1 Chapter 3 Individual Differences Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Transcript of 1 Chapter 3 Individual Differences Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Chapter 3
Individual Differences
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Module 1: Introduction toIndividual Differences
• Background– 1890 – Cattell & concept of “mental test”– Differential psychology– Psychometrics– World War I & the intelligence test– “g” or general mental ability
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Varieties of Individual Differences
• Cognitive ability & the g-ocentric model
• Physical ability
• Personality
• Interests
• Knowledge
• Emotion
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Monica Lau/Getty Images
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Attributes & Behaviorin Organizations
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Figure 3.1The Link between Attributes and Behavior in OrganizationsSource: K. R. Murphy (1996a).
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Fundamental Assumptions in Applying Individual Differences Model
• Adults have variety of attributes that are relatively stable over a period of time
• People differ with respect to those attributes
• Relative differences among people on these attributes remain even after training
• Different jobs require different attributes
• These attributes can be measured
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• Taxonomy of abilities
– Fleishman’s taxonomy of 52 abilities• Cognitive abilities• Physical abilities• Perceptual-motor abilities
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Module 2: Mental & Physical Abilities
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• Intelligence as “g”– Involves ability to
reason, plan, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, & learn from experience
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Cognitive Abilities
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• Is “g” important at work? Yes
– ↑ job complexity = ↑ predictive value of general intelligence
tests
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Cognitive Abilities
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Cognitive Abilities
• Beyond “g”– Carroll’s Hierarchical Model
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Figure 3.2Carroll’s Hierarchical ModelSource: Carroll (1993).
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Sensory Abilities
• Vision
• Touch
• Taste• Smell
• Hearing
• Kinesthetic feedback
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• Also called sensorimotor or motor abilities
• Fleishman’s psychomotor abilities
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Psychomotor Abilities
– Arm-hand steadiness– Manual dexterity– Finger dexterity– Control precision
– Response orientation– Rate control– Reaction time– Wrist-finger speed
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Module 3: Personality & Interests
• Big Five Personality Model• Conscientiousness• Agreeableness• Emotional stability• Extraversion• Openness to experience
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Practical Issues Associated with Personality Measures
• Faking– Self-presentation– Self-efficacy– Social desirability– Does faking really matter?
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Vocational Interests
• Expressions of liking about environments, activities
• Holland’s vocational typology– Realistic
– Investigative
– Artistic
– Social
– Enterprising
– Conventional
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Holland’s Vocational Typology
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Figure 3.4Personality DimensionsUnderlying the HexagonalRepresentation of Holland’sVocational TypologySource: Hogan & Blake (1996).
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Module 4: Additional Proposed Individual Differences
• Skills– Practiced acts
– Technical & non-technical
• Knowledge– Collection of discrete but related facts & information
about a particular domain
– Tacit knowledge → “street smarts”
– Procedural knowledge → knowing “how”
– Declarative knowledge → knowing “that”
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Additional Proposed Individual Differences (cont'd)
• Experience– Seniority vs. experience– Measurement modes
• Amount• Time• Type
– Level of specificity• Task• Job• Organizational
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Modes of Experience
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Figure 3.5Modes of Experience
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Additional Proposed Individual Differences (cont'd)
• Competencies– Sets of behaviors instrumental in accomplishing
various activities– Combination of individual difference
characteristics
• Emotional intelligence– Awareness of our own & others’ emotions– Controversial construct
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Permissions
Slide 3: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Monica Lau/Getty Images, Source Image ID: AA037228, Filename: 100006.JPG
Slide 4: Figure 3.1 from Murphy, K. R. (Ed.) (1996). Individual differences and behavior in organizations, p. 47. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slide 7: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Chad Baker/Getty Images, Source Image ID: CC000611, Filename: 83061.JPG
Slide 9: Figure 3.2 from Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted with the permission of Cambridge University Press.
Slide 10: Figure 3.3 from Guion, R. M. (1998). Assessment, measurement, and prediction, Fig. 3.7, p. 148. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Reprinted by permission of Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Slide 11: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Jeff Maloney/Getty Images, Source Image ID: LS003211, Filename: 40179.JPG
Slide 17: Figure 3.4 from Hogan, R., & Blake, R. J. (1996). Vocational interests: Matching self-concept with the work environment. In K. R. Murphy (Ed.), Individual differences and behavior in organizations, pp.98, 99. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slide 19: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Royalty-Free/CORBIS, Source Image ID: CB056671, Filename: BCU0053.jpg
