1 Ch. 4: Compounds and Their Bonds Chem. 20 El Camino College.
1 Ch. 12: Compounds with O and S Chem 20 El Camino College.
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Transcript of 1 Ch. 12: Compounds with O and S Chem 20 El Camino College.
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Ch. 12: Compounds with O and S
Chem 20
El Camino College
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Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers
H3C
O
H H3C
S
H H3C
O
CH3
methanol methanethiol dimethyl ether
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Naming Alcohols
Name the longest carbon chain containing the OH group, use the –ol suffix
Number the chain to give the OH the lowest number
Give the location and name of other substituents in alphabetical order.
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Name These
1-butanol 2-butanol 3-pentanol
H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
OH
OH
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Name These
3-methyl-2-pentanol
2,2-dimethyl-1-butanol
2-bromo-2-chloro-1-butanol
OH OH
Cl Br
OH
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Draw These
3-methyl-2-butanol
2,2-dibromo-1-propanol
cyclopentanol
OH
CH3
Br Br
OH
OH
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Naming Ethers
Write the name of each group attached to the O Use alphabetical order If the groups are the same, use the prefix “di”
H3C
O
CH2
CH3H3C CH2 O CH2 CH3 O CH3
ethyl methyl etherdiethyl ether
cyclopropyl methyl ether
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Solubility “Like dissolves like” explains solubility Alkanes are nonpolar
they are insoluble in water Ethers are slightly polar
ethers with small carbon chains are water solubleethers with long carbon chains are water insoluble
Alcohols are polaralcohols with small/medium C chains are solublealcohols with large C chains are water insoluble.
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Give Name: Solubility
O
O
OH
OH
OH
propane: insoluble in water
dimethyl ether: soluble in water
dibutyl ether: insoluble in water
ethanol: soluble in water
1-hexanol: soluble in water
1-octanol: insoluble in water
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Aldehyde and Ketone
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Oxidation Reaction
In one kind of oxidation rxn of alcohols, the carbon bearing the OH turns into a C=O groupIf the C bearing the OH is attached to one other carbon or less, an aldehyde formsIf the C bearing the OH is attached to two other carbons, a ketone formsIf the C bearing the OH is attached to three other carbons, no reaction happens.
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H3C
O
H
[ O ]
H
C
H
O
aldehyde
CH2
O
H
[ O ]
H3C
C
H
O
H3Caldehyde
CH
O
H
[ O ]
H3C
C
CH3
O
H3C
H3C
ketone
C
O
H
[ O ]H3C
H3C CH3
no reaction
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Draw the product: aldehyde, ketone, or NR?
OH
HO
OH
[ O ]
[ O ]
[ O ]
Oketone
O
aldehyde
H
O
ketone
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Naming Aldehydes
Name the longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl (C=O)
Use the suffix “al” Name any substituents by numbering the
carbonyl carbon as number 1
H
C
H
O
methanal(formaldehyde)
H3C
C
H
O
ethanal
H
O
propanal
O
2-methylpropanal
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Name These
pentanal 2,3-dibromobutanal
O
H
O
H
Br
Br
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Naming Ketones Name the longest carbon chain containing the
carbonyl (C=O) Use the suffix “one” Number the main chain from the end nearest the
carbonyl. Name and number any substituent
H3C
C
CH3
O
propanone(acetone)
H3C
C
CH2CH3
O
butanone
CH3
O
3-methylbutanone
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Name These
pentanal 2-pentanone 3-pentanone
O
H
O
O
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Name These
cyclopentanone 3-heptanone
3,3-dichlorobutanone
O
O
CH3
O
Cl Cl
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Properties Aldehydes and ketones are slightly polar They tend to have similar bps to ethers of the
same molar mass They tend to have much lower bps than
alcohols, because alcohols are much more polar Aldehydes and ketones of 5 C atoms or less are
soluble in water
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Chemical Tests
In Tollens’ test, an aldehyde is oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Silver also forms.
CH3CHO + 2 Ag+ 2 Ag(s) + CH3COOH
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Chemical Tests
In Benedict’s test, an aldehyde that has an OH group on the next carbon forms a carboxylic acid. Red ppt also forms.
RCHO + 2Cu2+ Cu2O(s) + RCOOH
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Isomers Isomers are compounds with the same formula, but the atoms are attached
differently “Stereoisomers” have the atoms arranged differently in space--they are related
as mirror images.
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Chiral Carbons
Chiral carbons are tetrahedral carbons with four different attachments
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