1 Accounting Rules Qualitative characteristics and Accounting principles.
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Transcript of 1 Accounting Rules Qualitative characteristics and Accounting principles.
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Accounting Rules
Qualitative characteristics and Accounting principles
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SAC3 Qualitative Characteristics
• Nationally and internationally accepted rules worked out by accountants.
• Designed so all accountant do the same thing.
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Comparability
• Reports are made on the changes in the performance of a business over a number of years.
• The same accounting methods are used each year to make it easy to compare this year to last year.
• Then accurate decisions can be made.
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Comparability
• A football coach has to choose a team and he wants to know:– Who kick the most goals?
– Who took the most possessions?
– Who assisted with the play?
• But the coach is too busy playing on Saturday to notice how well any one else is playing…
• and the trainer only recorded the final score and cannot remember how well the players performed.
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Comparability
• The coach prepares a grid for the trainer to fill in for every match.
• During the next game, the trainer records every thing but the coach still has nothing to compare it to.
• After the next few game, the coach has the right information and in a form that he can use to make decisions.
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Relevance
• The information used to make decisions must be relevant.
• All significant items must be reported in accounting reports.
• However, if they do not affect any decision when left out, they can be ignored.
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Relevance
• If the coach is given a list of food eaten by the team’s players, it will not help him select a team so he will ignore what is not relevant or significant.
• He needs to know more relevant details like how well they played over the last few games.
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Reliability
• Any information used in accounting report must be able to be check or verified using source documents e.g. receipts, cheque butts or invoices.
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Reliability
• If the coach and the trainer were away from a match, how reliable is the report from the club president who socialized all afternoon, took no notes and who wants his 16 year old son to play in the seniors.
• The coach has no way of checking because there was no grid filled out.
• The president’s opinion is not reliable.
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Understandability
• Accounting reports must be prepared so members of the public can understand them easily and make accurate decisions.
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Understandability
• If the coach makes his reports to the committee full of useless, distracting or misleading information, the committee can’t make accurate decisions about continuing his contract next season.
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Accounting Principles
• Basic rules which have become accepted over time.
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Accounting Entity Principle
• The personal transactions of the owner/s must be kept separate from the business.
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Accounting Entity principle
• What the coach does during the week at work has nothing to do with his ability to coach the football team on the weekend.
• His paid job as a teacher and coaching job are two separate things.
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Monetary Unit Principle
• Accounting reports are expressed are in Australian dollars $AUD.
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Monetary Unit Principle
• The coach is paid in Aussie dollars – not American.
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Conservatism Principle
• Accountants are cautious.
• Losses are recognised immediately or even before they occur.
• Gains are not reported until after they happen.
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Conservatism Principle
• The coach does not play his star forward until that player has fully recovered from his injuries and is fit.
• But the coach is happy to play the Under 17 who has been playing brilliantly over the passed few weeks.
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Historical Cost Principle
• All transactions are recorded at their original value.
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Historical Cost Principle
• If the Club purchased a new tractor to mow the grass, its value in the Club’s records would be at what it was purchased for.
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Going concern principle
• A business can last forever.
• This allows long term or non current assets to be reported in the Balance Sheet instead of being written off as expenses as soon as they are purchased.
• Also allows for transactions that take longer than one year e.g. Prepaid Insurance for 18 months.
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Going Concern Principle
• The team will continue to play year after year even though the members of the team and the coach retire or are replaced by younger members.
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Reporting Period Principle
• If a business can last for ever, how does the owner find out how much profit has been made?
• Selling up will show this but setting up again is costly and inefficient.
• So the life of the business is divided into reporting periods e.g. one year.
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Reporting Period Principle
• Each football season last for six months and finishes with a grand final.
• Everyone knows how well the team did by the end of the season.
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Matching Process
• Revenue earned less expenses incurred equals profit for a reporting period.
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Matching Process
• The coach must look at the points scored by the home team less the points scored by the opposition to work out the winning or losing margin.
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Consistency Principle
• Accounting methods used are applied consistently from one year to the next.
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Consistency Principle
• The coach times the players at training over 100 metre sprint every week to judge their fitness.
• He does not vary the length of the sprint.
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SIREN
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