1 A Sociocultural Model of Impairment Disability © DEVVA KASNITZ AND RUSSELL SHUTTLEWORTH...

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A Sociocultural Model of Impairment Disability©

DEVVA KASNITZ AND RUSSELL SHUTTLEWORTH

University of California, BerkeleyDecember, 2003

[email protected] * [email protected]

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Goals of this Project◄ to create a model of impairment-disability committed

to the inherent value of human difference, and of equal access to social, cultural and material goods

◄ to create a model that enables us to recognize, map, and analyze disability oppression in diverse cultures

◄ to develop our model incorporating sociopolitical, cultural, ecological, and existential-phenomenological theories of impairment-disability

◄ to create a processual, temporal, spatial, and contextual model of impairment-disability

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Impairment Disability

Why the hyphen?

◄to problematize anthropologists’ prior use of these terms

◄to highlight the processual nature of the relationship between these and other terms in our model

◄to stress the need for analytical specificity within this process

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Review and Critique of Models and Theories of Impairment-Disability

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SOCIOPOLITICAL DISABILITY MODELS

Independent Living Model (De Jong)◄ states that current sociopolitical structures produce access barriers for

and dependency in impaired people resulting in disability◄ is based on a consumer driven movement that fosters autonomy, self-help

and the removal of societal barriers and disincentives

Minority Group Model (Hahn)◄ describes how current sociopolitical structures produce access barriers

for and discrimination against impaired people resulting in disability◄ is motivated by a political and research strategy used to counter

discrimination and advocate for civil rights

British Social Model (Oliver)◄ sees the historical convergence of industrialization and capitalism as

restricting impaired people’s access to material and social goods, which results in their economic dependency and creates the category of disability

◄ is motivated by a political and research strategy used to combat socioeconomic oppression and to transform the material structures that marginalize and devalue the capabilities of impaired people

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Theories of Impairment Disability

Postmodern Theory◄ Scott-Hill (Corker) and Shakespeare

• see disability as constructed via discursive practices

• add a discursive theory of communication to the current materialistic focus on structure

• perceives disability identity as fluid and its boundaries dependent on context and the dynamic interaction of other self-identities

• emphasizes a dialogic relation between impairment and disability (not an analytical privileging of one over the other)

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THEORIES OF DISABILITY …continued

Phenomenological Theories◄Hughes and Paterson

• sees disability as the embodiment of negative cultural perceptions and attitudes

• perceive impairment as socioculturally constructed

• posit that the non-disabled structure of embodied contexts of meaning creates disabled people’s social dys-appearance

• advocate for a cultural-phenomenological restructuring of carnal contexts of meaning along more inclusive lines

◄Shuttleworth• posits that embodied sensitivities to certain social situations

reveal disability oppression

• analyzes lived metaphors of embodiment (i.e blocked, trapped) as felt remembrances of past disability oppression/empowerment

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THEORIES OF DISABILITY …continued

Ecological Contextual Community Based Theories◄Seekins

• perceives impairment as situational and contextually constructed

• sees disability as a response to environmental systems and pressures

• advocates for community development strategies to restructure disabling barriers to access and increased participation

◄Kasnitz• analyzes systemic and situational ethno-embodiment

• perceives impairment as one culturally constructed resolution to the tension of embodied anomaly

• posits that disability and handicap are unique systemic constructions of differential access throughout the life course and in valued cultural domains

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Anthropology

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ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO IMPAIRMENT DISABILITY

Social Complexity Theory (Scheer and Gross)◄ states that in modern complex societies visible impairments are commonly thought

to classify individual identities

◄ in small scale societies visible impairments are less important in classifying individuals

Stigma Theory (Goffman)◄ sees impairments as representing one kind of undesired difference from social

expectations that are discrediting (the stigmatization process)

◄ perceives disability as a sociocultural construction

Liminality Theory (Turner, Murphy, et. al.)◄ looks at ritual process that separates and then reintegrates individuals into the social

fabric after a period of liminality (betwixt and between)

◄ sees disability as a social suspension, a liminal state frozen in time

Anomaly Theory (Douglas)◄ looks at phenomena that fall in between cultural categories and create cultural

tension and dissonance

◄ is often used in conjunction with liminality theory to explain the marginality of disabled people

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ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO IMPAIRMENT DISABILITY

Phenomenology (Frank)

◄ focuses on the disabled person’s body image

◄ concedes the “other” is “unknowable”

Personhood (Ingstad and Whyte)

◄ focuses on what the constituent features of personhood (valued adult social statuses) are in a society

◄ asks, to what extent are disabled people accorded these features?

Disablement Process (Luborsky)

◄ sees disability as a process primarily defined by a loss of personhood

Semiotics (Stiker)

◄ focuses on the degree of and types of integration-exclusion of disabled people

◄ played out on several cultural levels: biological, social, medical, ethical, religious, etc.

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Research on impairment disability:◄is problematic because most studies have been conducted

in North America

◄often focuses on single impairments with no attempts at cross-impairment analysis within a society or between societies

◄is only beginning to develop taxonomies of what are perceived to be impairments in different societies, and which impairments are disabling and why

◄does not provide ethnographic description of the full range of human interactions occurring in valued and changing contexts/domains of everyday life

◄often overlooks important understudied impairment-disability variables such as “hide-ability,” predictability, availability of accommodations, social acceptability of disabilities, etc.

