1 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07 Map of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction in Europe Beata Houšková...
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Transcript of 1 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07 Map of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction in Europe Beata Houšková...
15th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Map of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction in Europe
Beata Houšková - Luca Montanarella
Land Management and Natural Hazards Unit Institute for Environment & Sustainability
JRC TP 280 Ispra (VA), 21020 Italy
The Institute forEnvironment and Sustainability
25th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Why EU Level of intervention?
• Soil degradation affects other environmental areas
• Distortion of the functioning of the internal market
• Transboundary impact
• Food safety
• International dimension
35th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Three necessary steps of Strategies
1. COMMUNICATION COM(2006) 231 on the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection
2. DIRECTIVE COM(2006) 232 establishing a framework for the protection of soil and amending Directive 2004/35/EC
3. IMPACT ASSESSMENT SEC(2006) 620 of the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection
Adopted by the European Commission on 22nd of September 2006
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Step 3: The Impact Assessment
• Two sections:
(SEC (2006) 1165 and SEC(2006) 620)
The economic, social and environmental impacts of the proposed measures.
55th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Common criteria of risk identification for five major soil threats in Europe
- Identification of factors/hazards related to the threat („external” factors);
- Characterization of the receptor relevant to the threat („internal” soil factors);
- Performance specification, model selection (with data requirements).
ESBN 2006: the report “Common Criteria for Risk Area Identification according to Soil Threats”.
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Common criteria for Soil Compaction risk identification
Data Quality /Resolution Criteria Data source/type of information Tier 1 Tier 2
Soil typological unit (STU level) -soil type
Semantic data of the soil database Soil map 1:1,000,000/1:250,000
Soil map 1:250,000 or more detailed
STU level - topsoil and subsoil texture
Semantic data of the soil database: sand, silt, clay content
Texture class Particle size
STU data Semantic data of the soil database: bulk density, water retention, soil organic carbon, structure, texture
Pedo-transfer-rules (PTR) or functions
Measurements
Climate MARS climate grid: precipitations, potential evapotranspiration
Climate records: average annual/ monthly or 10-day
Climate records: average 20-30 yr. period/daily
Land use
Eurostat: statistical data about agriculture and forestry: crop types and forest areas, types of farming systems (annual crops, vineyards, animal breeding, etc.), type of forests
NUTS 3 NUTS 4
Farming and forest systems
Typology of farming systems or forestry systems in relation to land use data
Expert knowledge Survey data
Land cover CORINE: localisation of agricultural areas, forest areas, etc.
250 m 100 m
Slope DEM SRTM 250 m SRTM 90 m
75th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Soil compaction as part of STS
Soil compaction is a soil degradation process, which can have natural or human origin and very often it is the integration of both.
Soil compaction occurs when an applied soil stress exceeds the strength of the soil. Compaction is a process of densification and distortion in which total and air-filled porosity and permeability are reduced, strength is increased, soil structure partly destroyed and many changes are induced in the soil fabric and in various behaviour characteristics.
Compaction leads to the change in soil aggregates or particles arrangement in the whole soil profile or in one or several layers. Soil compaction is a degradation process with negative impact on the environment as a whole.
85th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Driving Forces
Pressures
State
Impacts
ResponsesAgricultureintensification
Land use practicescontinuous cultivation
deforestation
European soil protection policy
On-site: soil degradationcompaction
loss of structure
Good agricultural practice- low ground pressures- timing of cultivations- alleviation measures- conservation tillage
On-site- reduction in water
storage capacity- increased soil
erosion
Off-site- pollution of surface waters
- effects on regional drainage- flooding
Soil Protection Strategy
Framework (DPSIR) for Soil Compaction
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SOIL COMPACTION
Natural (Primary)Man-induced (Secondary)
Combined
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Dep
th (
cm)
0
25
50
75
100
125
0
25
50
75
100125
compacted layer
percolation /infiltration
runoff[erosion.
seepage
to groundwater
pollution]
to surface water
buffering
non-compacted soil compacted soil
filtering
Bulk density higher than 1.9 g.cm-3 stops the ability of plant roots to grow
115th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Natural Soil Compaction
• Soil texture Generally, soils with high amount of clay (>35% or more) are more susceptible to compaction in comparison to sandy soils with lower amount of clay (<35%). Especially, clayey soils with low amount of silt fraction are susceptible to the compaction
processes.
• Soil typeType of horizons and their arrangement in soil profile (argillic horizon); type of soil formation processes: illimerisation,
gleying or podsolization
125th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Soil units (WRB –1994) Susceptibility to natural compaction
Histosols low
Anthrosols low
Rendzic Leptosols low
other Leptosols low
Andosols low
Arenosols low
Chernozems low
Phaeozems low
Mollic Fluvisols and Mollic Gleysoils medium
The other Fluvisols medium
Eutric Cambisols medium
Dystric Cambisols and Umbrisols medium
Haplic Luvisols medium
The other Gleysols high
Podzols high
Planosols high
Albic Luvisols and Glossisols high
Stagnosols high
135th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Influence of the origin of compaction on the soil profile properties - Natural soil compaction
Bulk density (d g.cm-3) of medium heavy naturally compacted soil
y = 0.063x + 1.395
R2 = 0.9992
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1 2 3
depth
g.(
cm
-3)
limit value
145th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Soil compaction induced by human activities – secondary compaction
• Induced by intensive or incorrect land use (agriculture, forest management);
• Low amount of deep rooting structure forming plants in crop rotation, e. g. fodder crops;
• High amount of root crops (plants risky for soil properties stability: root system, cultivation practises with high amount of crossing on the field);
• Low amount of organic residues.
