1ქალთა ლიდერობის ფენომენი ეკატერინე...

1mfksf kblthj,bc atyjvtyb

reknehek-/evfybnfhekb ajylb @cj[evb#

mfksf kblthj,bc atyjvtyb

2009

MESFBCB

https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/

2 mfksf kblthj,bc atyjvtyb

fdnjhb-itvlutytkb

TRFNTHBYT UFVF[FHBF

trf nt hb yt uf vf[fhb fc cfm vb f yj,bc .bhb sfl cat hjc ofh vj fl utyc flf vb f ybc ea kt,t,b= rth-.jl b.ekt,bs uf lf fl ub kt,ek gbh sf (bug) lf mfksf ea kt,t,b+

2006-2007 okt,ib cofd kj,lf by lb f yfc eyb dth-cb ntn ib (fii)= cf lfw vb b qj flf vb f ybc cf th sf ij-hb cj ea kt,t,bc vf ubc nhbc [fhbc[b+

2008 okb lfy w[jd hj,c m+ ,fmj ib lf fhbc fhf-cfv sfd hj,j jh uf yb pf wbt,bc lf vj e rb lt,tkb rjy cek nfy nb lf vodhsyt kb+

2007-2008 oo+ ve ifj,lf s,bkbcib= uf t hjc knjkdbksf evfq kt cb rj vb cf hbc cfv vfh sdt-kjc thjdyek rjy cek nfy nfl ltdybksf cf-rbs[t,ib+

2000-2006 oo+ b'j mfk sf ea kt,t,bc lfw dbc ctm-nj hbc lb htm nj hb rek ne hek-/evf yb nf hek ajyl @cj[ev ib#= hj vtk sf yfw lqtv lt sf yfv-ihjv kj,c= hj ujhw rjy cek nfy nb+

2006 otkc trf nt hb yt uf vf[fhb fv vb b qj John Smith-bc cnb gty lbf lbl ,hb nf yts ib lt vjr hf nb-e kb by cnb ne nt,bc rdkt db cf lf itc ofd kb cfs-dbc+

2006-2007 okt,ib vb b qj Edmund Muskie-c cnb-gty lbf fvt hb rbc eyb dth cb ntn ib flf vb f ybc cf th-sf ij hb cj ea kt,t,bc it cfc ofd kfl+

trfnthbyt ufvf[fhbf - vhf dfkb thjdyekb lf cf-th sf ij hb cj rjy at hty wbbcf lf nht ybyu-ct vb yf-hbc vj yf ob ktf+

ufvjwtvf vjvpflt,ekbf ltvjrhfnbbc

thjdyekb ajylbc (NED-dfibyunjyb) v[fhlfzthbs


WJNF HFV AJYLB @CJ[EVBC# ITCF[T,

rek ne hek-/evf yb nf he kb ajy lb @cj [e vb#

mfk sf fhf cfv sfd hj,j jh uf yb pf wbf= hjvt-

kbw ve ifj,c lf cfd kts cf mfh sdt kj ib 1997

okb lfy+

jh uf yb pf wb bc vb cbf| mfk sf lf f[fk ufp hlf sf

fm nb e hb xfh sdf cf pj uf ljt,hb db w[jd ht,bc

c[df lfc[df - gj kb nb reh= cj wb f keh lf trj-

yj vb reh - cat hj ib= cf mfh sdt kj ib lt vjr hf-

nb e kb cf pj uf ljt,bc vit yt,kj,bc vbp ybs+

ajy lb @cj[evbc# .bhb sf lb vb vfh se kt,t,b|

- mfk sf fm nb dj,bc ufy db sf ht,f lf vf sb hj-

kbc ufp hlf rjy akbm nbc vidb lj,bf yb vju df-

ht,bc ghj wtc ib

- mfk sf [tk ito 'j,f cf rf yjy vlt,kj lf [tkb-

ce akt,bc fq vfc he kt,tk jh uf yjt,ib oby-

cdkb cfs dbc

- mf kt,bc ep hey dtk 'j af cf by ajh vf wbj lf

vt sj le hb vf cf kt,bs

- 'ehflqt,bc vbg 'hj,f mfksf vbvfhs .fkflj-

,bc ghj,ktvbcflvb

- cfpjufljt,bc byajhvbht,f utylthekb

esf yfcojhj,bc cfrbs[bc itcf[t,

33


it cf df kb

dby fhbc kb lt hb~

.bhbsflb vblujvt,b kblthj,bc

atyjvtybcf lf kblthj,bc cnbkbc

rdktdbcfsdbc

kb lt hj,bc rjy wta wbt,b

hj ujh eylf uf[lts kb lt hb

kb lt hj,bcsdbc

fe wb kt,tkb 21 sdb ct,f

kb lt hbc aey mwbt,b

kb lt hbc fq mvf vb cb ]ue abc vb th

kb lt hj,bc uty lt he kb sf db ct,eht,t,b

c[dfj,f vf vf rf wb-kb lt hbcf lf mf kb-

kb lt hbc vbl uj vt,ib

kb lt hb mf kbc gkbe ct,b lf vb ye ct,b

kb lt hb mf kbc ghj at cb e kb bvb]bc it-

ve if dt,f lf itm vyf

lfc rdyf

ntc nt,b

,b,kb ju hf abf

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44

cfh xt db


IT CF DF KB

kb lt hb+++ tc cbn 'df vb kb j yj,bs flf vb fyc faj-hb f mt,c+ bc nj hbf udb fv,j,c kb lt ht,pt= hjv-kt,bw sf dbfys lhj ib w[jd hj,lyty lf ob yfv.-qj kj,lyty [fk[c= mvybl yty vf nbf ytc= wdkbl-yty cf[tk vob ajt,bc o'j,fc+ kb lt hj,bc st vf .dtk sf ufy dt fo df kt,lf vrdkt dfh sf uj yt,fc= sev wf lqtvlt dth dbn 'dbs= hjv fh ct,j,c th-sf lth sb lf it sfy[vt,ekb fp hb fvbc sfj,fpt+ sev wf bc afm nb= hjv kb lt hj,f kb lth cf lf vbc vbv ltd ht,c ij hbc eh sb th sufwdkb cf lf eh sb-th smvt lt,bc ghj wt cbf= kb lt hj,bc 'dt kf st j-hb bc vb t hff fqbfht,ekb+

kb lt hb - gbh dt k hbu ib= bc flf vb f ybf= hjv-kbc mwt df pt fhb fy jhb ty nb ht,ek yb ]ue abc otd ht,b+ coj htl bc b.kt df mwt dbc njy cf lf th sudfh cnfy lfhnc= ufy cfp qdhfdc ]ue abc vbp yt,cf lf fvj wf yt,c+ coj htl vfc fmdc acb mj-kj ub e hb ea kt,f= ]ue abc otd ht,b vbvfh sjc vfs ob yf it vluf hb fvj wf yt,bc itc he kt,bcf rty+ c[df cbn 'dt,bs= kb lthc .fkf ea kt,f uf fx ybf+ lf ,jkjc= 'dt kf pt vsf df hb - kb lt hb sf dbc sfd pt bqt,c flf vb fy sf ]ue ab cf lf vf sb vjm vt-lt,t,bc ufvj gf ce[bc vut,kj,fc+

xdtyc lhj ib kb lt ht,b= [tkv.qdf yt kt,b [lt,bfy fhf vfh nj vf vf rf wt,b= hj ujhw fl ht b'j= fhf-vtl mf kt,bw+ ,jkj lhjc cek vt nb mf kb nj-dt,c cfj]f[j cfmvbfyj,fc= hf sf bve if jc cat-hjt,ib= hjv kt,ibw= c[df lfc[df vb pt pbc uf vj= nhf lb wb e kfl= .bhb sf lfl= vf vf rf wt,b b' dyty lf rf dt,ek yb+ mf kt,vf sfy lf sfy lf bo 'tc cnt ht-j nb gt,bc vc[dht df= cfm vb fy w[jd ht,fc f[fkb= mf-ke hb sdb ct,t,b lf wdkb kt,t,b it vf ntc+

mfk sf ofh vf nt,t,c cf pj uf ljt,hbd-gj kb-nb reh fc gf htp pt lf vfs vjc dkfc uf lfo-'dt nb kt,bc vbv qt, cat hjt,ib lb lb vybi-dyt kj,f fmdc bvbcsdbc= hjv it bw df kjc cf pj uf ljt,hb db fp hb vf sb kb lt hj,bc vb vfhs lf ufw yj,bt ht,ek bm yfc vf sb= hj ujhw kb lt-

