#1#1

• Britain's Parliament Britain's Parliament served as a model for served as a model for American democratic American democratic government.government.

#2#2• The Constitutional Convention The Constitutional Convention

was originally called in 1787 in was originally called in 1787 in Philadelphia to revise the Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. Articles of Confederation. Eventually, the Articles were Eventually, the Articles were abolished altogether, and a new abolished altogether, and a new Constitution was written.Constitution was written.

#3#3

• The Virginia Plan, which The Virginia Plan, which provided for three provided for three branches of government branches of government with a 2-house Congress, with a 2-house Congress, was the basis for the new was the basis for the new Constitution.Constitution.

#4#4

• Because his Virginia Plan Because his Virginia Plan became the basis for the became the basis for the Constitution, James Constitution, James Madison is widely Madison is widely considered the “father of considered the “father of the Constitution.”the Constitution.”

#5#5

• Compromises dealing Compromises dealing with slavery as well as with slavery as well as political representation political representation enabled the Constitution enabled the Constitution to be written.to be written.

#6#6

• The Great Compromise at The Great Compromise at the Constitutional the Constitutional Convention settled the Convention settled the issue between large and issue between large and small states on how they small states on how they would be represented.would be represented.

#7#7

• The 3/5 Compromise The 3/5 Compromise settled the issue of how settled the issue of how slaves would be counted slaves would be counted for representation in for representation in Congress and taxation.Congress and taxation.

#8#8

• The legislative branch The legislative branch makes the laws.makes the laws.

#9#9

• The executive branch The executive branch enforces the laws.enforces the laws.

#10#10

• The judicial branch The judicial branch interprets the laws.interprets the laws.

#11#11

• The Constitution is based The Constitution is based on principles of popular on principles of popular sovereignty, separation of sovereignty, separation of powers, checks and powers, checks and balances, limited balances, limited government, and federalism.government, and federalism.

#12#12

• Popular sovereignty Popular sovereignty means that the people are means that the people are the most important source the most important source of governmental power.of governmental power.

#13#13

• A republic is a A republic is a government in which government in which people elect people elect representatives to govern representatives to govern for them.for them.

#14#14

• Federalism exists when Federalism exists when there is a strong national there is a strong national government, and power is government, and power is divided between federal divided between federal and state government.and state government.

#15#15

• Separation of powers Separation of powers divides the government divides the government into 3 branches, which into 3 branches, which helps prevent any one helps prevent any one group or individual from group or individual from becoming too powerful.becoming too powerful.

#16#16

• Checks and balances is a Checks and balances is a system that allows each system that allows each of the 3 branches to exert of the 3 branches to exert some control (or check) some control (or check) over the other branches.over the other branches.

#17#17

• Federalists, such as Federalists, such as Alexander Hamilton and Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, favored James Madison, favored ratification of the ratification of the Constitution because they Constitution because they favored a strong central favored a strong central government.government.

#18#18

• Hamilton, Madison and Hamilton, Madison and John Jay united to write John Jay united to write The Federalist Papers, The Federalist Papers, essays describing why essays describing why citizens should ratify the citizens should ratify the Constitution.Constitution.

#19#19

• Anti-Federalists opposed Anti-Federalists opposed ratification of the ratification of the Constitution because they Constitution because they believed it made the state believed it made the state governments too weak, governments too weak, and it had no bill of rights.and it had no bill of rights.

#20#20

• The Bill of Rights, the 1The Bill of Rights, the 1stst ten amendments to the ten amendments to the Constitution, guarantees Constitution, guarantees inalienable rights and inalienable rights and freedoms to Americans.freedoms to Americans.

#21#21

• The 5 basic rights The 5 basic rights guaranteed to citizens in guaranteed to citizens in the 1the 1stst Amendment are Amendment are freedoms of speech, freedoms of speech, press, religion, petition, press, religion, petition, and assembly.and assembly.

#22#22

• President Washington’s President Washington’s handling of the Whiskey handling of the Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated Rebellion demonstrated the supremacy and the the supremacy and the power of the national power of the national government.government.

#23#23

• Alexander Hamilton, our Alexander Hamilton, our first Secretary of the first Secretary of the Treasury, developed a Treasury, developed a strong economic plan that strong economic plan that helped get the nation out helped get the nation out of debt.of debt.

