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Cell TheoryCell Theory•All know living things

are made up of cells

•Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things

•All cells come from pre-existing cells

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Robert Hooke-1665Robert Hooke-1665

• First to see cells.First to see cells.

• First to use the First to use the word “cells”- word “cells”- named for the named for the places that monks places that monks sleep in monastery sleep in monastery

• Built first Built first microscope microscope

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Theodor Schwann1839

Concluded that all animals are made up of cells

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Matthias Schleiden

1839

Concluded that all plant cells are made up of cells

Two basic Types of Two basic Types of CellsCells

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Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic CellsDO HAVEDO HAVE

• Cell membraneCell membrane

• RibosomesRibosomes

• DNADNA

DO NOT HAVEDO NOT HAVE

• OrganellesOrganelles

• NucleusNucleus

•Are all singled celled organisms.

•Thought of as more ancient life forms…they came 1st!

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Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

•Have Have organelles.organelles.

•Singled-celled Singled-celled or multicellular or multicellular organisms!organisms!

•2 Types: 2 Types: PlantPlant and and AnimalAnimal

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Basic Cell StructureBasic Cell Structure

•Cells come in many Cells come in many different shapes and different shapes and sizes.sizes.

•Like bricks in a building, Like bricks in a building, cells make up all living cells make up all living thingsthings

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The Cell MembraneThe Cell Membrane

•The outside of ALL cells are surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipidsphospholipids..

• Nickname:Nickname: “The “The gatekeeper”gatekeeper”

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Membrane StructureMembrane Structure•There are proteins “stuck” in the membrane

that help get things into and out of the cells. •They also help to get messages into the cell.

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The Membrane is a lipid bilayer.

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How do How do molecules molecules

get into and get into and out of a cell?out of a cell?

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Transport through the Transport through the membranemembraneTwo typesTwo types

–Passive TransportPassive Transport•EnergyEnergy input input NOT NOT requiredrequired

–Active TransportActive Transport•EnergyEnergy input input requiredrequired

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Passive Passive TransportTransport

Protein

Moves material Moves material from from HighHigh Concentration Concentration to to Low Low concentrationconcentration

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3 types of Passive Transport

1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Facilitated Diffusion

DiffusionDiffusion•Movement Movement of of molecules molecules from a from a place of place of higher higher concentraticoncentration on toto a a place of place of lower lower concentraticoncentrationon

•Always Always higher to higher to lower!lower!

•No energy No energy input input required!required!

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Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell membranemembrane

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•Types of solutions: The Types of solutions: The direction in which the water direction in which the water moves is determined by the moves is determined by the type of solution. type of solution.

•Remember water runs Remember water runs downhill!downhill!

• From high concentration to From high concentration to low concentration.low concentration.

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3 types of 3 types of SolutionsSolutions

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What types of solution?What types of solution?

Hypertonic

Or

Hypotonic

HighConcentration

LowConcentration

Cell Membrane

bilayer

Glucosemolecules

Proteinchannel

Facilitated DiffusionParticles moved with the help of membrane proteins

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Active TransportActive Transport•Energy is Energy is requiredrequired..

•Need ATP- the Need ATP- the universal universal energy energy molecule.molecule.

•Low to high Low to high concentrationconcentration

•Energy is Energy is requiredrequired..

•Need ATP- the Need ATP- the universal universal energy energy molecule.molecule.

•Low to high Low to high concentrationconcentration

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Ways to get molecules into Ways to get molecules into and out of a cell with active and out of a cell with active transporttransport

Some molecules are too Some molecules are too large to get through the large to get through the membrane.membrane.

WebsiteWebsite

1.1.EndocytosisEndocytosis• IntoInto

1.1.ExocytosisExocytosis• Out ofOut of

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EENNDDOOCCYYTTOOSSIISS

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Inside of the cell Outside of the cell

ExocytosisExocytosis

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Cell StructureCell Structure•Cells are composed of a Cells are composed of a

variety of structures that variety of structures that help them do their jobs.help them do their jobs.

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•Found in Plant, Fungi, and Bacteria Cells

•Provides support and protection

• In plants, the cell wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose.

23Cell Wall

RibosomesRibosomes•Not technically an

organelles.•Nickname:

“protein maker”•They help put the

amino acids together to make proteins.

•Made of the nucleic Acid-RNA

• websitewebsite

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The CytoplasmThe Cytoplasm

• jelly-like jelly-like substancesubstance

• contains all of the contains all of the organellesorganelles

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Organelles in the Organelles in the CytoplasmCytoplasm•Each organelle has a specific

function so that the cell can do its job.

•Each organelle has its own job!

•Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!

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What’s an organelle?What’s an organelle?

•Organelle mean “tiny Organelle mean “tiny organ.”organ.”

•Organelles function Organelles function together to help the cell together to help the cell carry out all of life’s carry out all of life’s activities!!activities!!

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Nucleus-The Control Nucleus-The Control CenterCenter•““The Brain”The Brain”•Contains the Contains the

DNADNA•DNA controls DNA controls

which which proteins get proteins get made-and made-and when!when!

•Where Where ribosomes ribosomes are madeare made

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• has a has a phospholipid phospholipid bilayer around itbilayer around it

• nuclear pores nuclear pores allow substances allow substances to move into and to move into and out of the out of the nucleusnucleus

• DNA DNA NEVERNEVER leaves the leaves the nucleusnucleus

29Nucleus (Continued)

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Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum• Membrane Membrane

system - system - function = function = protein protein synthesis synthesis and and transport.transport.

• thought of thought of as a as a HighwayHighway and a place and a place of protein of protein synthesis.synthesis.

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Two types of ERTwo types of ER

• SmoothSmooth– No attached No attached

ribosomesribosomes

• RoughRough– Attached Attached

ribosomesribosomes

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Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

• Nickname: “UPS”Nickname: “UPS”

• Packages molecules Packages molecules and sends them to and sends them to their destination.their destination.

• Also checks to make Also checks to make sure the molecules sure the molecules are put together are put together correctly, if not correctly, if not correct it sends correct it sends them back to the them back to the ER.ER.

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Let’s ReviewLet’s Review

VacuolesVacuoles• packages of material that are being stored and transported

•Plants usually have one large one

•Animals generally have many small ones.

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LysosomesLysosomes

• Nickname Nickname ““Recycling Recycling CenterCenter””

• Has digestive Has digestive enzymes that enzymes that breakdown and breakdown and recycle recycle moleculesmolecules..

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ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis in plants.

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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton• Gives cells their Gives cells their shapeshape..

• Contain proteins: microtubules (shape) Contain proteins: microtubules (shape) and microfilaments (movement). and microfilaments (movement).               

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MitochondriaMitochondria

• Nickname: Nickname: ““PowerhousePowerhouse””

• Site of ATP Site of ATP productionproduction

• ATP is the universal ATP is the universal energy moleculeenergy molecule

• Energy is stored in Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP.the bonds of ATP.

• WebsiteWebsite

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Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrian

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

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Animal Cell

Centrioles

NucleolusNucleus

Nuclearenvelope

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrian

CellMembrane

Ribosome(free)

Ribosome(attached)

Organelles of the Cell Clip42

Animal Cell vs. Plant CellAnimal Cell vs. Plant Cell

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Levels of Organization• Cells make up tissues.Cells make up tissues.

• Tissues make up Organs.Tissues make up Organs.

• Organs make up organ systems.Organs make up organ systems.

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