1 Basic Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 11 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Anatomy and Physiology Study of: Anatomy of the body Structure: how its made Physiology of the body Function: how it works Need to understand normal structure and function before you can understand disease process 3 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Body Planes Imaginary flat surfaces that divide body into specific sections Frontal plane (coronal) Vertical cut: dividing body into front and back parts Sagittal plane (lateral) Vertical cut: dividing body into right and left sides Transverse plane (cross-sectional) Horizontal cut: dividing body into upper and lower portions 4 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomical Positions Anatomical position Erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms and toes pointing forward Prone Lying on belly, face down Supine Lying on back, face up 5 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Directional Terms Help to clarify location and position of organs in body Anterior Front of body Posterior Back of body 6 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Body Cavities Hollow spaces in body that contain internal organs (viscera) Lined with membranes (thin sheets of epithelium) Two main cavities Ventral (front) Dorsal (back) Main cavities then divided into smaller cavities 7 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Thoracic Cavity Located in ventral cavity Protects heart and lungs 8 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Thoracic Cavity (cont.) Divisions of thoracic cavity Pleural cavity Contains double lining Visceral pleura covers organs Parietal pleura lines the cavity Mediastinum Contains heart Parietal pericardial membrane lines cavity Visceral pericardial membrane covers heart 9 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Abdominopelvic Cavity Separated from thoracic cavity by the diaphragm Abdominal cavity Contains organs that maintain homeostasis Lined with parietal peritoneal membrane (double- folded membrane) Visceral peritoneal membrane covers organs (mesentery) Pelvic cavity Contains reproductive organs 10 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Identify specific locations for clinical purposes Use vertical and horizontal imaginary lines Four clinical divisions RUQ (right upper quadrant) LUQ (left upper quadrant) RLQ (right lower quadrant) LLQ (left lower quadrant) 11 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Four Quadrants 12 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Nine Regions of Abdominopelvic Cavity 13 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Dorsal Cavity Divisions Cranial cavity contains: Brain Meninges (membranes) covering brain Skull bones Spinal cavity contains: Meninges (membranes) covering spinal cord Spinal cavity is formed by the vertebral bones 14 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Divisions of the Spinal Column Cervical Neck Thoracic Chest Lumbar Lower back Sacral Hip region Coccygeal Hip region 15 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Divisions of the Spinal Column 16 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Organizational Levels of the Body Atoms: smallest particles of all living things Cells: fundamental unit of all things Tissues: made from groups of cells Organs: made from various tissues Systems: composed of organs Organization: the individual, the whole person 17 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Cell Structure Cell membrane (wall) Encloses content of cell Cytoplasm Main fluid substance of cell Nucleus Control center; houses genetic material (DNA, RNA) Organelles Little organs that perform specialized functions: growth & reproduction, nourishment and waste disposal 18 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Transport Systems of the Cell Passive Diffusion Osmosis Filtration Active Phagocytosis Pinocyctosis 19 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Diffusion (Passive Transport) Creates own energy for movement Random movement of particles Higher concentration to area of lower concentration Movement is constant until equalized Example: opened bottle of perfume 20 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Osmosis (Passive Transport) Pulling of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane Creates own energy for movement Higher concentration to area of lower concentration until equal 21 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Osmosis (Passive Transport) (cont.) Types of solutions in relation to red blood cell Hypertonic water leaves cell cell crenates (shrinks) Hypotonic water enters cell cell hemolyzes (bursts) Isotonic water enter cell nothing happens (same ) 22 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Filtration (Passive Transport) Particles are pushed through membrane by mechanical pressure Creates own energy for movement Only particles that fit openings in membrane pass through Example: blood plasma can seep out of capillary wall and into tissue 23 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Active Transport Area of low concentration to area of high concentration Requires cellular energy (ATP) Types of active transport: Phagocytosis cell eating Moving cell engulfs and eats a solid particle (bacteria) Pinocytosis cell drinking Stationary cell engulfs and digests droplets of a fluid 24 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Mitosis (Cell Division) 25 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Meiosis (Cell Division) Division of sex cells (gametes) Sperm zygote (new cell) formed by joining of: 23 chromosomes from sperm (XY) 23 chromosomes from ovum (XX) New cell has: 46 single chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes 26 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Genetic Information Makes us who we are Types of genes Dominant Recessive Genetic disorders occur because of: Chromosomal abnormality Defective genes 27 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Causes of Gene Mutation Viruses Chemical toxins Drugs The environment Radiation 28 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Inherited Disorders versus Congenital Disorders Inherited (familial) Passed down from family members Examples: hemophilia, Tay-Sachs disease Congenital Born with condition; not acquired from family Examples: Down syndrome, Turner syndrome Genetic counseling Provides information on hereditary diseases and chances of getting them 29 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Body Tissue Types Epithelial tissue Cover surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands Muscle tissue Produces movement by contracting and relaxing Connective tissue Support and forms framework of body Nervous tissue Conducts nerve impulses 30 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelial Tissue Characteristics Covers body surfaces (skin) and lines body cavities No blood supply of its own Repairs quickly, being replaced when worn- out Closely packed cells with little intercellular substance Specialized cells that secrete from glands 31 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelial Tissue Glands Exocrine Have ducts that open onto body surface Examples: sweat, tears, and saliva Endocrine Ductless Discharge hormones into tissue fluid to be absorbed by capillaries Example: insulin 32 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Muscle Tissue Characteristics Allow movement by contracting (shortening) Cells are elongated, narrow, threadlike Referred to as muscle fibers Fibers arranged in bundles and surrounded by connective tissue Description of fibers includes: Striated, nonstriated, voluntary, involuntary 33 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscles Attached to bones by connective tissue Smooth muscles Form wall of hollow organs, control diameter of blood vessels Cardiac Make up heart wall, responsible for pumping blood through the heart 34 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Connective Tissue Characteristics Most abundant tissue type in body Provides support and protection to body Types of connective tissue include: Fibrous Bone Cartilage Blood 35 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Fibrous Connective Tissue Areolar (loose) tissue Stretchable; found between tissues and organs Adipose tissue Fat cells to help conserve heat; provide padding Reticular tissue Forms a network for helping in body defenses Dense tissue Anchors muscle to bone (tendons) or bone to bone (ligaments) 36 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Cartilage Similar to bone tissue but more flexible Types of cartilage Hyaline cartilage Supports rings of bronchi, covers ends of bone Fibrocartilage Shock absorber between vertebrae; strongest, most durable Elastic cartilage Most flexible, found in tip of nose, external ear 37 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Nerve Tissue Characteristics Most highly organized tissue in body Consists of: Neurons (nerve cells) Carry impulses throughout body Glia cells Provide nutrition and support to the neurons 38 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Characteristics of Organs Composed of two or more tissue types Perform specific functions Can occur in pairs (ovaries, eyes) Can continue functioning even if damaged 39 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Body Systems Organized grouping of structures that perform a similar function Made up of organs and tissues Body systems Muscular, urinary, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, integumentary, nervous, circulatory, lymphatic, and skeletal Organism: last structural level Whole person 40 Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Conclusion An understanding of anatomy and physiology will help you communicate with other medical professionals With your new knowledge, you can encourage patients to follow their treatment plans You will be better able to assist the physician with your knowledge of the structure and function of the human body