#24#24

• The political and economic The political and economic differences of the time differences of the time helped form the first two helped form the first two political parties known as political parties known as the Democratic-Republicans the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists.and Federalists.

#25#25

• The Democratic-The Democratic-Republicans, led by Thomas Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Jefferson and James Madison, favored popular Madison, favored popular sovereignty, states’ rights, sovereignty, states’ rights, and limited government.and limited government.

#26#26

• The Federalists, led by The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, favored a strong central favored a strong central government to strengthen government to strengthen the nation’s economy.the nation’s economy.

#27#27

• In his Farewell Address, In his Farewell Address, George Washington George Washington advised the nation to stay advised the nation to stay out of foreign affairs and out of foreign affairs and to avoid dividing into to avoid dividing into political parties.political parties.

#28#28

• The Alien and Sedition The Alien and Sedition Acts made it more difficult Acts made it more difficult to become a citizen and to become a citizen and illegal to slander (or illegal to slander (or criticize) the government.criticize) the government.

#29#29

• The principal of judicial The principal of judicial review, established in the review, established in the case of case of Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison, , states that the Supreme states that the Supreme Court has the final say in Court has the final say in interpreting the Constitution.interpreting the Constitution.

#30#30

• President Jefferson and his President Jefferson and his diplomats made the Louisiana diplomats made the Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon and Purchase from Napoleon and then sent the Lewis and Clark then sent the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the new expedition to explore the new territory & find a water route to territory & find a water route to the Pacific Ocean.the Pacific Ocean.

#31#31

• British interference with British interference with U.S. affairs, such as the U.S. affairs, such as the impressment (or impressment (or kidnapping) of around kidnapping) of around 6,000 sailors, led to the 6,000 sailors, led to the War of 1812.War of 1812.

#32#32

• The War of 1812 increased The War of 1812 increased American patriotism, American patriotism, weakened Native weakened Native American power, and American power, and increased U.S. increased U.S. manufacturing. manufacturing.

#33#33

• Dolly Madison was an Dolly Madison was an incredibly popular First Lady incredibly popular First Lady who saved George who saved George Washington’s portrait and Washington’s portrait and other important documents other important documents from the White House before from the White House before the British burned it.the British burned it.

#34#34

• After the battle of Fort After the battle of Fort McHenry, Francis Scott McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner, which Spangled Banner, which became our national became our national anthem.anthem.

#35#35

• The American victory at The American victory at the Battle of New Orleans the Battle of New Orleans makes Andrew Jackson a makes Andrew Jackson a national hero.national hero.

#36#36

• The Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise of 1820 kept a balance of of 1820 kept a balance of power in the Senate power in the Senate between slave states and between slave states and free states.free states.

#37#37

• The Monroe Doctrine, written The Monroe Doctrine, written by John Quincy Adams, by John Quincy Adams, warned European nations to warned European nations to stay out of the affairs of the stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, and in Western Hemisphere, and in return we would stay out of return we would stay out of European affairs.European affairs.

#38#38

• Most goods were Most goods were produced in Britain before produced in Britain before the Industrial Revolution.the Industrial Revolution.

#39#39

• Samuel slater illegally Samuel slater illegally brought machinery brought machinery blueprints from Great blueprints from Great Britain to the U.S. This Britain to the U.S. This started the Industrial started the Industrial Revolution in America.Revolution in America.

#40#40

• The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was the change from man-was the change from man-made to machine-made made to machine-made goods- from farms to goods- from farms to factories. factories.

#41#41

• Most factories were built in Most factories were built in the Northeast because of the the Northeast because of the availability of water power– availability of water power– making large-scale making large-scale manufacturing the main form manufacturing the main form of work in the northeastern of work in the northeastern instead of farming.instead of farming.

#42#42

• Eli Whitney’s invention of the Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin changed Southern cotton gin changed Southern life dramatically. The south life dramatically. The south became even more agrarian became even more agrarian as cotton became king and as cotton became king and slavery expanded slavery expanded significantly. significantly.

#43#43

• Improvements in Improvements in transportation (such as new transportation (such as new roads, canals, etc.) made it roads, canals, etc.) made it easier and cheaper to ship easier and cheaper to ship goods and encouraged goods and encouraged westward expansion.westward expansion.

#44#44

• Robert Fulton was the Robert Fulton was the first to take the idea of a first to take the idea of a steamboat and put it into steamboat and put it into practical use. practical use.