CRITIQUE OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY AND RESEARCH ON DISABILITY

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CRITIQUE OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY AND RESEARCH ON DISABILITY ….continued

Research on impairment-disability:◄often over generalizes across the life-course

from the perspective of one age group to others

◄is terminologically imprecise

◄is parochial and does not engage disability studies literature

◄subscribes to a radical relativistic approach and minimally analyzes relations of power

◄in general is undertheorized

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Sociocultural Model of

Impairment Disability

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Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability:The Perceptual-Conceptual Layers

Posit Bio-Physics

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Ethnoscience

Posit Bio-Physics

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Ethnoscience

Posit Bio-Physics

Ethno-Embodiment

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Ethnoscience

Posit Bio-Physics

Ethno-Embodiment

Embodied Anomaly

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Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability:The Experiential

Ethnoscience

Posit Bio-Physics

Ethno-Embodiment

Embodied Anomaly

Impairment

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Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability: The Experiential

Ethnoscience

Posit Bio-Physics

Ethno-Embodiment

Embodied Anomaly

Impairment

Disability

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Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability: The Experiential

Ethnoscience

Posit Bio-Physics

Ethno-Embodiment

Embodied Anomaly

Impairment

Disability

Handicap

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Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability

Impairment

EthnoscienceEthno-Embodiment

Impairment

Disability

Handicap

Chronic IllnessPosit Bio-Physics

Embodied Anomaly

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Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability: The Embodied Political Layers



Impairment

DisabilityHandicap

Embodied Anomaly

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Access Barriers


Access Participation Barriers

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Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability:The Embodied Political Layers


Impairment

DisabilityHandicap


Access Barriers

Embodied Anomaly

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A FIELDWORK MAP:Sample Valued Cultural Domains

Ritual and Spiritual Life

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A FIELDWORK MAP: Access and Exclusion in Sample Valued Cultural Domains

Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of Exclusion

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Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of Exclusion

Belief Practice

Denominational

Nondenominational

Meaning Form

Structured

Unstructured

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Ritual and Spiritual LifeAccess Barriers and Experience of

Exclusion Education and Training


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Exclusion

Education and Training


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Content Format

Formal

Informal

Meaning Form

Structured

Unstructured

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Exclusion


Family and Household Life


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Orientation Procreation

Public

Intimate

Meaning Form

Structured

Unstructured

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Economic Activities


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Exclusion



Economic Activities


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Reality

Earning

Assets

Expectations

Economic Activities

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Exclusion



Economic Activities

Political Life


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Exclusion



Economic Activities

Political Life


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Economic Activities

Access Barriers and Experience of

Exclusion

Policy Office

Structured

Unstructured

Political Life

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Economic Activities

Political Life

Sexuality

Communication


Exclusion

Economic Activities


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Economic Activities

Political Life

Sexuality


Exclusion

Meaning Form

Structured

Unstructured

Communication

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Political Life

Economic Activities



Sexuality: Sexual Access

Communication: Communication Image



Exclusion

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A FIELDWORK MAP:Mapping Embodied Access Exclusion


Political Life

Economic Activities



Sexuality

Communication

Axis of Access Exclusion


Exclusion

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Economic Activities

Political Life

Sexuality

Communication

Emic/Etic N

egotiated D

isability Threshold


Exclusion

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Individual Approach

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Life Course Event History Model

Time

Status or Role 1Transformation 1

Status or Role 2

Transformation 2Status or Role 3

Status or Role 4

Transformation 3Events

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◄ b

Experience ofDisability

Historical Context

Devva’s Life Course Trajectory

1950 Birth 1960 Adolescence 1970 Graduate School 1980-90 Career 2000 Aging


Threshold

Threshold

Threshold




Economic Activities

Political Life

Communication

Sexuality

Impairment

Participation Barrier Domains:

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◄Oppression

◄Discrimination

◄Segregation

◄Exclusion

◄Marginalization

Inclusionary Access Strategies


Exclusionary Access Strategies

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Cross-Cultural Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability:The Structural-Instrumental

Impairment

Ethno-Embodiment

Disability Handicap



Inclusionary Access Strategies

Rules

Access Barriers

Ethnoscience

Embodied Anomaly

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Sociocultural Model of Impairment-Disability in the USA The Structural-Instrumental

Ethno-Embodiment

Disability Handicap


Policy

Access Barriers

Ethnoscience

Inclusionary Access StrategiesAccommodation

Functional Impairment

Embodied AnomalyCompensation


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Devva on Fieldwork:◄ Our Fieldwork Map could also be used in literature, history, and even in

technology.

◄ It provides concrete places to start data collection that can help negotiate hidden and stated researcher bias without the DISappearance of disability that occurs in a radical relativistic approach or in a DISmodernism universalizing approach.

Russ on Epistemology and Theoretical Development:◄ In this working model we want to engage our colleagues in a true

interdisciplinary approach not constrained by different epistemological validities.

◄ We want to celebrate the complexity of concepts of impairment-disability because therein lie there staying power.

Closing

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