55


ht,bc= it cf.kt,kj,t,b+ mf kt,b= hj vtk sfw vb fq ob tc [tkv-.qdf ytk lf cf gf ce[bc vut,kj sf yfv lt,j,t,c cf pj uf ljt,hbd lf gj kb nb reh jh uf yb pf wbf-lf ot ct,ekt,t,ib= c[dt,c f.kt dty kb lt he kb sdb ct,t,bc uf vjd kt ybc vf uf kb st,c+

vbe[tlf dfl bvb cf= hjv ,jkj fs okt e kt,ib vybi dyt kjd yfl uf-b pfh lf mfk sf vj yf ob ktj,f cj wb f keh lf gj kb nb reh w[jd-ht,fib= mf kt,b ]thfw fhf cfr vf hb cfl fhb fy ofh vjl ut ybk yb kb-lt hek gj pb wbt,pt+ cfv oe[fhjl= cf pj uf ljt,bc wyj,bt ht,fib lqt cfw fhbc uty lt he kb lbc rhb vb yf wbf lf mf kbc vb vfhs vb-rth.jt,ekb lf vj rb lt,ekt,f= hfw fhf cf[fh,bt kj gb hj,t,ib f't yt,c mfkc lf [lt,f uf lfo 'dt nb kt,bc vb qt,bc cat hj ib vb cb fhf cfr vf hb cb ofh vj vfl uty kj,bcf lf vj yf ob ktj,bc vb pt pb+

kb lt hek sf yfv lt,j,t,pt mfk sf fhf f ltr df ne hb ofh vj vfl uty-kj,bc ufy vcfp qdht kb afm nj ht,bf|

lf,fkb cnf ne cb= uf vjv lb yf ht uty lt he kb cnt ht j nb-gt,blfy lf lbc rhb vb yf wb b lfy= hj vtk sf vb[tl db sfw mf kb= xdt e-kt,bcf vt,h= fqbm vt,f= hj ujhw kb lt hj,bcfs dbc it e sfd ct,tkb lf= it cf,fvb cfl= fhf fmdc v[fh lf zt hf kb lt hek cnhem ne ht,ib itc dkb cfc\

itp qe le kb it cf.kt,kj,t,b cf[kc uf hts= ghj at cb e kb cfm vb f yj,bc cat hjt,ib che kb lfv rdbl ht,bcfs dbc= cfj]f[j cfp he yf db c esf yfc oj hj uf yf ob kt,bc vb pt pbs\

fhf cfr vf hb cb ht ceh ct,b= vt eq ktcf se j]f[bc vf vf rfw sf yf ob kpt trj yj vb re hb lf vj rb lt,ekt,f\

lf,fkb sdbs it af ct,f= fhf f ltrdf ne hb kb lt he kb xdt dt,b lf fhf cfr vf hb cb uf vjw lb kt,f+

vj wt ve kb cf[tkv.qdf yt kj= hj vt kbw kb lt hj,bc st vfc t.qdyt,f= lft[vfht,f mf kt,c= hjv uf yb db sf hjy kb lt he kb sdb-ct,t,b+

cf[tkv.qdf yt kj fhbc kb lt hj,bc cofd kt,bcf lf .bhb sf lb cf,fpj wjl ybc vb qt,bc cf ie f kt,f+ vrbs[dt kt,b se nht yby ubc vj yf ob ktt,b it.kt,ty= bgj djy kb lt he kb sdb ct,t,b= fb vfq kjy sdbs it af ct,f lf it b ve if jy cf re sf hb cnhf nt ubf= hf sf lf.kb-jy ib yf uf yb ,fhb t ht,b= hjv kt,bw [tkc ei kbc vfs kb lt he kb sdb ct,t,bc ufy db sf ht,fib+


DBY FHBC KB LT HB

kb lt hj,f jw lf vt th st cf e re yt ib - tc= gbh-dtk hbu ib= cf re sf hb eyb rf kehj,bc itw yj,ff lf fhf bct sb @cfc of ek vjm vt lb ht wtg nt,bc# .bt,f= hj vtk sf o'f kj,bsfw c[dt,pt fvfq-kt,fc it.kt,s+

smdt yb cj wb f ke hb ofh vf nt,f gbh lf gbh rfd-ibh ibf smdt yb eyb rf ke hb gb hjd ye kb lf ghj-at cb e kb sdb ct,t,bc ufy db sf ht,fc sfy+ vfu hfv kb lt hfl ufh lfm vybc fh cb bvf ib rb fh vluj vf-htj,c= hjv @itbc ofd kjs 'dt kf cf b lev kj#= fhf vtl bvf ib= hjv b 'js sf dbc sf dfl yb lf che-kfl uf vj b 't yjs bc eyb rf ke hb sdb ct,t,b= hfw ufufx ybfs - 'dt kf eyf hb= yb zb= tyth ubf+ c[dfu df hfl 'dt kf vwlt kj,f ae zb bvb nf wbf bm yt,f lf e,fl he rb vbc ohf at,f= sf db vj fx dt-yjs bv flf vb f yfl= hj vt kbw fhf [fhs+

'dt kf pt tatm ne hb kb lt hb fhbc bc= db cfw ite.kbf= sf dbc vbv lt dfh sf lb lb evt nt cj,f uf lf fm wb jc cf re sf hb sf db c kb lt hfl+ .bhb sf-lb fh cb= hj vt kbw kb lt hj,fc eltdc cf ae.-dkfl - flf vb f yb ]th sf dbc sdbc ey lf uf[ltc kb lt hb= it vltu rb ufh it vjv 'j at,bc ob yf it ey lf it.kjc sf db cb yb zbc lt vjy cnhb ht,f+ ofh vf nt,fw vf iby vj df+

ob yfs kb lt hj,f ybi yfd lf oby 'ja yfc+ 'dt kf-pt vf qfk sf yfv lt,j,fc+ hfw itb.kt,f vt nb uj kbc uf nf yfc fy hfw itb.kt,f ,td hb [vbc lfu hj dt,fc+ vfu hfv lhjc sfy th sfl kb lt-hj,bc wyt,f bw dkt,f+ xdty f[fk lhj ib dw[jd-hj,s lf kb lt hj,fw f[fk zhbk ib ey lf ufy-db[bkjs+ fb= @f[fkb kb lt hj,bc# hfv lt yb vt yb if yb|

77


1+ kb lt hj,f fh fh ct,j,c flf vb f yt,bcf ufy vjo 'dt nb kfl+ kb-lt hj,f ue kbc[vj,c fhf v[jkjl cbc nt vt,bc= uf 'bl dbc vj we kj,t,bc= lf yfl uf ht,bcf lf vfx dt yt,kt,bc vfh sdfc+ kb lt hj,f fh fh ct,j,c flf vb f yt,bcf ufy vjo 'dt nb kfl+ c[df 'dt kf at hb ghju ht cbc vbq ot dbc by cnhe vty nb lf cf ie-f kt,ff+ fvb nj vfw= .fkb fy vybi dyt kj df ybf jhb ty nb hbc itw-dkf lf fcts it rbs[dt,pt lf abm ht,f| itd.tkb rb cf re sf hb sf dbc ht f kb pt,f~ itd.tkb rb ea hj uf vt,tl yb t ht,byf lf uf vt.kb t ht,byf flf vb f yt,b~ xt vb lf[vf ht,bs it bw df kf rb vf-sb w[jd ht,bc [fhbc[b~

2+ kb lt hj,f cf re sf hb sf dbc vfh sdfc ybi yfdc+ lf b cf[ts vb pf-yb= vb fq ob ts vfc lf smdty bm wt dbs kb lt hfl c[dt,bcfs dbc+

3+ kb lt hb chek 'j ab kt,bcf rty vb bc ohfa dbc - yfr kbc fqb f-ht,bs+ chek 'j ab kb fhf db yff fv mdt' yfl+ xdty udby lf vb dfq-ob js xdtyc vbp yt,c lf ufy df[jh wb t kjs xdt yb jw yt,t,b+ vfu hfv 'j dtk sdbc fct hj lb [lt,f+ xdty vfhw[c ufy dbw lbs+ fcts vj vty nt,ib kb lt hfl 'ja yf ybi yfdc bv afm nbc fqb f-ht,fc= hjv xdty 'dt kf yb flf vb f yt,b dfhs+ fh ey lf babm hjs= hjv smdty 'dt kf pt zr dbf yb [fhs - "DTKF WLT,F+ vfhw[ib fhf at hbf cf sf rb kj= se smdty rdkfd at[pt lflut,bs+

4+ kb lt hj,f wdkb kt,t,c erfd ibh lt,f+ cfv 'f hj= hj vtk ibw dw[jd hj,s= efv hfd uf vjo dt dfc udsf df pj,c+ tvj wb ehc+ ab-pb rehc+ ,td hbf nrb db kb= ufy wlf= bvtl ufw het,f+ smdty it ub-.kb fs= bf hjs w[jd ht,bc upf pt lf sfd,tlb bo 'td kjs= ecf'-dt le hjs ufy ut,fc lf bkj wjs= hjv 'dt kf at hb sf dbc fl-ubk pt lfl utc+ vfu hfv it ub.kb fs= sf dfl it bw df kjs+

'dt kfc fmdc sf db ct,ehb yfr kb lf lfv qeg dt kb xdt dt,b+ tc fh fhbc itw lj vf+ itw lj vff= fh wlbkj,lt vfs itwdkfc+ kb lt-hj,f ite.kt,tkbf gj pb nb e hb wdkb kt,t,bc ufw yj,bt ht,bc fh xt df ybc uf ht it+

'e hfl qt,bs it[tlts smdtyc w[jd ht,fc+ fct uby lj lfs utw[jd hfs~ rvf 'j ab kb [fhs smdt yb ,tlbs~ vb fq ob ts rb 'dt kf athc= hbc rt yfw bkndj lbs~ hj uj hb flf vbf yt,b fhb fy smdtyc ufh it vj~ hj uj hb ituh.yt,t,bcf rty vb bc ohfa dbs~


vpf lf [fhs se fhf hf b vt f[fkb it-vf njs smdtyc w[jd ht,fc~

lf abm hlbs= hj ujh itw df kjs smdt yb w[jd ht,bc bc fc gtm nt,b= hj vtk sfw it lt ub fh vj fmds+ vpfl [fhs fvb cfs dbc~

5+ kb lthc sfd lf]tht,ekj,f uf fx ybf+ wdkb kt,t,bcf rty uf fp-ht,ekfl eylf bcohfajlts+ ey-lf u]thj lts= hjv w[jd ht,fib 'dt kf at hb cf cb rt sjl it bwdkt,f+ vfu hfv lqtc cfr vf jl fhfc-nf,bkeh lhj ib dw[jd hj,s lf rfh uf [fyc ufuh.tk lt,f fct+ sfd-lf]tht,ekj,f 'dt kfc udfr kbf+ ,tdhc fib yt,c ob yfv.qj kj,f= sf-db cb fp ht,bcf lf bltt,bc qb fl uf vj[fn df= ,h,jcufy uf vjh xt df= vfu hfv 'dt kf at hb uj yb dhek cfp-qdht,ib ey lf b'jc= @ufy lb lt,bc vf yb bc# uf ht it!

6+ kb lthc tyth ub bc vf hf ub uf fx ybf+ kb lth sf evt nt cj,fc tyth ub bc fvj e oe hf db vf hf ub uf fx ybf+ vb cb o'f hj fp hb lf uh.yj,t,bf+ se tkjlt,bs lf-lt,bs wdkb kt,t,c lf yf st kb vj vfd kb cf u]thfs= tyth ubf vj ubp qdfd lt,fs+ uf[ cjd lts| tyth ub e kj,f uf lfv lt,bf+ smdt-yb vb vfh sdf vbv ltd ht,bcfl vb se e,hf kjl ufh it vjv 'j at,bcfl vb uf vj[vf e ht,fc /gj dt,c vfs vb-vfh sdf ib c[df flf vb f yt,bcfl vb+ coj htl fct 'f kb,lt,f rjv gf yb-bc ce kbc rdt st,f - fy lf lt,bsb=

kb lt hj,f - upff=

hj vtk ptw smdty

bgj dbs 'dt kf pt

cf e rt st cjc= hb-

cb it sf df pt,fw

w[jd ht,fc ite.-

kbf+

y+ cf db lj df

vfh sj _ ybi yf dc=

lffhoveyj+

y+ vf rb f dt kb

vfh sdf 'dt kf pt

yf nb ab [tkjd-

yt,ff= tc fhbc

[tkjd yt,bc

[tkjd yt,f= hf-

vt se tc nf kfy-

nt,bc itm vybc

[tkjd yt,ff+

h+ vfr yf vf hf


fy efh 'jab sb+ tc t[t,f 'dt kf cf[bc lf vj rb lt,ekt,fc| vij,kt,b ≈ idb kt,b= vfc ofd kt,kt,b ≈ cne lty nt,b= mvht,b ≈ wj kt,b= [fk[b ≈ gj kb nb rj ct,b (uf b fp hts tc)+

7+ kb lt hb lf lt,bs uf vjw lb kt,fc mvybc+ xdty udby lf= rfh ufl dtm wt j lts cf re sfh sfdc= udby lf w[jd ht,bc vjd kt yt,bc uf rjy nhj kt,f= udby lf= sfdc .kb t ht,fl duh.yj,lts lf shsjk dbs dev pb hjs vj vf dfkc+ uf[cjds ituh.yt,f= hj-vt kbw f[fk cb' df hek sfy th sfl lf ut ea kfs~ fy f[fk cf ve ifjpt vjo 'j,bcfc~ smdty cfd ct b'f dbs ,tl yb t ht,bs= fq nf wt,bsf lf hf qfw rfh ubc vjkjlby bs+ tc ituh.yt,t,b [fyuh.kb dfl fh ufuh.tkt,ekf= vfu hfv ,ho'by df kt rb b'j!

bm yt, cb ce kt kt l vj utx dt yjs= vfu hfv [tkf[kf itb.kt,f fv ituh.yt,t,bc lf,he yt,f+ itw df kts hf b vt cfv cf[eh ib+ cf[kib+ vt uj,ht,sfy eh sb th sj,t,ib+ lft= tc wdkb kt,t,b cf cb[fhe kj b'jc+ cgjy nf ye hb+ wjw[fkb+ frt sts bc= hfw rb ltd vt nbc uf rt st,bc rty ufy ufo 'j,s+ ,jkjc lf ,jkjc= smdty it ub.kb fs uf lfo 'db njs - vj bo 'b yjs se bw[jd hjs+

8+ kb lt hj,f - it lt ut,bc itm vyff+ flf vb f yt,b ,tdhc cfe,hj,ty bvbc it cf[t,= hb cb uf rt st,f ey lfs+ gj kb nb rj ct,b kf gf hf-rj,ty lt ab wb nbc itv wb ht,fpt= f[fkb cf ve ifj fl ub kt,bc itm vyf pt= bvf pt= hj ujh uf[fljy cf pj uf ljt,f ea hj .kb t hb lf ecfahs[j+ ,bp ytc vt yt,b cfe,hj,ty vj ut,bc ufp hlf pt= sf yfv ihj vtk sf cf,h.jkj cek pt+++

vj vfd kbc [tl dfc vt nfl lb lb vybi dyt kj,f fmdc+ vfu hfv tc fh fhbc cfr vf hb cb+ zti vf hb n kb lthc .fke.c [tl dbc [jh-witc[vf= ghfm nb re k it lt ut,fl ufh lfm vyf+ ye uf f rt st,s fvfc yt,bc vb th af cfl+ smdtyc vbp yt,c vb fq ob ts bct= hjv fhf vfh nj smdty= c[dt,vfw vj b ujy+ vj t rb lts fvfc gf nb dbc wt vb-sf lf uf nf wt,bs+ cb' df he kbs+ rvf 'j ab kt,f vf iby vj lbc= hj wf smdt yb vjs[jd yb kt,t,bw [jh wb tk lt,f lf smdt yb qb-ht,ekt,t,bw+ c[dfu df hfl smdtyc cek ib vf byw cb wf hb t kt bm yt,f+

9+ kb lt hb t,h.dbc ibic lf f.kb t ht,c bvtlc+ wdkb kt,t,bc gt-


hb jl ib fhf db yff lfh ove yt,ekb sf dbc vj vf dfk ib+ fv lhjc xylt,f ib ib - cf ve ifjc= trj yj vb re hb cnf,bke hj,bc= cnf ne-cbc= vt uj,hj,bc lf c[df= xdty sdbc af ct e kb= w[jd ht,bct e kb fc gtm nt,bc lf rfh udbc+ tc ib ib fcec nt,c vj nb df wb fc= fv wb-ht,c ylj,fc lf phlbc ob yf fq vlt uj,fc+

se uby lfs= lft[vf hjs flf vb f yt,c wdkb kt,t,bc flfg nf wb-f cf lf ob yf fq vlt uj,t,bc lf.kt df ib= bgj dts vf sb bvt lbc uf.kb t ht,bc upf+ fqfa hsj df yts bcb yb lf ex dt yts= hjv v ybi-dytkjd fy yb fhb fy smdty sdbc+ ff vfq kts it lt ut,bc [fhbc[b lf lft[vf hts flf vb f yt,c hovt ybc vj gj dt,fib+ vj gj dt,ek it-lt ut,pt fhf yfrkt, vybi dyt kj df ybf bc= hj ujh fv rdbl ht,s wdkb kt,t,c+


.BHB SF LB VBL UJ VT,B

KB LT HJ,BC AT YJ VT YB CF

LF KB LT HJ,BC CNB KBC

RDKT DB CFS DBC

@kb lt hj,f sfy lf 'j kb kb sdb ct,ff

se vb cb cofd kf itb.kt,f~#

hb xfhl k+ lfa nb kb lt hj,bc fv udfh ufy vfh-nt,fc b.kt df| @kb lt hj,f - tc fhbc eh sb th-sj,t,b kb lth cf lf ]ue abc otd ht,c ij hbc= eh sb th sufd kt yf lf th sj,kb db cohfa df ht f-ke hb wdkb kt,t,bcf lf it lt ut,bc vbq ot dbcf-rty= hfw cf th sj vbp yt,pt fb cf[t,f+#

fv udf hfl= kb lt hj,bc fe wb kt,tkb it vfl uty-kt,bf| flf vb fy sf ]ue ab+vb pf yb+flf vb f yb= hj vt kbw ufy cfp qdhfdc vb pfyc lf uf yfo 'j,c ]ueac (sf dbc vbv ltd ht,c) vb cb vbq ot db cf rty+ vfu hfv tc gb hj,t,b cfr vf hb cbf b vb cfs dbc= hjv flf vb f yb kb lt hfl bm wtc~

ufy db[bkjs .bhb sf lb vbl uj vt,b kb lt hj,bc at yj vt ybc rdkt db cfs dbc lf de gf ce[js it-rbs[dfc| @kb lt hj,f sfy lf 'j kb kb sdb ct,ff se vb cb cofd kf itb.kt,f~#

kb lt hj,bc rdkt df ib uf vj 'j aty cfv .bhb sfl vbl uj vfc - @gb hjd ye kb sdb ct,t,bc st j hbf#= @mwt dbsb vbl uj vf# lf @cb ne f wb e hb vbl uj vf#+

@gb hjd ye kb sdb ct,t,bc st j hb bc# afh ukt,ib it ve ifd lf nhfy cajh vf wb e kb lf mf hbp vf ne kb kb lt hj,bc rjy wta wbt,b+

nhfy cajh vf wb e kb kb lt hj,f - tc fhbc vybi dyt-kj df yb wdkb kt,t,bc vbq ot dbc ghj wt cb jh-uf yb pf wb bc otd hsf ufy o'j,fcf lf ofh vjl ut-

1212


yt,ib\ jh uf yb pf wb bc vbp yt,cf lf cnhf nt ub f ib wdkb kt,t,bc it nf yf ib vj yf ob ktj,f+

,fcbc fp hbs (Bass, 1998)= nhfy cajh vf wb e kb kb lt hj,f fhbc kb lt hbc ufd kt yf mdt itd hlj vt,pt= vfu hfv fv ufd kt ybc tatm-nb ofh vj fl utyc mdt itd hljv sf ea kt,t,bc uf afh sjt,fc+ bcb ybw [lt,bfy kb lt ht,b jh uf yb pf wb bc ufh lfm vybc ghj wtc-ib+

mf hbp vf ne kb kb lt hj,bc lhjc 'e hfl qt,bc wty nhibf wfk rt-e kb kb lt hb+ hj ujhw c+ d+ bdf yj df fq ybi yfdc= mf hbp vf ne kb kb lt hj,f - tc fhbc kb lt hj,f= hj vt kbw fut,ekbf tyth ut-nb rf pt= vjv[b,dkt kj,fpt= fq nf wt,bcf lf uf.qj kbc ybz pt+ evt ntc itvs[dt df ib= ajh vf ke hb kb lt hb= hj vtk cfw mf hbp-vf uf fx ybf= fvfc sf yf dt fhf ajh vf ke hb wff= bc cfh ut,kj,c rj kt uf sf gf nb dbc wt vb sf lf cbv gf sb bs fhf vfh nj hj ujhw [tkv.qdf yt kb= fhf vtl hj ujhw gb hjd yt,f+

sev wf vrdkt dfh sf ev hfd kt cj,f tsfy[vt,f bv fphc= hjv mf-hbp vf - ufy cf res ht,ekb yb zbf lf vb cb cofd kf ite.kt,tkbf= fh ct,j,c mf hbp vf ne kb kb lt hj,bc hfv lt yb vt fc gtm nb= hj-vtk sf uf vj 't yt,f itb.kt,f ghfm nb rf ib+ tc fhbc gb hf lb .fkf-eakt,bc uf vj 't yt,f= cf th sj cfm vbc th sue kt,f= vj vfd kbc vrf abj [tl df= hbc rbc uf ot dbc lf uf eh rdt dtk cb ne f wb f ib tatm ne hb vjm vt lt,bc yb zb+

mwt db sb vbl uj vf vb vfh se kbf kb lt hj,bc fyf kb pb cf rty kb lt hbc vb th ht f kb pt,ekb mwt dbc rjy ntm cnib lf vb cb ofh vf nt,bc ep hey dtk 'j abc eyb dth cf ke hb mwt db sb sf db-ct,eht,t,bc uf vj dktyb cf rty+

mwt db sb vbl uj vbc vjv[htt,b sdkb fy= hjv kb lt hj,bc cofd-kf itb.kt,f+ fv vbl uj vbc it ve if dt,fib ghb j hb nt nb r+ kt-dbyc tres dybc+

vfy kb lt hbc mwt dbc cf vb cnb kb uf vj 'j|

1+ fd nj hb nf he kb (kb lt hbc vjm vt lt,f .fkf ea kt,hb dbf= lb-htm nb e kb= vrfw hfl fyf ob kt,c hj kt,c ]ue abc otd ht,c ij-hbc)\


2+ lt vjr hf nb e kb (kb lt hb bc ohfa dbc= vfh sjc ]ue ab mdt-itd hlj vt,sfy th sfl= vb f yb zjc vfs vjm vt lt,fsf sf db cea-kt,f)

3+ pt ht kt (kb lt hb ghfm nb re kfl sfdc fhb lt,c ]ue abc fm nb eh vfh sdfc= ]ue abc otd ht,c chek sf db cea kt,fc fyb-zt,c)

[tkv.qdf yt kj,bc hj vt kb cnb kbf 'dt kf pt tatm ne hb~ fh-ct,j,c ufd hwt kt,ekb it[tle kt,f= hjv lt vjr hf nb e kb cnb kb [tkv.qdf yt kj,bc jg nb vf ke hb cnb kbf+ vfu hfv mwt db-sb crj kbc sf yf vtl hj dt vbv ltd ht,b ea hj vt nfl tv[hj,bfy lfc rdyfc= hjv fh fh ct,j,c th sb jg nb vf ke hb cnb kb+ kb lt-hj,bc cnb kb bw dkt,f cb ne f wb bc it cf,fvb cfl+

lf cfc hekc= cb ne f wb e hb vbl uj vbc vjv[htt,b vb bx yt dty= hjv kb lt hj,f rjy rht ne kb cb ne f wb bc yf 'j abf+ fv vbl uj vbc .bhb sf lb bltf vluj vf htj,c bvf ib= hjv tatm neh kb lthc ite.kbf cb ne f wb bc it af ct,f lf vfc sfy sf db cb cfm wb t kbc vb-cf lf ut,f+

vsf df hb cb ne f wb e hb wdkf lt,bf mdt itd hljv sf vjs[jd yb-kt,t,b lf gb hf lb sdb ct,t,b= lf df kt,fsf [fcb f sb= cf ve ifj lf uf ht vj gbhj,t,bc lf[fcb f st,f+

fv udf hfl= vt yt]th vf= hj vtk cfw kb lt hj,f cehc= ey lf bc-ofd kjc rjy rht ne kb cb ne f wb bc 'dt kf it vfl ut yt kb yf ob kbc ufy cfp qdhf lf vj fh ujc kb lt hj,bc cnb kb+

mf hbp vfc se fh xfd sdkbs= it cf.kt,tkbf kb lt hj,bc cofd-kf lf ey lf dbc ofd kjs rb ltw+ kb lt hj,bc at yj vt ybc vrdkt-dfhsf ev hfd kt cj,f fq ybi yfdc= hjv 'j dtk flf vb fyc fmdc kb lt he kb gj nty wb f kb= e,hf kjl= vb cb uffm nbe ht,f lf ufy-db sf ht,ff cf zb hj+


KB LT HJ,BC RJY WTA WBT,B

xdtyc lhj ib afh sj ufd hwt kt,f /gj df tvj-wb e hb kb lt hj,bc rjy wta wb fv= hj vt kbw it b-ve if df fvt hb rt kb cj wb f ke hb acb mj kj ut,bc ]uea vf l+ uj ek vf ybc [tkv.qdf yt kj,bs+

fv rjy wta wb bc sf yf[vfl= kb lthc coj htl tvj wb e hb by nt ktm nbc ufy db sf ht,bc vf qf kb lj yt uf yfc[df dt,c c[df flf vb f yt,bcf ufy= db cb cfm vb f yj,fw vj bs[jdc rjuybnehb lf jh uf yb-pf wb e kb it cf.kt,kj,t,bc it[fvt,fc+ tvj wb-e h by nt ktm nib bue kbc[vt,f by ntu hf ke hb gb hjd ye kb cnhem ne hf= hj vt kbw js[ it vfl-ut ytkc vj b wfdc|

- sdbs itu yt,f (hta ktm cb b cf lf cf re sf hb tvj-wbt,bc [fcb f sbc fltr df ne hb it af ct,bc eyf-hb)\

- sdbs rjy nhj kb (cf re sf hb uh.yj,t,bcf lf tvj wbt,bc vfh sdf)\

- cj wb f ke hb ue kbc[vb t ht,f (sf yfuh.yj,bcf lf tv gfs bbc eyf hb)\

- vfh sdbc eyf hb (flf vb f yt,bcs dbc cf zb hj vb-vfh se kt,bc vb wt vf)+

hj ujhw uj ek vf yb fq ybi yfdc= c[df flf vb f-yt,bc vjs[jd yb kt,t,bcf lf tvj wbt,bc uf ut,f hjv it.kjs= ]th cf re sfh sfd ib ey lf uf th-rdts+ cf re sf hb sf dbc itw yj,bc ghj wt cb tvj-wb e hb by nt ktm nbc ufy db sf ht,bc sdbc= fct dsmdfs= nht yf;jhbc hjkc fc he kt,c+

tvj wb e hb kb lt hb flf vb f yt,bc ylj,fc bo dtdc= fa hmdtdc gj pb nbdc= eyth ufdc hovt yfc= [cybc acb mj kj ub eh lf.f,ekj,fc= mvybc acb mj kj-

1515


ub e hb rjv ajh nbc fn vjc at hjc+ tvj wb e hb kb lt hb – bc flf-vb f ybf= hj vtk cfw ite.kbf v[fh lf zt hf+

h+ ,jb f wbc vf lf t+ vfr vf tvj wbe hb by nt ktm nbc wyt,bc cf-ae.dtk pt ht pj yfy ce kb kb lt hj,bc rjy wta wbf it b ve if dtc+

fd nj ht,bc fp hbs= [tkv.qdf yt kt,b= hjv kt,bw akj,ty ht-pj yfy ce kb kb lt hj,bc cnhf nt ub fc= vj vfh se kyb fhb fy @ufh it vjv 'ja sf nfk qf pt#+ fct sb kb lt hbc [tkv.qdf yt-kj,bs flf vb f yt,b ve ifj,ty eyb cjy ib= th sce kjd yfl lf it-sfy[vt,ekfl= hfl uf yfw vfs ij hbc vbq ot e kbf by nt ktm ne f-ke hb lf tvj wbe hb sfy[vj,f+

kb lt ht,b= hjv kt,bw itv rek yb fhb fy tvj wb e hb by nt ktm-nbs= fhf v[jkjl cf re sf hb uh.yj,t,bc rjy nhj kbc eyfhc akj,ty= fhf vtl c[df flf vb f yt,bc tvj wbt,cfw vfh sf dty lf fut,ty vzbl hj= ylj,fpt fut,ek eh sb th sj,t,c+

fd nj ht,b uf vj 'j aty cfv .bhb sfl sdb ct,fc= hj v kt,bw kb-lt he kb gj nty wb f kbc ufy db sf ht,fc eo 'j,c [tkc|

- wyj,bt ht,bc fm nb e hj,f (cf re sf hb @vtc# uh.yj,f= fvfc sf yf-dt= c[df flf vb f yt,bc cf zb hjt,t,bc ufw yj,bt ht,f)\

- jg nb vbp vb (jhb ty nf wbf cf vj vfd kj vbp yt,pt= ty se pb fp vb)\

- tv gf sbf (c[df flf vb f yt,bc uh.yj,t,bcf lf ceh db kt,bc uf-ut,f)+


HJ UJH EYLF

UF[LTS KB LT HB

kb lt he kb eyf hbc ufy db sf ht,f

cfo 'b cb cf at[ehbc sjh vt nb cf dfh]bij

uby lfs= kb lt hb uf[lts~ ,td hb flf vb f yb= hj-vt kbw kb lt hbc gj pb wb bc lf rf dt,fc tc ohfa-dbc= egb hf nt cfl= vjm vt lt,c fkfk,tl pt= by cnby mne hfl+ vfs fh .fke.s= itbw df kjy lf ufy db sfh lyty lhj bc it cf,fvb cfl+ fvf dt lhjc= acb mj kj ut,vf= lb lb [fybf= lf fl ub ytc .bhb sf lb ob yf qj,t,b kb lt hbc phlbc upf pt+ gbh dtk hbu ib= tc ib yf uf yb ,fhb t ht,bf+ bcb yb uf vjw lb kt,bc= hovt ybc= itp qel dt,bc= xdt-dt,bc it lt ubf+ ufe,tlfj,f= ib ib= uf qb pb f yt,f ,td hb cfs dbc uf lf e kf[fdb ob yf qj,f [lt,f lf-cf[ekb vbp ybc vb cfq ot dfl+ 'dt kf pt [ib hfl ud[dlt,f itv lt ub ,fhb t ht,b|

1+ lf cf[ekb vbp yt,bc ,ey lj df yt,f lf uf eh rdtd-kj,f+ flf vb f yt,b [ib hfl bo dyt dty vfhw[c bvbc uf vj= hjv ,ey ljd yfl [tlf dty vb pfyc= hjv kbc-rt yfw bk ndb fy+ lf b cf[ts ufh rdt e kb vbp yt,b+ twf lts= uj yt,fib ofh vj bl ub yjs cf,jkjj it-lt ub= hjv kbc vbq ot df uby lfs lf bc hfw itb-.kt,f lfo dhb kt,bs fq ot hts+

2+ vj es vty kj,f lf vt'd ct e kb wdkb kt,t,bc vj kj lb yb+ b'f dbs rvf 'j abk yb vwb ht lb ghju-ht cbs| [ib hfl fv,j,ty= hjv lb lb ve[f gf nf-hf hrj cf ufy bp hlt,f+ bv gek ce hb flf vb f yb= hj vtk cfw cehc= sdf kbc lf[fv[fvt,fib uf vj-bw df kjc= bi db f sfl fq otdc fvfc+ ofh vf nt,f rdt,fdc ofh vf nt,fc+ v'f hb= vfu hfv e,hf kj ghju ht cb [ib hfl v'fh lt,f lf bm wt df vj-wt ve kb flf vb f ybc lf vj rb lt,ekt,bc cf[tl sdbs chek 'j ab cf lf= cf th sjl= w[jd ht,bc

1717


vb vfhs+ uf[cjd lts= hjv yt,bc vb t hb wdkb kt,f bs[jdc uf-yeo 'dt ntk 'e hfl qt,fcf lf itc he kt,bc ht f keh df lt,c+ lf-b cf[ts ht f ke hb df lt,b+

3+ f[fkb cb ne f wbt,bc ib ib+ fh wse bi db f sfl flf vb f yt,b hbc-rcf lf cbf[ktt,c ecfahs[jt,fcf lf xdt e k w[jd ht,fc fv]j,byt,ty+ f[fkb cb ne f wbt,b [ib hfl ea hj cf ib ifl ofh-vj el ut yb fs= dbl ht yfx dt db+

4+ lf ew dt kj,bc ib ib+ flf vb f yt,b [ib hfl ufy t hb lt,bfy cb ne f-wbt,c= hj vtk sfw ite.kb fs vj e nf yjy nrb db kb= e[th[ekj,f fy ib ib= tvem ht,f vfs sdbs hovt yfc fy acb mj kj ub e hb rjv-ajh nbc uh.yj,fc+

5+ mwt df lf ufh it vjv 'ja sf lf vj rb lt,ekt,f+ fh wse bi db f sfl j]f[b= rj kt ut,b lf vt uj,ht,b pqe lf dty gb hjd yt,bc vbc-ohf at,fc wdkb kt,t,bcf rty+ gb hf lb tatm ne hj,bc ufp hlf 'j dtk sdbc bo dtdc ofh vf nt,fc lf vbq ot dt,c+ ghb j hb nt nt,b bw dkt,f lf smdt yb kb lt he kb rjv gt nty ne hj,bc phlfv itb.-kt,f ufh it vjv 'ja sf ie hb fy vnhe kb lf vj rb lt,ekt,f uf-vj bo db jc+

6+ cf re sfh .fkt,ib lf eh ove yt,kj,f+ ufy db sf ht,f [ib hfl ath[lt,f vf iby= hj wf tz db ut gf ht,fs bvf ib= hjv itub.-kbfs= uf vj bw df kjs+ uf[cjd lts= hjv smdtyc ufy db sf ht,fc vtn ob kfl smdty sdb sjy uf yf ut,s+ 'dt kf gt hb jl ib flf vb-f yb fhxtdfybc ob yf it lut,f – bc ofd kjc lf uf b pfh ljc w[jd-ht,bct e kb uf vjw lb kt,bc cf ae.dtk pt= se bu yj hb ht,f uf e rt sjc vb qt,ek ufr dt sb kt,c= 'e hfl qt,f uf f vf[db kjc ecfahs[jt,fpt lf lf vfhw[ltc+ kb lt hj,bc vbc ohf at,f bs[jdc= bc ofd kjs gf ce[bc vut,kj,f smdt yb w[jd ht,bc vbv-lb yf htj,fpt+

7+ fhf cfr vf hb cb wjl yf lf eyf hb+ pju]th flf vb f yt,c fh 'ja-ybs f[fkb bltt,b fy xdt dt,b= hjv kt,bw fe wb kt,tkbf cf re sf-hb sf dbc itw dkb cf sdbc+ bcb yb wlb kj,ty= uf vj xt yb kb flf vb-f yt,bc ,bju hf abt,bcf lf vt ve f ht,bc rbs[dbs vb b qjy bcb yb+ vfs tx dt yt,fs= hjv lb lb kb lt ht,bc cf b lev kjt,t,bc itc ofd-


kf 'dt kf pt cf b vt lj cf ie f kt,ff bvbc sdbc= hjv sdb sj yfw uf[lt kb lt hb+ tc fct fh fhbc+ uf[cjd lts= hjv flf vb f yt,c= hj vtk sfw it.ktc vt nb ofh vf nt,bc vb q otdf= /mjy lfs sf-dbfysb w[jd ht,bct e kb uf ht vjt,t,b= bc nj hb e kb gb hj,t,b= [fcb f sbc sf db ct,eht,t,b= hjv kt,bw smdty fhf ufmds+

pt vjs xf vjs dkb kb ,fhb t ht,blfy yt,bc vb t hb itb.kt,f xfbsdf kjc .fkfl= hj vt kbw kb lt hek phlfc fath[t,c+ itb.-kt,jlf rb ltd efv hf db fct sb ,fhb t hbc lf cf[tkt,f+ ufh lf fvb cf= 'j dtk flf vb fyc bc cf re sf hb fmdc+

sev wf gb hf lb itp qel dt,bc fqb f ht,f er dt sf dbc sf dfl fhbc wdkb kt,t,bc vf vj.hf dt,tkb .fkf= vfu hfv [ib hfl cf zb hjf uf vjw lb kt,f lf wjl yf= hf sf uf fq hvf djs sdbsitvtw yt,f= it b.byjs f[fkb eyf ht,b lf vbl uj vt,b sdbs uf yfs kt,bcfs-dbc+ vybi dyt kj df yb gb hjd ye kb wdkb kt,t,b ue kbc[vj,c cf re sf hb sf dbc hovt yfc= wjl yfc= v[fh lf zt hfc lf= gbh dtk hbu ib= 'dt kfa hbc f[kt,ehfl rt st,bc eyf hbc ufy db sf ht,fc+ vj vf df kb kb lt hbc fvj wf yff – vj yf[jc lf uf f f yf kb pjc cf-re sf hb vbl uj vt,b lf it cf.kt,kj,t,b= uf vj fd kb yjc sf db cb gj nty wb f kb= bc ofd kjc ufyc[df dt,ekb vjm vt lt,f+ tc fhbc @hf qfw# smdty ib= hfc sf yfw ey lf it.kjs rjy nfm nbc lfv 'f-ht,f+ itv ltu ey lf bh ove yjs ofh vf nt,bc= sey lfw fv oe sfc fhf at hb vtn 'dt kt,ltc vfc pt+ itv ltu lut,f cb vf vf wb cf lf yt,bc 'j abc lhj+ tc fe wb kt,tkbf lf cf[ekb vbp yt,bc ht f kb-pf wbb cfs dbc+

lf= hfw 'dt kf pt vsf df hbf= fh ey lf ut ib yj lts vfhw[bc+

fv upf pt yt,bc vb thb c ofd kj,c cf re sfh uf vjw lb kt,fpt\ ,tdhc dt hf athc uf b ut,s fq ot hbs= se fvfc sf dfl fh buh.-yj,s lf fh uf fw yj,bt ht,s lf vj e rb lt,kfl+ fvb njv usf df-pj,s sjh vtn ghfm nb rek cf dfh]bijc= hj vt kbw t[t,f kb lt-he kb gj nty wb f kbc ufy db sf ht,bc lfo 't,bs cf at[ehc+ bcb yb it fl ub ytc acb mj kj ut,vf [jct cnb dty cvf lf vf br del rjr vf+ vcufdc cf dfh]bijt,c smdt yib ufh rdt e kb tz dbc uf vjo dtdf ite.kb fs= vfu hfv vf sb lf ea kt,bc itv ltu buh.yj,s vjp-qdf dt,ek .fkf cf lf ufh it vjv 'ja sf lf af ct,fc+


fct lf fv udf hfl=

gbh dt kb cf dfh]bij| fofh vj ts lb f-kj ub smdtyc ib yf ufy rhb nb rjc sfy+

bc ofd kts= it t ob yf fq vlt ujs ib -yf ufy [vfc= hj vt kbw cfr vf jl [ib hfl bc dhbc rhb nb rek it ybi d -yt,c smdt yb lf smdtyc bh udkbd v'ja sf vb cf vfh sbs+ fhf v[jkjl ec vb yts= fhf vtl lb f kj ub fofh-vjts vfc sfy+ vb t wbs cf re sfh sfdc ea kt,f= uf uf qb pb f yjs fv lf vfv wb ht,tk vf [vfv+ vbc cbn-'dt,c ab kj cj ab e hfl vb e lt mbs+ /rbs[ts cf re sfh sfdc| @db yf dfh vt= hj wf tc [vf levc~#

fv cf rbs[ib ofh vf nt,bc vbq ot dbc cf e rt st cj cf ie f kt,ff lqb e hb smdtyc vb th ofh vf nt,bs itc he-kt,ekb cfm vbc bh udkbd= fy e,hf-kjl ,kjr yj nb+ ye lf b pf ht,s= xf b ot hjs 'dt kf at hb= hb cb smvfw ey lf fv rhb nb rbs cfd ct [vfc+ ye lf e vf kfds ye hf athc+ sey lfw qb ht,ekc fhf athc fv,j,ltc= fy v[jkjl kfac ufc[fv lts= vf byw 'dt kf at hb xf b ot hts+ ye it f xt-ht,s vfc= vfu hfv of e 't yts gb hj,f= v[jkjl vt j ht gb hib bcfe,hjc+ ,kjr yjn ibw pec nfl fct xf b ot-hts| yfw dkfl cbn 'dt,bcf| @vt vf[by]b dfh# fy @vt dt hf cj ltc ufd[lt,b kb lt hb#= ot hts| @ity vf[by]b [fh# lf @ity dthf cj ltc uf[lt,b kb lt hb#+ fvbc itv ltu egf ce[ts vfc bct= hj ujhw lf t-kf gf hf rt,jlbs vt nb xf hf= vfu hfv

kb lt hbc fvj wf-

yff _ vb f yb zjc

fp hb bv flf vb-

fy sf w[jd ht,fc=

hjv kt,bw vfc

vb/'dt,bfy+

b+ dj hjn ybw rf bf

hjv vfh sj vhf-

df kb flf vb f yb=

c]j,c b'j flf-

vb f ye hb= dbl ht

mtl vf qf kb lf

c]j,c b'j mdtk-

vjm vt lb= dbl ht

cfc nb rb+

y+ vf rb f dt kb

hj wf rf gb nf yb

[lt,bs= smdty ib

vfn hj cb it b yfh-

xe yts+

d+ db cjw rb


smdt ybs wj nf sb it ib yt,ek [ekb ufyc+ cf e rt st cj gf ce[b fv [ekb u ybc vbvfhs bm yt,jlf| “vt ht hf vj[lf~”

vt j ht cf dfh]bij| 'j dtk lqb e hfl xf b ybi yts smdt yb ofh vf-nt,t,b+

cf yfv lf cf.byt,kfl of[db lj lts= uf f rt sts cbf= erb le htc itvs[dt df ib cf vb= fy rb ltd ert st cb - idb lb cf rbs[bcf= hj vkt-,bw ufy cf res ht,bs rfh ufl uf vj ub db lfs lqbc ufy vfd kj,fib= bvb cf ufy lf vj e rb lt,kfl= lqt hfv lt yfl welb b'j+E

smdty fd nj vf ne hfl uf vj ub ve ifd lfs nty lty wbf= xf ut ybi yfs vjd kt yt,b= hj vtk sfw bv lqtc efh 'j ab sb itltub /mjy lf+ tc smdt yb .dt kb xdt dff+ uf vj b xb yts Nyt,bc 'j af= uf lf b nf yts 'e hfl qt,f fv xdt db lfy lf rjy wty nhf wbf vjf[lb ybs cb ne-f wbt,pt= cf b lf yfw uf vfh]dt,ekb uf vj[dt lbs+ smdty ey lf it .kjs ve ifj,f fhf yt uf nbd sfy= fhf vtl gj pb nbd sfy+ gbh-dtk [fyt,ib tc smdty ufy ct hb j pek .fkbc[vt dfc vj bs[jdc lf itb.kt,f it ec he kt,kf lfw rb vj utx dt yjs+ ye lfb[tds erfy+ ufh rdt e kb gt hb j lbc sdbs lbc wbg kb ybc itv ltu 'dt-kf at hb fl db kfl ufvjubdfs+ b'f dbs lf;byt,ek b+ ,jkjc lf ,jkjc= ofh vf nt,fc vb fq otds+

vt cf vt cf dfh]bij| xf b ot hts lf vj ec vb yts fqb f ht,t,c smdt yb qbh ct,t,bcf lf yfr kj df yt,t,bc it cf[t,+

tc ghj wt cb lbl cb vf vf wtc vj bs[jdc+ sev wf bc fe wb kt,tkbf+ lf f nf yts sfdc .fkf lf= egbh dt kt cfl= it fl ub yts hfv lt yb-vt vt uj,hb cf lf yf st cf db c cbf= hj vtk sfw= lfh ove yt,ekb [fhs= hjv e' dfh[fhs lf uek ohat kfl ey lfs smdt yb lf[vf-ht,f+ fvbc itv ltu vb t wbs vfs lbm nj aj yb= fy cs[jdts= xf b ot-hjy= hf njv fd kt yty smdtyc vb vfhs phey df cf lf cbv gf sb fc= hbc sdbc e' dfh[fhs lf gb hb mbs+ cs[jdts vfs= hjv vfs vb th lf cf[tkt,ekb qbh ct,t,b lf yfr kj df yt,t,b lff[kjt,bs th-sb hf j lt yj,bc b'jc (tc fe wb kt,tkb gb hj,ff)+ it fu hj dts smdtyc cb f ib v'j ab 'dt kf gb hbc it[tle kt,t,b+ itv ltu vj-bc vb yts bc sf db lfy ,jkjv lt – se cb sf vf vt ut 'j afs+ hj wf vj br ht,s .fkfc= hjv vj bc vb yjs xf yf ot hb sf db lfy ,jkjv-


lt= bct= hjv fh bwf[wf[t,s ib ibs fy cbhw[db kbs= smdty it.kt,s lb lb yf,b]bc uf lfl uvfc ib yf uf yb oyt[bc ufy sf dbc lf cfq ot dfl+ hf smvf ey lf= ib yf uf yb [vf uf vel vt,bs xfu-.f[t,s= hjv tc 'dt kf at hb cb ce kt ktf lf fh qbhc smdtyc .fkbc[vt dfl+ bc it tw lt,f= lf uf rfh udb yjs xf yf ot hb fy vb b-qt,c vj yf ob ktj,fc cf,jnf;bc c[df uf vjd kb yt,t,ib+ ye vbc-wtvs vfc cf ie f kt,fc= it uf xt hjs+

vt js[t cf dfh]bij| lf fv 'f hts eh sb th sj,f cf re sfh uf vj-cf[ekt,fc sfy cfh rt ib+

bmj yb ts vjs vb yt,f= e'e hjs cf re sfh uf vj cf[ekt,fc cfh-rt ib= hj wf uf[lb kb [fhs+ sfy lf sfy bc ofd kts= e'e hjs smdtyc sfdc cfh rt ib nf yb cf vj cbc uf ht it+

e'e hts cf re sfh uf vj cf[ekt,fc sdf kt,ib+ sf db lfy tc yfv-ldbk cb ce kt ktl vj utx dt yt,fs+ vj br hb,ts .fkf lf vjs vb-yt,f+ /rbs[ts cf re sfh sfdc| @hf ea kt,f vfmdc= ufy dcf]j tc flf vb f yb= tc c[te kb~#

flf vb f yb cfh rt ib – hj ujhw yf pb vwt yf htf+ vfc czbh lt,f o'f-kb= vpbc ie mb= phey df lf fhf vrfw hb lb t nf+ it cf.kt,tkbf= pj ub th sb yfr dsb= ufy cf res ht,bs cf.ek dtkb smdty sdbc= cb yfv ldb kt ib bc vf[fcb f st,tkbf= hj vt kbw uf[ct yt,s vij,kt,c fy ea hjc lf-.vfc+ smdty= it cf.kjf= buh.yj,s vfs vb vfhs cb.ek dbkc bvbc uf vj= hjv bcb yb fct ,tdhc bs[jd lyty smdty ufy lf cf vf ub t hjl fct wj nfc uf.ktd lyty+ ufqbpbfylbs= vfu hfv ye ufe,hfp lt,bs cf re sf h sf dc+ ,hfpc ctd lf itw dkbc= vfc rb - idt,f lf vb nt dt,f+ vfu hfv= lft= bcb-yb th svf yt sbc vb 'j kt,bs vj dbl yty= ytk -yt kf= ye tw lt,bs vfs lfx mf ht,fc+

pju]th flf vb f yt,c ,td hb lhj czbh lt,fs bvb cfs dbc= hjv cfh rt ib it fd kjy cf re sfh sfdc gbh dt kb lfr dbh dt,ekb vpt-hf lf fh uf yb wf ljy vb,hey t,bcf lf ufm wtdbc ceh db kb+ fv itvs[dt df ib= ubh xtds= vj br hb,js ufv,tlfj,f lf cwf ljs vj ley t,f+ uf vj b 't yts tc wlf cf re sfh sfd pt= lf bo 'ts vjr-kt lb f kj ut,bs cf re sfh uf vj cf[ekt,fc sfy lf sfy lf sfy uf pfh lts vf sb [fyuh.kb dj,f+


vt[est cf dfh]bij| uf hbc rts 'j dtk lqb e hfl+

tc ybi yfdc= hjv smdty ey lf vj/rb ljs [tkb 'dt kf athc= hfw fmfv lt fh uf vj ubw lb fs| bc ofd kjs wtr df= se tc fmfv lt fh bwj lbs= lf bo 'js f[fkb= cf by nt ht cj cf ve if jc .t,yf= vj-cby]js .fkt,b s[bkf ve ht,pt= wb ue ht,pt – 'dt kf at hb= hfw sfd ib vj ub dfs+ ufy cf res ht,bs it e af ct,tkbf cf]fhj uf vjc dkt,b= hfw ufb.ekt,s= uf yb wf ljs xdt e kt,hbdpt ,td-hfl .kb t hb tvj wbf+ bc fe wb kt,kfl ey lf lf yth ujs+ hfl ufy ths-th sb .bhb sf lb sdb ct,f kb lt hb cf= vbe[tlf dfl bvb cf= cf[tk vob ajc [tkv.qdfytkbf bc= rjh gj hf wb bc= jh rtc nhbc se cgjh ne kb uey lbc= fhbc eyf hb= w[flfl lf uf cf ut,fl uf-vj[fnjc sf db cb fp hb flf vb fy sf lb lb ]ue abc ob yf it+

smdty sdbc fmfvlt ew yj, cf rbs[t,ib uf vjw lb kt,bc vbqt,bs smdty bafh sjt,s fh ct yfkc= ufy res dybkc vj vf df kb uf-vfh]dt,t,bcfs dbc+ vfu hfv fvfc sfy th sfl sf db f hb lts it]b,hcf lf cfm vb f yj,bc bcts cf[tc= hj vt kbw b.ekt,ekc ufu[lbs= ufh it vjv 'jas it f lf hjs sf db+

vcufd cb uf vjw lb kt,f vybi dyt kj dfy hbc rsfy fhbc lf rfd ib-ht,ekb bv res[bs= hjv gbh dtk cf dt vfhw[c ite.kbf= .fkb-fy fl db kfl bpt b vjc uf vfh]dt,f smdty pt lf vst kb vbq otdf o'fk ib xf ub 'f hjs+ reh cbc ths-th sb vj yf ob kt hbc rpt of db-lf lf ths .fkb fy vjv[b,dktk mfk,fnjyc gf t vf yb cs[jdf+ vfy ef hb vb b qj lf vpfl b'j= tc vb t qj= hj ujhw cf re sf hb fhfc-hek af cjd yt,bc rb ltd th sb vnrb wt,f+ itv ltu uf fw yj,bt hf= hjv vf yt hfv= hjv kb sfw wlb kj,lf vb t qj mf kbc sfy[vj,f= sf dbc sf dfl vj fv pf lf yb f lf ub efh 'j ab sb gf ce[bc sdbc+ fvbc fqb f ht,f hse kb= vfu hfv fe wb kt,tkb b'j+

vt tm dct cf dfh]bij| uf vj b xb yts fm nb e hj,f lf smdtyc sfd pt fb-qts uf lfo 'dt nb kt,bc vb qt,f+

hfv lt yf lfw kb lt hj,bc rty cohfa df gf cb e hj,fc uf vj-hbw[fdc= vel vb dfl ey lf bp hlt,jltc smdt yib uf lfo 'dt nb-kt,bc vb qt,bc eyf hb+ uf vj lbc= hjv gf ce[bc vut,kj,bc cf re-sfh sfd pt fqt ,bcf lf uf lfo 'dt nb kt,bc vb qt,bc yt,bc vb t hb it cf at hb cb it cf.kt,kj,f ey lf uf vj b 't yjs+ se uby lfs= vb-