#45#45

• During the 1860’s, a During the 1860’s, a transcontinental railroad transcontinental railroad was constructed mainly was constructed mainly using the labor of Irish using the labor of Irish and Chinese immigrants.and Chinese immigrants.

#46#46

• The practice by President The practice by President Andrew Jackson of giving Andrew Jackson of giving government jobs to government jobs to friends and political friends and political supporters became known supporters became known as the Spoils System.as the Spoils System.

#47#47

• The idea of spreading The idea of spreading political power to all the political power to all the people and insuring people and insuring majority rule became majority rule became known as Jacksonian known as Jacksonian Democracy.Democracy.

#48#48

• President Andrew Jackson President Andrew Jackson and Congress removed the and Congress removed the Cherokee and other Indian Cherokee and other Indian nations west of the nations west of the Mississippi with the Indian Mississippi with the Indian Removal Act. This became Removal Act. This became known as the Trial of Tears.known as the Trial of Tears.

#49#49

• Manifest Destiny was the Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United belief that the United States was to spread its States was to spread its borders from the Atlantic borders from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.Ocean.

#50#50

• The pioneer push into the The pioneer push into the West and their demands West and their demands for land increased for land increased tensions between Native tensions between Native Americans and white Americans and white settlers.settlers.

#51#51

• Mountain men trapping for beaver Mountain men trapping for beaver pelts initiated the American pelts initiated the American movement to the West. The movement to the West. The rendezvous-a meeting between rendezvous-a meeting between the trappers and traders to the trappers and traders to exchange the pelts for supplies-exchange the pelts for supplies-kept the flow of information about kept the flow of information about the West to the East.the West to the East.

#52#52

• Trails that were created by Trails that were created by the Mountain Men, such the Mountain Men, such as the Oregon Trail and as the Oregon Trail and the Santa Fe Trail, were the Santa Fe Trail, were used by settlers in the used by settlers in the move west.move west.

#53#53

• Stephen F. Austin led Stephen F. Austin led many American farmers many American farmers into the Spanish land into the Spanish land called Tejas to establish a called Tejas to establish a colony there.colony there.

#54#54

• Disputes over the Texas Disputes over the Texas border led to a clash border led to a clash between Mexican and between Mexican and American soldiers on the American soldiers on the Rio Grande and sparked Rio Grande and sparked the Mexican-American war.the Mexican-American war.

#55#55

• The Mexican-American War The Mexican-American War concluded with an American concluded with an American victory. The Treaty of victory. The Treaty of Guadalupe gave the U.S. the Guadalupe gave the U.S. the huge expanse of western huge expanse of western land known as the Mexican land known as the Mexican Cession.Cession.

#56#56

• The discovery of gold in The discovery of gold in 1848 at John Sutter’s mill 1848 at John Sutter’s mill sparked the California sparked the California gold rush.gold rush.

#57#57

• Forty- Niners referred to Forty- Niners referred to the people who flocked to the people who flocked to California in 1849 to look California in 1849 to look for gold.for gold.

#58#58

• The Homestead Act of The Homestead Act of 1862 offered 160 acres of 1862 offered 160 acres of land free to anyone who land free to anyone who agreed to live on and agreed to live on and improve the land for 5 improve the land for 5 years.years.

#59#59

• The United States and The United States and Britain decided to divide Britain decided to divide the Oregon Territory the Oregon Territory between them.between them.

#60#60

• In the 1800’s, sectionalism In the 1800’s, sectionalism (loyalty to your won region (loyalty to your won region instead of to the nation) instead of to the nation) divided the United States divided the United States into three regions, into three regions, Northeast, South, and West.Northeast, South, and West.

#61#61

• The main issues dividing The main issues dividing the North and the South the North and the South were differing views were differing views regarding states rights regarding states rights and slavery.and slavery.

#62#62

• The doctrine of The doctrine of nullification said that a nullification said that a state had the right to state had the right to nullify, or reject, a federal nullify, or reject, a federal law that it considered law that it considered unconstitutional. unconstitutional.

#63#63

• The Kansas-Nebraska Act used the The Kansas-Nebraska Act used the concept of popular sovereignty to concept of popular sovereignty to decide the slave issue in these two decide the slave issue in these two new states, in effect repealing the new states, in effect repealing the Missouri Compromise. It led to the Missouri Compromise. It led to the clash between abolitionists and clash between abolitionists and pro-slavery advocates known as pro-slavery advocates known as “Bleeding Kansas.”“Bleeding Kansas.”

