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Bio102Laboratory 10

Gross & Histological Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Pulmonary tests using the Spirolab II

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Objectives for today’s lab• 1. Master calculations for respiratory volumes/capacities

• 2. Recognize the gross anatomical structures listed below a) on human torso models or isolated models examined in lab

b) in photographs of human models

c) in the cat or in photographs of the cat

• 3. Identify microscopically, in photomicrographsa) the type of epithelium lining the respiratory tract

b) mucus glands/goblet cells

c) respiratory cilia

• 4. Assess your pulmonary function (FVC and FEV1) using the Spirolab II electronic spirometer.

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Review of Respiratory Volumes/Capacities

Figure from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LungVolume.jpg

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Tabular Method of Calculating Volumes/CapacitiesApproximate Standard Lung Volumes and Capacities

(See your Laboratory Guide, “Alveolar Ventilation” from Levitzky)

IC = TV + IRV FRC = ERV + RV VC = TV + IRV + ERV TLC = VC + RV

TLC = 6.0 L

IC = 3.0 L

IRV = 2.5 L

VC = 4.5 LTV = 0.5 L

FRC = 3.0 L

ERV = 1.5L

RV = 1.5 L

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Nasal cavity

Vestibule of nasal cavity

External nares

Palatine bone

Uvula (Soft palate)

Larynx

Laryngopharynx

Oropharynx

Nasopharynx

Internal nares

Opening of pharyngotympanic tube

Sphenoidal sinus

Frontal sinus

Epiglottis

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

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Mucous in Respiratory Tract

Irritation of any sort greatly increases mucus production

The Mucus Escalator

Respiratory mucosa lines the conducting passageways and is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying air.

Cilia move mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity (>10 µm) to the pharynx, and lower respiratory tract (1-5 µm) to pharynx

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Larynx

Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

PosteriorProtective

Sound

Covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium that project into glottis

Vocal folds (cords)

Vestibular foldsInelastic

Elastic

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Epiglottis

Lesser horn of hyoid

Thyroid cartilage

Cricothyroid ligament

Cricoid cartilage

Tracheal cartilage

Cricothyroid muscle

Thyrohyoid muscle

Arytenoid cartilage

Body of hyoid bone

Greater horn of hyoid bone

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Epiglottis

Thyroid cartilage

Rima glottidis

Vocal fold

Cricoid cartilage

Cricotracheal ligamentTrachealis muscle

Tracheal cartilage

Arytenoid cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Hyoid bone

Thyrohyoid muscle

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Hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilage

Arytenoid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Epiglottis

Corniculate cartilage

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Greater horn of hyoid bone

Vestibular fold

Vocal fold

Cricoid cartilage

EpiglottisLesser horn of hyoid bone

Body of hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilage

Cricothyroid ligament

Tracheal cartilage

Thyrohyoid membrane

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Trachea & Primary Bronchi

Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

C-rings of cartilage: 16-20 incomplete rings completed posteriorly by trachealis muscle keep trachea open (patent)

(T5)

(T6)Anterior

Posterior

Note that the trachea is

anterior to the esophagus

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The Lungs

Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

3 lobes 2 lobes

Note that the number of secondary bronchi = number of lung lobes

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Hyoid bone

Larynx

Cricotracheal ligament

Lobar bronchus

Higher-order bronchus

Main bronchus

Segmental bronchus

Trachea

Thyrohyoid membrane

Epiglottis of larynx

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Respiratory diaphragm

Inferior lobe of left lung

Middle lobe of right lung

Superior lobe of right lung

Trachea

Main bronchus

Lobar bronchus

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Larynx

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Vocal cords (true and false)

Hyoid bone

Opening to esophagus

Glottis

Base of tongue

Epiglottis

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Epiglottis

True vocal cords

Thyroid cartilage (cut)

Thyroid gland

Trachea

Cricoid cartilage (cut)

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Cricoid cartilage

Left anterior lobe of lung

Left middle lobe of lung

Left posterior lobe of lung

Respiratory diaphragm

Right posterior lobe of lung

Right middle lobe of lung

Right anterior lobe of lung

Trachea

Thyroid cartilage

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Tests of Pulmonary Function

Figure from: McConnell, The Nature of Disease, 2nd ed., LWW, 2014

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Pulmonary Tests: Restrictive vs. Obstructive Disease

Figure from: McConnell, The Nature of Disease, 2nd ed., LWW, 2014

Obstructive Disease: Greatly decreased FEV1/FVC

Restrictive Disease: Approximately normal FEV1/FFV(However both volume and flow rate are reduced)

In BOTH diseases: O2 and CO2 exchange are limited

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Pulmonary Disorders – Restrictive Diseases

• Stiffness of the lungs– Limits volume of lung expansion– Limits rate of expansion and

contraction

• Characterized by – Chronic inflammation– Fibrosis– Stiffening of alveolar interstitium

• Most cases show idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Figure from: McConnell, The Nature of Disease, 2nd ed., LWW, 2014

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Pulmonary Disorders – Obstructive Disorders

• Obstructive lung disease– General barrier to smooth airflow– Usually at the level of the smaller bronchial tree– **Problem is getting air out (exhalation), not in

– Lung volume is NOT affected (thus, ↓ FEV1/FVC)

– Common signs and symptoms• Dyspnea and wheezing

– Common obstructive disorders:• Asthma

• COPD (Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis)

• Bronchiectasis

• Cystic fibrosis

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For Next Lab

• Human and Cat digestive system anatomy– Gross anatomy: torso models, isolated digestive

organ models, and cats

– Microscopic anatomy: microscope slides