155th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Precompression stress at a given pore water pressure pF 1.8 for topsoils of Europe in relation to a given low topsoil load (tyre inflation pressure: 60 kPa), high topsoil stress: 200 kPa).
Classification of the effective soil strength by the relationship of precompression stress to soil pressure: >1.5 very stable, elastic deformation, 1.5-1.2 stable, 1.2-0.8 labile, >0.8 unstable, additional plastic deformation, (author: Prof. Rainer Horn).
165th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Influence of the origin of compaction on the soil profile properties – Human induced Soil compaction
Bulk Density (d g.cm-3) of secondary compacted soil; Kľačany
y = -0.11x + 1.834
R2 = 0.9978
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1 2 3
depth
d (
g.c
m-3
)
limit value
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Author: R. Jones
185th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Subsoil Susceptibility to Compaction
Class SusceptibilityL LowM ModerateH High
VH Very High
Packing density g cm-3
Texture Low Medium High Code Class < 1.40 1.40 – 1.75 > 1.75
1 Coarse VH H M1
2 Medium H M M
3 Medium fine M(H) M L3
4 Fine M2 L4 L3
5 Very fine M2 L4 L3
9 Organic VH H 1 except for naturally compacted or cemented coarse (sandy) materials that have very low (L) susceptibility. 2 these packing densities are usually found only in recent alluvial soils with bulk densities of 0.8 to 1.0 t m-3 or in topsoils with >5% organic carbon. 3 these soils are already compact. 4 Fluvisols in these categories have moderate susceptibility
%clay)*(0.009ρPD d
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Main steps in second version map construction
• Delineation of areas susceptible to natural compation• Delineation of areas susceptible to human – induced
compaction• Delineation of areas susceptible to combined
compation
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Source of data
• European Soil Database (STU, SMU units)1:1 M and/or 1 km grid
• MARS50 km grid soil suitability for different crops and evaluation of climate
• CAPRI1 km gridthe probability of crop cultivation according to the type of crop
• DTMDigital Terrain Model of spatial resolution 30 m (DTED Level 2 or SRTM 30); DTM 90m spatial resolution can give satisfactory results only for terrain relief of high variability. (Maximal slope (8%, 10%) admissible to heavy machines)
• EUROSTATStatistical and economical data about number and types of machines, type of agriculture (rotation) and intensity of stock-raising.
215th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
European Soil Database
The database consists from four components:
1. The Soil Geographical Database of Europe at scale 1:1,000,000 (SGDBE), which is a digitized European soil map and related attributes;
2. The PedoTransfer Rules Database (PTRDB), version 2.0, which holds a number of pedotransfer rules which can be applied to the SGDBE;
3. The Soil Profile Analytical Database of Europa (SPADBE);
4. The Database of Hydraulic Properties of European Soils (HYPRES).
225th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Structure of ESDB
• CoverageThe digital form of the soil map in ArcInfo database consisting from geometric and semantic datasets;
• Polygons - with areas greaten than 25 km2; polygon can belong just to 1 SMU
• Soil Mapping Units (SMU) – geometric part of ESDB.They are represented on the map at least by one polygon but can be composed of several polygons and comprise at least 1 STU – recommendation: max 5 STUs – soil associations
• Soil typological units (STU) – semantic part of ESDB.They define the soil type having the set of homogeneous properties for defined area. The sum of % of STUs in 1 SMU = 100%;Each STU must correspond at least to 5% of the total area of SMU, otherwise it is ignored.
235th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
European Soil Database: WRB classification
http://eusoils.jrc.it
245th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Natural compaction delineation
• Visualization of soil cover for whole area (practical visualization by database 1:250,000 sheets or by administrative units - NUTS).
• Elimination of areas unaffected by compaction.Realization: soil covers - (forest + built up areas + water bodies + devasted areas + rocks) – terrain with slope >10%.
Result: agriculture areas potentially affected by compaction or susceptible to compaction.
255th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Result of this step: 3 maps
• STU according to their susceptibility to compaction
• Soil Texture Classes according to their susceptibility to compaction
• Intersection of susceptibility for compaction: soil type & texture
265th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Human-induced compaction delineation
• Delineation of areas with high percentage of farm larger then 50 ha
• delineation of areas with high probability of use of heavy machines (large parcels, large farms, heavy soils).
• Delineation of pastures with intensive grazing
• Delineation of areas with high percentage of root crops
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Presentation of Results
Maps with polygons showing 4 classes of soil compaction
0 - no risk of compaction1 - low risk of compaction2 - medium risk of compaction3 - high risk of compaction
285th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
EU Policy Issues Addressed by IES ...
GMESKyoto ProtocolEmission TradingEU Global Development Policies
Fuel DirectivesEmissions from Road TransportClean Air for Europe (CAFE)
Water Framework DirectiveMarine Thematic StrategyFlood Risk Management
European Flood Alert System
Development Technical Body
Soil Thematic Strategy
Forest Focus Scientific Coordination Body
Thematic Urban StrategyINSPIRE
Technical Coordinator
Renewable Energies & Electricity EfficiencyENERGY STAR Technical Coordinator
Management of Natural ResourcesEnvironmental Technology Action Plan (ETAP)
Radiation Environmental Monitoring European Information System Operator
Environment and Health
295th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No. 1782/2003 of 29 September 2003
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315th ESSC congress–Palermo 07
Overall objective
• Preventing further soil degradation and preserving its functions:– when soil is used and its functions are exploited, action
has to be taken on soil use and management patterns, and– when soil acts as a sink/receptor of the effects of human
activities or environmental phenomena, action has to be taken at source.
• Restoring degraded soils to a level of functionality consistent at least with current and intended use, thus also considering the cost implications of the restoration of soil.
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Thank you for your interest !
335th ESSC congress–Palermo 07