#64#64

• One of the main goals of One of the main goals of the newly- formed the newly- formed Republican Party was to Republican Party was to halt the growth of slavery.halt the growth of slavery.

#65#65

• The debates between Abe The debates between Abe Lincoln and Stephen Douglas Lincoln and Stephen Douglas for a seat in the Senate made for a seat in the Senate made Lincoln a nationally-known Lincoln a nationally-known figure (even though he lost) figure (even though he lost) and are now seen as models and are now seen as models for political debate. for political debate.

#66#66

• The mid 1800’s saw The mid 1800’s saw various movements for various movements for reform such as the reform such as the women’s movement and women’s movement and the abolitionist (or anti-the abolitionist (or anti-slavery) movement. slavery) movement.

#67#67

• Abolitionists-such as Abolitionists-such as former slave Frederick former slave Frederick Douglass-wrote papers, Douglass-wrote papers, spoke publicly, and spoke publicly, and demonstrated against demonstrated against slavery.slavery.

#68#68

• Harriet Tubman was an escaped Harriet Tubman was an escaped slave who became the most slave who became the most famous conductor on the famous conductor on the Underground Railroad–an above Underground Railroad–an above ground series of escape routes ground series of escape routes from the South to the North and from the South to the North and Canada traveled on by runaway Canada traveled on by runaway slaves.slaves.

#69#69

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls convention in Seneca Falls convention in New York in 1848. It was New York in 1848. It was the first major meeting to the first major meeting to promote women’s rights.promote women’s rights.

#70#70

• In 1852, Harriet Beecher In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin-Cabin-a novel addressing the a novel addressing the evils of slavery that furthered evils of slavery that furthered divided the North and the divided the North and the South over the issue of South over the issue of Slavery.Slavery.

#71#71

• In the Supreme Court case In the Supreme Court case of of Dred Scott vs. SanfordDred Scott vs. Sanford, , Chief Justice Roger B. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney said slaves were not Taney said slaves were not citizens and were in effect citizens and were in effect the property of their owners.the property of their owners.

#72#72

• A radical abolitionist, John A radical abolitionist, John Brown, led a failed raid on Brown, led a failed raid on a U.S. arsenal at Harper’s a U.S. arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in 1859. His hanging Ferry in 1859. His hanging angered the North and angered the North and further divided the nation.further divided the nation.

#73#73

• Abraham Lincoln’s Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860 sparked election in 1860 sparked secession in the South.secession in the South.

#74#74

• Weapons technology Weapons technology advanced rapidly before advanced rapidly before and during the Civil War, and during the Civil War, while military strategies while military strategies and medicine stayed and medicine stayed relatively the same.relatively the same.

#75#75

• More soldiers died from More soldiers died from diseases, such as diseases, such as dysentery, than bullets in dysentery, than bullets in the Civil War.the Civil War.

#76#76

• The border states of The border states of Delaware, Maryland, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri were Kentucky, and Missouri were slave states who chose to slave states who chose to stay with the Union-a key stay with the Union-a key factor in the war’s outcome.factor in the war’s outcome.

#77#77

• The Union army was thought The Union army was thought to be more powerful than the to be more powerful than the Confederates, because of its Confederates, because of its larger population, stronger larger population, stronger economy, numerous economy, numerous resources, and bigger resources, and bigger industries.industries.

#78#78

• The Confederates strength The Confederates strength in military leadership and in military leadership and the people’s motivation to the people’s motivation to keep their lifestyle caused keep their lifestyle caused the Civil War to be the Civil War to be lengthened.lengthened.

#79#79

• Abraham Lincoln was Abraham Lincoln was president of the Union president of the Union during the Civil War, while during the Civil War, while Jefferson Davis was the Jefferson Davis was the president of the president of the Confederacy.Confederacy.

#80#80

• The leader of the The leader of the Southern Army, Robert E. Southern Army, Robert E. Lee, was a military genius Lee, was a military genius whose strategies almost whose strategies almost gave the South a victory.gave the South a victory.

#81#81

• Ulysses S. Grant’s Ulysses S. Grant’s leadership of the Union leadership of the Union Army at the end of the Army at the end of the Civil War preserved the Civil War preserved the Union.Union.

