1-CHAPTER 1 land

8/11/2019 1-CHAPTER 1 land

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

AGR 358

ESTATE LAND SURVEY


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Relativepositionof points

Art[Cartography]

Science

[Measurement science]

Technology

Definitions

NHW


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Science, art and technology of making

measurement on the relative position ofthe natural and man made features on

the earth surface and presentation of

this information either graphically or

numerically.

Definition


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Survey classes

Aim of surveyi. Plane Survey

ii. Geodetic Survey

Use of survey equipment

i. Prismatic Compass

ii. Automatic Level

iii. Total Station

iv. GPS


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Types of Survey

Engineering Survey Topographic Survey

Cadastral survey

Hydrographic Survey Astronomy

Global Positioning System

Photogrammetry survey

Remote Sensing

Mining survey

Geological survey


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o Engineering Survey

Basic requirements before any design and

engineering works begins.(Architects and

Engineers)

Survey measurements are link to survey

marks such as boundary marks, control

survey marks, bench marks, triangulation

and GPS monuments and etc which have

horizontal and vertical control(X,Y,Z)


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o Cadastral Survey

Survey for land administration

For the issue of land titles that includesstrata and stratum titles.


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Hydrographic Survey

Usesproduction of nautical and

bathymetry charts, construction and portmaintenance.

Topographic Survey

Measuring the relief, roughness, or 3-D

earth's surface.

Locations of man-made and naturalfeatures.

Entire information is plotted, called

topographic maps


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Geodetic Survey

Survey to determine the shape of the earth

with the use of precise equipment

Astronomy

Use to determine azimuth, for controlpurpose.

Photogrammetry

Use of aerial photographs to produce maps


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Basic Principles of Land Surveying

i. To determine the position of points on thesurface of the earth.

ii. To determine the quantitysuch as distances,

areas and volume.


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The Process of Surveying

Taking a general view

To obtain an overall picture of what is

required before measurements.


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Observation and Measurement

To determine the relative position and sizes of

artificial and natural features.


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PresentationData presented in a form which allows theinformation to be clearly interpreted andunderstood by others.


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A planshows all details reduced proportionally

and is used mostly for development purposes.


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A map is drawn to a

much smaller scaleat which it is

impossible to show

all detail clearly at

the same scale.


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Land Survey Equipments


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Land Survey Equipments


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MEASUREMENTS

The application of a device orapparatus for the purpose of

ascertaining an unknown quantity.

An observation made to determinean unknown quantity.


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Characteristics of Measurements:

No measurements are exact.

A measurement is always subject to error.

Kinds of Measurements: Directuse instruments

Indirectby calculations


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Measurements


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Direct Linear Measurement


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Measurements


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SCALE

Scale represents the amount of reductioncompared to the distances represented on

the earth's surface. Without a scale, a map is

not a map, it is a diagram. The scale of a map is usually represented in

one of three ways:

Representative Fraction (RF)

Word Scale

Graphic Scale


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Representative Fraction RF)

To display a scale as a representative

fraction, identical units must be used.

A RF scale of 1:24000 means: One inch on the map equals 24000 inches on the

ground, OR

One centimeter on the map equals 24000

centimeters on the ground.


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Word Scale

A word scale equates units measured on the

map with some larger unit of measure on the

ground.

One Inch to Five Miles or

One Centimeter to Three Kilometers

Easier to perceive than the RF scale

Harder to convert units of measure


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Graphic Scale

400 miles


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Scale bar


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Conversion between a statement and

a representative fraction

You must get each side of the scale intosame units, for example:Convert 1 cm to 1 km into RF

1 cm = 1000m = 100,000 cm

RF = 1:100,000

Convert 1:250,000

1 cm to 250,000 cm = 2500m = 2.5 km

Scale is 1 cm to 2.5 km


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General scale categories

Large > 1:70,000

Medium = 70,000 to 400,000

Small < 1:400,000


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PRECISION VERSUS ACCURACY

The objectiveof the surveyor is to makemeasurements that are both precise andaccurate.

Precis ion refers to the degree ofconsistency between measurementsand is based on the size of thediscrepancies in a data set.

Accuracyis a measure of the absolutenearness of the measured quantity toits true value.


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ERRORS : Definition

An error is a difference from a true value

caused by the imperfection of a persons

senses, equipment, or weather effects.

Errors cannot be eliminated but can be

minimized by careful work, combined withthe application of certain numerical

corrections.


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MISTAKE : Definition

A mistake (blunder) is a difference from a

true value caused by the inattention of the

surveyor.

For example, misreading (6 or 9),

misrecording (6 or 8), miscalculate or

erroneous in booking.

This carelessness can be eliminated by

careful checking


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Sources of Errors:

Instrumental errors Caused by imperfections in instrument

construction or adjustment.

Natural errors Caused by changing conditions in the

surrounding environment.

Personal errors Caused by limitations in human senses and

manual dexterity.

1-CHAPTER 1 land

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