him– Flees to Persia

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Battle at Sicily shifts the balance of power in the favor of the Spartans

Spartans ally with Persia First Naval Victory in 405 BC Athens surrender in 404 BC Sparta and it Allies win the

Peloponnesian War

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Athenians are forced to tear down the walls that once protected them• Not allowed to have a navy any more• New government set up by Sparta

Rule of 30 nobles The nobles were corrupt

• Athenians Rebel Democracy is restored

Sparta allows Athens to be as long as they are peaceful

End of the Athenian Empire and the Golden Age

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Socrates Aristotle Plato Heraclitus Nicomachean Ethics

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As the Athenian Empire crumbles• Athenian philosophy bursts into bloom

Athens becomes the home of brilliant and influential philosophers

Socrates Aristotle Plato

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All of life’s early questions were answered with Greek Mythology• Storm at Sea

Poseidon• Thunderstorm

Zeus• World’s Problems

Pandora

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6th Century BC many people become disenchanted with the explanations that mythology provides

Greeks begin to use reason to understand the world• The beginning of Philosophy

The love of Wisdom

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Most famous Greek philosopher Watch Athens crumble More concerned about how we ought

to behave Talked with others in the agora

(market place) Tried to get people to examine their

lives Socratic Method

• Questions and Answers Put to death for corrupting the youth

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Born in 384 BC Studied with Plato for 20 years Started his on school called the Lyceum Collected animals insects and plants Loved to study and dissect them

• He learned that there is always more than one way to explain things All explanations were important

He developed that basics of the scientific research

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• 24 at the end of the Peloponnesian War• Tried to record the early conversation of

Socrates• Dialogues were based on things that

Socrates might have said• Much more idealistic than Socrates• Tried to understand what the ideal of

goodness was and less time trying to help people recognize whether they were actually living it

• Started the Academy – Lasted 900 years– Closed by Justinian because it didn’t teach

Christianity

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Mastery of Mathematics• Plato thought it led to pure abstract truth

Two worlds• Perfect one of forms and ideals• Imperfect one that we live in

The purpose of philosophy was to identify the perfect forms that life really has in its ideal state

By studying mathematics and philosophy we can learn what things are really like.

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• Philosophers should play a central role in society– They understand the meaning of truth and

justice– Did not believe in the idea of Democracy

• It gave people power that didn’t understand justice• Democracy executed Socrates

• Plato thought that citizens should spend their lives training to be good people

• Ideal society would teach citizens to control themselves and to act for the good of others

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Everything is always changing• You never step into the same river twice

To live long it was important to keep your soul from becoming to wet.

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Wrote the Nicomachean Ethics• “Virtue, therefore is a kind of moderation or

mean as it aims at the mean or moderate amount.” People should avoid extremes of all kinds

Studied to see which form of government was the best• The responsibility of the government was

to create the good life for its citizens

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Not all people are created equal• Men vs. women• Aristocrats vs. non-aristocrats• Slavery

Legacy of the Philosophers• Taught us to examine our lives• Taught us about observation

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Alexander Darius III Gordian Knot Hellenistic Period Alexandria Ptolemy

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Alexander the great conquered more land than anyone• He collected more wealth• Ruled more people

Student of Aristotle Son of Philip II (King of Macedonia)

• Killed when Alexander was 20• Alexander became the king

People thought he would be easy to remove He surprised everyone

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Strong Handsome Intelligent Brave

• Fearless fighter in the worst part of battle Made his troops loyal to him Made enemies afraid

As a young man he helped his father to conquer Greece• Easy to do

After the death of his father he decided to attack the Persians

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Mediterranean Sea Modern Iran Afghanistan Turkey Middle East Egypt

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30,000 infantry 5000 men on horseback No navy

His Plan• Gain a couple of quick victories• Obtain supplies• People would want to follow because he

was brave and strong

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Asia Minor• Conquered

Darius III• Fled and broke ranks

Marched south seizing towns along the Mediterranean

Conquered the Middle East• Jerusalem

Everything between Asia Minor and Egypt

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• They would not attack– If he could keep half of the Empire– Alexander refused

• He wanted it all• Meanwhile back in Persia

– Nobles weren’t happy with Darius III• Arrested Darius III and murdered him• Prepared for Alexander

– The Fight Lasted for 3 years• Mountain to mountain• Attack from behind• Alexander could not be beat.

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Alexander didn’t stop after Persia India 326 BC

• After victory his men decided they had had enough fighting 8 years They felt that the enemy army was much

stronger Elephants

200 5000

They went home

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Returned home • People expected him to be their ruler

324 to Babylon • Capital of his empire• Make plans for new projects and cities

323 Fever• Dies at 33 years

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Gordian knot

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323 BC to 30 BC Greek culture spread to many lands Alexander died very unexpectedly

• Left no directions how to run or govern the empire Deathbed Successor?

“To the Strongest”

The empire was divided between 5 generals• Fought to see who was “the strongest”

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He believed in the Greek system of education• Large public buildings, Theaters, and

gymnasiums• The generals carried out as many plans as

they could• Greeks became in demand

Soldiers, philosophers, artists, and poets

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Coins Education Philosophers Artists Architects Learning and Science Flourished

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• In Egypt– Model Greek town

• Government run by Greeks• Planned like a Greek city

– Gymnasiums• Important schools

– Became the center of Greek Learning for nearly 1000 years

– Ptolomy• Began a library

– 200,000 scrolls– Continued by his son

» 1 BC 700,000

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Alexandria was the center of learning• Ptolemy-

theory of how the planets, the sun and the stars all revolve around the earth. Accepted until the 16th century

The library was destroyed by robberies, fires and foreign invasions.

The Hellenistic Period was a great flowering of Greek culture.• Another Empire was growing in Italy.

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