#82#82

• The first shots of the Civil The first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort War were fired at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.Sumter in South Carolina.

#83#83

• The first major battle was The first major battle was fought at Bull Run Creek fought at Bull Run Creek near Manassas, Virginia. near Manassas, Virginia.

#84#84

• The Battle at Antietam The Battle at Antietam was the deadliest day in was the deadliest day in American history with American history with 25,000 casualties.25,000 casualties.

#85#85

• The 3 day battle at The 3 day battle at Gettysburg was the worst Gettysburg was the worst battle in American history battle in American history and was a major turning and was a major turning point in the Civil War.point in the Civil War.

#86#86

• On the third day at the Battle On the third day at the Battle of Gettysburg, Pickett’s of Gettysburg, Pickett’s charge-ordered by Robert E. charge-ordered by Robert E. Lee-took confederate forces Lee-took confederate forces across an open field. This was across an open field. This was a costly mistake for the a costly mistake for the Confederacy.Confederacy.

#87#87

• Grant’s victorious siege at Grant’s victorious siege at Vicksburg gave the Union Vicksburg gave the Union forced complete control of forced complete control of the Mississippi River.the Mississippi River.

#88#88

• The Emancipation The Emancipation Proclamation, issued by Proclamation, issued by Lincoln after the perceived Lincoln after the perceived Union victory at Antietam, Union victory at Antietam, intended to free all slaves in intended to free all slaves in states rebelling against the states rebelling against the Union.Union.

#89#89

• The 54The 54thth Massachusetts was Massachusetts was one of the first African one of the first African American regiments formed American regiments formed after blacks were allowed to after blacks were allowed to fight for the Union as a fight for the Union as a result of the Emancipation result of the Emancipation Proclamation.Proclamation.

#90#90

• Total war is when war is Total war is when war is waged on the opposing waged on the opposing military and their populace, military and their populace, as was seen in General as was seen in General William T. Sherman’s March William T. Sherman’s March to the sea.to the sea.

#91#91

• The final surrender of The final surrender of Robert E. Lee’s Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army to Confederate Army to Grant occurred in 1865 at Grant occurred in 1865 at Appomattox Court House, Appomattox Court House, Virginia.Virginia.

#92#92

• President Lincoln was President Lincoln was assassinated by John assassinated by John Wilkes Booth just 5 days Wilkes Booth just 5 days after the South’s after the South’s surrender.surrender.

#93#93

• The period after the Civil The period after the Civil War in which the South War in which the South was being rebuilt and was being rebuilt and readmitted into the Union readmitted into the Union was known as was known as Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

#94#94

• The 13The 13thth Amendment Amendment ended slavery.ended slavery.

#95#95

• The 14The 14thth Amendment gave Amendment gave citizenship to African-citizenship to African-American men.American men.

#96#96

• The 15The 15thth Amendment Amendment guaranteed voting rights guaranteed voting rights to African-American men.to African-American men.

#97#97

• The Freedman’s Bureau The Freedman’s Bureau was federal government was federal government agency that helped newly agency that helped newly freed slaves find jobs and freed slaves find jobs and gain an education.gain an education.

#98#98

• Northerners who went Northerners who went South after the Civil War South after the Civil War for financial and political for financial and political gain were known as gain were known as carpetbaggers.carpetbaggers.

#99#99

• The Black Codes were The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern laws passed by Southern states that limited the states that limited the freedom of former slaves.freedom of former slaves.

#100#100

• President Andrew Johnson President Andrew Johnson differed with the Radical differed with the Radical Republicans in Congress on Republicans in Congress on how to reconstruct the how to reconstruct the South. This eventually led to South. This eventually led to his impeachment.his impeachment.

#101#101

• The rendezvous -a meeting The rendezvous -a meeting between the trappers and traders between the trappers and traders to exchange the pelts for supplies-to exchange the pelts for supplies-kept the flow of information about kept the flow of information about the West to the East.the West to the East.

#102#102

• The Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act led to the clash between led to the clash between abolitionists and pro-abolitionists and pro-slavery advocates known slavery advocates known as “Bleeding Kansas.”as “Bleeding Kansas.”

#103#103

• Underground Railroad was an Underground Railroad was an above ground series of escape above ground series of escape routes from the South to the routes from the South to the North and Canada traveled on North and Canada traveled on by runaway slavesby runaway slaves