1 Biomolecules. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell...

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Transcript of 1 Biomolecules. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell...

Page 1: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry.

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Biomolecules

Page 2: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry.

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Carbon-based MoleculesAlthough a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds

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Carbon Video

Carbon Video

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Carbon is a Versatile Atom

It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight

Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds

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Shape of Organic Molecules

Each type of organic molecule has a unique

three-dimensional shape

The shape determines its function in an

organism

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Macromolecules in Organisms

There are four categories of large molecules in cells:

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates include: Small sugar molecules

in soft drinksLong starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

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Carbohydrate Facts

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Monosaccharides:

Called simple sugars

Include glucose, fructose, & galactoseHave the same chemical, but different structural formulas

C6H12O6

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Monosaccharides

Glucose is found in sports drinks

Fructose is found in fruitsHoney contains both glucose & fructoseGalactose is called “milk sugar”

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Cellular Fuel

Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work

ATP

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Disaccharides

A disaccharide is a double sugar

They’re made by joining two monosaccharides

Involves removing a water molecule (dehydration)

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Disaccharides

Common disaccharides include:

Sucrose (table sugar)

Lactose (Milk Sugar)

Maltose (Grain sugar)

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Disaccharides

Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose

Maltose is composed of 2 glucose moleculesLactose is made of galactose + glucose

GLUCOSE

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Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates

Composed of many sugar monomers linked togetherPolymers of monosaccharide chains

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Examples of Polysaccharides

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Glucose Monomer

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Starch

Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants

Plant cells store starch for energy

Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet

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Cellulose

Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth

It forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plants

It is a major component of wood

It is also known as dietary fiber

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Cellulose

SUGARS

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Dietary Cellulose

Most animals cannot derive nutrition from fiber

They have bacteria in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose

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Lipids

Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing”

Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils

Do NOT mix with water

FAT MOLECULE

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Function of Lipids

Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs

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Good Properties of Fats

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Types of Fatty Acids

Unsaturated fatty acids have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (a double bond between carbons)

Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (all single bonds between carbons)

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Types of Fatty Acids

Single Bonds in Carbon chain

Double bond in carbon chain

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Fats in Organisms

Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)

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Fats in Organisms

Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)

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Fats

Dietary fat consists largely of the molecule triglyceride composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains

Glycerol

Fatty Acid Chain

Dehydration links the fatty acids to Glycerol

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SteroidsThe carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4 fused ringsCholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids

Estrogen & testosterone are also steroids

Cholesterol

TestosteroneEstrogen

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Synthetic Anabolic SteroidsThey are variants of testosteroneSome athletes use them to build up their muscles quicklyThey can pose serious health risks

Page 31: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry.

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Proteins

What is protein?

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Proteins

Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids

All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders

Proteins are used to build cells, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell

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Four Types of Proteins

Structural

Contractile

Storage

Transport

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20 Amino Acid Monomers

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Proteins as Enzymes

Many proteins act as biological catalysts or enzymes

Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body

Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction

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Nucleic Acids

Store hereditary information

Contain information for making all the body’s proteinsTwo types exist --- DNA & RNA

Page 37: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry.

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Page 38: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry.

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Nucleic AcidsNitrogenous base

(A,G,C, or T)

Phosphategroup

Thymine (T)

Sugar(deoxyribose)

Phosphate

BaseSugar

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides

Nucleotide

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Bases

Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:

Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)

Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

–Adenine (A)

–Guanine (G)

–Thymine (T)

–Cytosine (C)

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Nucleotide Monomers

Form long chains called DNA

Backbone

Nucleotide

Bases

DNA strand

Nucleotides are joined by sugars & phosphates on the side

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DNA

Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix

Basepair

Double helix

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RNA – Ribonucleic Acid

Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl groupIt has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

Nitrogenous base(A,G,C, or U)

Sugar (ribose)

Phosphategroup

Uracil

Page 43: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry.

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Summary of Key Concepts

Page 44: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry.

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Nucleic Acids

Page 45: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry.

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Macromolecules

Page 46: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry.

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Macromolecules

Page 47: 1 Biomolecules. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry.

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End


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