1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads...
-
Upload
rudolph-knight -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
4
Transcript of 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads...
![Page 1: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks on the Roads
指導教授:許子衡 教授報告學生:董藝興 學生
作者:Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.; Hwang, Y.W.; Tao, K.C.; Chou, C.L.;
出處: Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2005. Proceedings. 2005 IEEE
![Page 2: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
INTRODUCTION
• A traditional routing protocol such as AODV works by periodically issuing control packets to detect and maintain neighboring nodes, find and set up routing path, and repair broken paths, etc.
![Page 3: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
INTRODUCTION
• In an IVC network, however, the topology changes very frequently due to the high moving speeds of vehicles.
• As such, a unicast routing path set up between a pair of vehicles breaks frequently.
![Page 4: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
INTRODUCTION
• Flooding provides the best reliability because it can use any path to reach the destination vehicle as long as one exists.
• Currently, our protocol is designed for IVC networks formed by a few vehicles moving on the same lane.
![Page 5: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
RELATED WORK
• Most routing protocols for MANET are single-path based protocols, which can be further classified into two groups: “table-driven” and “on-demand.
• protocols under high mobility, they still need to spend much time and control packet bandwidth overhead on updating the routing information in an IVC network.
![Page 6: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
RELATED WORK
• Although this type of routing protocols can cope with high mobility problems, it has some disadvantages.
• First, each mobile node needs to know its location at any time.
![Page 7: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
RELATED WORK
• Second, a separate location directory service is required for a mobile node to know the location of a remote destination node.
• Moreover, greedy routing may lead packets to “dead branches” in the network, where there are no routes to their destination nodes at all.
![Page 8: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
![Page 9: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
![Page 10: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
PROTOCOL DESIGN
• Although flooding provides high reliability and eliminates the need to keep routing entries in an IVC network, there are still two shortcomings.
• First, in the design of IEEE 802.11 (a/b/g) MAC protocols a broadcast frame is not protected by ACK frames.
![Page 11: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
PROTOCOL DESIGN
• Second, a large number of redundant packet transmissions may result due to flooding.
• And these redundant packets will waste network bandwidth.
![Page 12: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
PROTOCOL DESIGN
• Error Handling :
• Lacking an ACK protection mechanism at the MAC layer for broadcast frames can result in a poor performance at a higher layer.
![Page 13: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
PROTOCOL DESIGN
• Therefore, ACK and retransmission mechanisms are required for broadcast frames in our protocol.
• To save the number of ACK packets, our protocol doesn’t require a forwarding node to explicitly send back an ACK packet to the previous node that broadcasts the packet.
![Page 14: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
PROTOCOL DESIGN
• To let FloodRD know whether a received packet is broadcasted by an upstream node or by a downstream forwarding node, a sequence number is used and carried in the FloodRD-specific header of the packet.
![Page 15: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
PROTOCOL DESIGN
• Redundant Transmission Avoidance :
• FloodRD adopts two schemes to minimize redundant transmissions.
• The first scheme makes a forwarding FloodRD rebroadcast the same packet not more than once.
![Page 16: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
• In an IVC network, a packet may be cloned and each of these copies takes a different path to reach a forwarding FloodRD.
• With the second scheme, a forwarding FloodRD will not rebroadcast a packet once it hears that some FloodRD has rebroadcasted the packet.
![Page 17: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
PROTOCOL DESIGN
• In our protocol, FloodRD delays the transmission (i.e., forwarding) of a packet by a random delay time and if a FloodRD hears that another FloodRD has forwarded the packet within the delay time, it cancels its own packet transmission.
![Page 18: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
PROTOCOL DESIGN
• Sliding Window-Based Forwarding :
• To boost performance, FloodRD adopts a sliding window-based ACK mechanism, which allows multiple packets to be transmitted successively before the ACK packet for the first DATA packet has arrived.
![Page 19: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
PROTOCOL DESIGN
• Fast Retransmission :• By inspecting the sequence numbers
carried in incoming ACK packets (either explicit or implicit ACKs), FloodRD views that a packet has been lost if its ACK packet has not come back but more than N ACK packets for its following packets have come back, where N is a system parameter.
![Page 20: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
PROTOCOL DESIGN
• In-Order Forwarding and Delivery :• Our protocol needs to handle this problem
because (1) packets generated by the same application may reach a forwarding FloodRD out-of-order due to traversing on different paths in the network, and (2) FloodRD artificially gives a different random delay time to each forwarded packet to cancel redundant transmissions.
![Page 21: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
PROTOCOL DESIGN
• If a newly-arriving packet (say, packet A) has a smaller sequence number than that of a packet already in the transmission queue (say, packet B) but packet A is given a larger random delay time than that given to packet B, FloodRD will exchange their random delay times to make sure that packet A is transmitted before packet B.
![Page 22: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
IMPLEMENTATION
• Packet Filtering :
• The wireless NIC of each node is configured with two IP addresses using the “IP aliasing” utility.
• The 1.0.1 subnet is used for normal applications to exchange their data.
![Page 23: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
IMPLEMENTATION
• The 1.0.2 subnet, on the other hand, is used by FloodRDs to flood packets generated by applications.
![Page 24: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
IMPLEMENTATION
• Broadcasting Packets at A High Rate :• Some IEEE 802.11 (a/b/g/) network interface
cards (NIC) purposely slow down the transmission rate for broadcast packets to only 2 Mbps.
• To overcome this problem, we changed the configuration of the driver for these NICs and allowed them to broadcast packets at the 11 Mbps high transmission rate.
![Page 25: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
IMPLEMENTATION
• Parameter Settings :
![Page 26: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
• To evaluate the performances of our scheme, we conducted a series of field trials.
• Six sedan vehicles were used in experiments.
![Page 27: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
![Page 28: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
![Page 29: 1 A Practical Routing Protocol for Vehicle-formed Mobile Ad Hoc Networks on the Roads 指導教授:許子衡 教授 報告學生:董藝興 學生 作者: Wang, S.Y.; Lin, C.C.;](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f215503460f94c399b3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION