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Best practice of integratingMobility Management in Land Use Planning in the field of off street
parking policy
European Conference on Mobility ManagementParma, Italy 27 - 28 October 2005
Klementschitz RomanStark Juliane
University of Natural Resourcesand Applied Life Sciences
Vienna, Austria
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Types of measures
(1) Limiting the total number of private off-street parking spaces,
(2) obligatory parking pricing for private off-street car parks, either to be paid by the real estate owner or the user of the car park (customer or employee) and
(3) defining and negotiating trip-contingents based on a mobility plan (including exit-metering).
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Procedure of data collection
(1) Screening-Phase:
Relevant cities Relevant persons (experts)
(2) Detailed Analysis:
Interview supported by questionnaire Telephone or email interviews
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Case study cities
Lyon
Copenhagen
London
Newcastle
Madrid
Paris
HelsinkiStockholm
Berlin
Stuttgart
Munich
Hamburg
Bremen
Erfurt
ZurichBern
Amsterdam
Rotterdam
Salzburg
GrazInnsbruck
Thessalonica
Athens
Aalborg
Rostock
Linz
Aachen
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(1) Limiting the number of private parking spaces
In 21 out of 27 cities analysed the tool of limiting the total number of private off-street parking spaces is invented.
In 12 of these cities the measure is obligatory at least for certain areas or for the whole city and practice examples are demonstrating the feasibility of the measure.
Generally spoken, it can be stated, this mobility management tool is the most used one in the cities analysed.
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Lyon
Copenhagen
London
Newcastle
Madrid
Paris
HelsinkiStockholm
Berlin
Stuttgart
Munich
Hamburg
Bremen
Erfurt
ZurichBern
Amsterdam
Salzburg
GrazInnsbruck
Thessalonica
Athens
Aalborg
Rostock
(1) Limiting the number of private parking spaces
Linz
Rotterdam
Aachen
Maßnahme:
konkret umgesetzt
gesetzl. Grundlage vorh. nicht vorhanden
Measure exists …obligatoryoptionalnot at all
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Regulation example: Hamburg
Traffic inducing source Upper limit of parking spaces
Offices, administration and services
buildings with more than 4000 m² total floor space 1 / 320 m² floor space
other buildings 1 / 280 m² floor space
Shops
buildings with less than 700 m² total sales floor 1 / 200 m² sales floor
(min. 1 per shop)
shops with small share of clients per sales floor,
e. g. furniture stores 1 / 200 m² net sales floor
other shops 1 / 200 m² net sales floor
Other commercial plants
manufacturers, industrial, etc. 1 / 400 m² floor space
Relation of upper limits of the number of private off street parking spaces and gross floor space in Hamburg:
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Regulation example: Hamburg
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Regulation example: Helsinki
Max. number min./max. nr. Zone
Use (Y) (I) (II)
Office building 1 / 500 1 / 350 1 / 280…220
Retail 1 / 200 1 / 150 1 / 110…90
Industrial use: production 1 / 500 1 / 350 1 / 280…220
other use (e. g. administration) 1 / 300 1 / 200 1 / 140…120
Relation of limits of the number of private parking spaces, land use and floor space in Helsinki (1 parking space / xx m² floor space):
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Comparison of the limits of the number of parking spacefor office buildings in city centres
(1) Limiting the number of private parking spaces
Helsinki
Hamburg
RotterdamZurich
Munich
Berlin0
100
200
300
400
500
600
gro
ss
flo
or
sp
ac
e p
er
pa
rkin
g s
pa
ce
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Office building Sörnäisten rantatie 19 /Helsinki
Sörnaisten rantatie
Practice example: Helsinki
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Office building
Central area
15600 m² floor space
Requirement in building permit:45 parking spaces maximum
345m² floor space/parking
space
Practice example: Helsinki
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(2) Obligatory parking pricing
Only one out of 27 cities implemented obligatory parking pricing for private off street parking spaces.
A legal basis for implementing the measure exists in eight cities analysed.
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Lyon
Kopenhagen
London
Newcastle
Madrid
Paris
HelsinkiStockholm
Berlin
Stuttgart
Munich
Hamburg
Bremen
Erfurt
ZurichBern
Amsterdam
Salzburg
GrazInnsbruck
Thessalonica
Athens
Aalborg
Rostock
(2) Obligatory parking pricing
Linz
Rotterdam
Aachen
Maßnahme:
konkret umgesetzt
gesetzl. Grundlage vorh. nicht vorhanden
Measure exists …obligatoryoptionalnot at all
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PROVINCE
COMMUNITIES
for transport andenterprises
Kantonal masterplan
NATIONAL
Environmental Act (Umweltschutzgesetz)
Traffic
generating
building
Obligatory parking pricing
Requirements in Building Permits
Noise Act (Lärmschutz-VO)Emission Act (Luftreinhalte-VO)
(2) Obligatory parking pricing
Switzerland
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Shopping mall and leisure centre Säntispark 12245m² sales floor 1022 parking spaces
Practice example: Abtwil (Switzerland)
Säntispark
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Immissions exceeds thresholds
Obligatory parking pricing in the building permit (no refund):
CHF 1.00 first hour (0.66 €) CHF 0.50 further hours (0.33 €)no rebate for longer stays
Practice example: Abtwil (Switzerland)
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(3) Trip-contingents
There are existing experiences with mobility management plans including the reduction of the number of trips in 19 out of 27 cities or regions - basically on voluntary basis.
Such mobility plans are either agreed between operators and authorities or operator internally.
The only exception is Switzerland, where not exceeding agreed trip contingents are causing consequents (e. g. the operator must increase the parking fees).
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Lyon
Kopenhagen
London
Newcastle
Madrid
Paris
HelsinkiStockholm
Berlin
Stuttgart
München
Hamburg
Bremen
Erfurt
Bern
Amsterdam
Rotterdam
Salzburg
GrazInnsbruck
Thessaloniki
Athen
Aalborg
Rostock
(3) Trip-contingents
Linz
Aachen
Maßnahme:
konkret umgesetzt
gesetzl. Grundlage vorh. nicht vorhanden
Measure exists …obligatoryvoluntary basisnot at all
Zürich
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PROVINCE
COMMUNITIES
for transport andenterprises
Kantonal masterplan
NATIONAL
Environmental Act (Umweltschutzgesetz)
Traffic
generating
building
Trip contingentsRequirements in Building Permits
Noise Act (Lärmschutz-VO)Emission Act (Luftreinhalte-VO)
(3) Trip-contingents
Switzerland
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149038m² floor space - 35000m² sales floor- 30000m² services- 15000m² cinema, food- 20000m² hotel, housing
Begin of construction: July 2003
Opening: 2007
Practice example: Zurich - Sihlcity
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Practice example: Zurich - Sihlcity
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Requirement in building permit:
850 parking spaces (limited)175 m² floor space/parking space
Trip contingent8800 daily car trips
ca. 5 arrivals per parking space or 50% PT-share of visitors
Case of exceeding:- increasing parking fees- reduction of parking spaces
Practice example: Zurich - Sihlcity
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Practice examples exist for all three types of measures.
The experiences are generally positive and the effects are supporting the traffic development goals targeted.
The measures are transferable to other cities easily.
To prevent inequity of competition, it should be a goal to invent (and harmonize) the measures throughout Europe (or at least within one country).
Conclusions
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Best practice of integratingMobility Management in Land Use Planning in the field of off street
parking policy
European Conference on Mobility ManagementParma, Italy 27 - 28 October 2005
Klementschitz RomanStark Juliane
University of Natural Resourcesand Applied Life Sciences
Vienna, Austria