ub qjy cfv cf[eh ib cf rjy reh cj ith xt dbc cf ae.dtk pt= fy lb-lb [fybf= [tkv.qdf yt kb sf yfv lt,j,bc ght nty lty nb [fhs= cfc ohf ajl lf ht rts fy vb vfh sts abh vbc lb htm wb fc= uf vj fh-sdbs ufyw[flt,bc ,kfy rb lf it b nf yts smdt yb fy rt ne hb vj-yf wt vt,b= itc sf df pts smdt yb cfv cf[ehb+ fh uf lf ljs cfm vt lb lb [ybs+ e,hf kjl uf cfr db hbf= hfv lt yb flf vb f yb (hj vtk-cfw rf hb t he kb phlbc 'dt kf vj yf wt vb fmdc) uf lf lt,c ,jkj oe sfv lt= fy cf th sjl dth f[th[t,c itc sf df pjc sf db cb cfv-cf[ehb jh uf yb pf wb fc fy rj ktm nbdc+ vfs fh 'ja ybs .fkf= uf lfl ufy uf lfv o'dt nb yf,b]b+

fh wse bi db f sfl= nt kt aj yb ofh vj fl utyc vsf dfh ob yf qj,fc cfv cf[eht,hb db oby cdkb cfs dbc+ [lt,f= hjv fd nj vj gf ce[bc [vf pt ib ibs shsjk dfc bo 't,s= vfu hfv wjw[fkb flf vb f ybc [vf rb ltd ea hj uf ib yt,s+ smdty bo 't,s cfm vb fy cfe,fhc uh.tkb lf e[dcbn 'db f yb ,jlb it,bs lf fvbc itv ltu 'eh vbk-ib hf qfw uf e ut,fhc keq ke qt,s= hfw sfy lf sfy ec[knt,f smdt yb er dt vjs vb yt,flf rfh ue kb sf yf vj cfe,hbc fq mvfc+

smdty ub 'f kb,lt,fs nt kt aj ybs cfe,hb cfs dbc sf dbc fhb-lt,bc nty lty wbf= uf lfo 'dt nb kt,f= hj vt kbw rbs[dbc ybi ybc mdti f't yt,c sf yf vtl hj dt w[jd ht,bc ntv gib yt,bc vb t hb of-vjo 't,bc ofh vf nt,fc+

i[fvcf ob yf fq vlt uj cf ie f kt,fc v[jkjl smdty sdbc ib ibc -vjvudhtk vjd kt yfc sfy gb hbc gbh it[dtl hf ofh vj fl utyc= it cf.kjf - nt kt aj ybs ea hj [ib hb cfh ut,kj,f+ smdty fh-wse bct ,td hb pf hb lfu zbh lt,fs= hf sf lf.kb js ib ib fgf hf-nbc ob yf it= fvfc sfy smdty it ub.kb fs= ob yfc ofh vjtv pf ljs cfe,hbc vcdkt kj,bc vtn yfr kt,fl fhf cf ceh dt kb df hb fy nb-cfs dbc+ hj ujhw ot cb= smdt yb ofh vj cf[df ,td hfl ea hj cf ibi ce hf st,c [fnfdc= dbl ht cb yfv ldb kt ib ut kj lt,fs+ smdt yb rji vf he kb afy nf pbt,blfy uf sf db cea kt,bc itv ltu yf[fds= hjv w[jd ht,f vidt yb t hb lf cf j wf hbf+ fyf kj ub e hb vbl uj vf itb.kt,f uf vj b 't yjs fhf vfh nj cf nt kt aj yj cfe,hbc eyf-hbc lf ea kt,bc= fhf vtl yt,bc vb t hb smdty sdbc ib ibc vjv udht-kb cb ne f wb bc vb vfhs+


vti db lt cf dfh]bij| lf t ea kts cf re sf hb itw lj vt,bc fqb f ht,bc ghfm nb rfc lf fb qts gf ce[bc vut,kj,f smdtyc vb th vb qt,ekb uf-lfo 'dt nb kt,t,bc uf vj+

cf re sfh sfd ib kb lt he kb gf ce[bc vut,kj,bc fq phlb c ths-th sb [th[b vluj vf htj,c itv ltu ib| fb qts rf kf vb= ,kjr yj-nb lf it fl ub yts cbf mdt vjs vj' df yb kb vnrb wt,ekt,t,bc vf uf kbs pt+ lf bo 'ts 'j dt kb ahf pf cbn 'dt,bs| @vt db qt, gf-ce[bc vut,kj,fc bvf pt= hjv#+++ uf fuh.tkts ahf pf yt,bc vb t-hb cbn 'dt,bs= hfw rb sfd ib vj ub dfs= hf hbu f,ceh le kf lfw fh ey lf utx dt yjs+ it fl ub yts cbf fhf yfr kt, 10 vcufd cb vnrb-wt,ekt,bcf ufy+

1+ vt db qt, gf ce[bc vut,kj,fc bvf pt= hjv --------------------




5+ vt db qt, gf ce[bc vut,kj,fc bvf pt= hjv -------------------

tc rfh ub cf dfh]bijf lf fe wb kt,tk pt vjm vtlt,fc vjf[ltyc+ ce kfw fh fhbc cf zb hj= fb.ekjs sf db= ecbn 'djl bh ove yjs 'j dt kb vnrb wt,ekt,bcf= vfu hfv ob yf fq vlt uj,bc [fhbc[b= hj vtk cfw buh.yj,s fv cf dfh]bij pt ve ifj,bcfc= lf uf-yf[t,s= hf vlt yfl .kb t hfl ub zths ib yf uf yb ve[he zt,b+

cf re sfh sfd pt fqt,ekb gf ce[bc vut,kj,t,b fhf yf b hfl fh ybi yfdc= hjv smdty db qfw ey lf uf yb rbs[js fy cfc ohf ajl uf lf ti dfs db qf wbc ghj,kt vt,bc uf lf cfz ht kfl+ gf ce[bc-vut,kj,bc uh.yj,f ybi yfdc smdty ib fh ct,ek eyfhc= gf ce[b fujs cf re sfh yf,b]t,pt+

fv cf dfh]bij c vt j ht vj vty nb vb vfh se kbf bv ceh db kbc fq-vja[dhb cf rty= hjv 'j dtk sdbc b 'js vfh sf kb fy vb cf qt,b ufh it vjv 'ja sfs dbc+ tc fh fhbc fl db kb= hfl ufy itb.kt,f cf re sf hb sf db fhf hfj,fl fqbm dfs lfi dt,ekb itw lj vt,bc fqb f ht,bcfc+ twf lts= fv cf dfh]bijc be vj hbs vb el uts+


lqbc ufy vfd kj,fib= hfw fh ey lf vb e qt,tkb utx dt yt,jlts= fqb f-hts= sey lfw mf qfk lbc aeh wkbc ob yf it= smdt yb eqbh cb fp ht,b lf mvt lt,t,b+ hf ib vluj vf htj,c smdt yb ob yf fq vlt uj,f cf re sfh wyj,bt ht,fc sfy fy yfw yj,b flf-vb f yt,bc sdfk sf[tl dfc sfy~ fh it ut iby lts= hjv uf vjx ylt,bs bvf-pt ef ht cb= dbl ht [fhs+ efh 'j ab-sb vj vty nt,b 'j dt kb flf vb f ybc mwt dfc f[fcb f st,c+ cf dfh]bij ib ufh rdt dbc itv ltu smdty sfy lf sfy bc ofd kbs= buh.yjs cb[fhe kb ib-yf uf yb uf[cyb kj,bc uf vj+

vthdt cf dfh]bij| bc ofd kts ef hbc smvf lf it.tkbs= lf bw dfs cfresfhb fp hb+

fv cf dfh]bijc gbh dt kb yf ob kb vluj vf htj,c ef hbc smvbc eyf-hbc lf ea kt,fib= hj wf tc cf zb-hjf+ ev]j,tcbf= tc dbc ofd kjs cfv cf[ehib= vt uj,ht,sfy lf yf-st cf dt,sfy+ vt uj,ht,vf ey lf bsf vf ijy hj kb flf vb f yb cf= hj vt-kbw lb lb s[jd ybs vju vfh sfds= fy ub,h.fyt,s uf f rt sjs bc= hb cb uf rt st,fw fh ucehs+ lf dei dfs= bcb yb us[jdty= fs[jdjs fd nj vfy-mf yf hf v lt yb vt lqbs= fy fctc[js lb lb jlt yj,bs ae kb+ vfs ey-lfs= uf fq db.jy smdty ib lf yf if e-kbc uh.yj,f= hj wf vb ub sb st,ty smdtyc tuj bp vpt= fy fhf rt sbk ufy-o'j,fpt vfs vb vfhs+ smdt yb fvj-wf yff= es[hfs vfs @fhf#= hfw fh

'dt kf pt cf e rt st-

cj kb lt hb bcff=

db cb fh ct,j,bc it-

cf[t, flf vb f yt,vf

e,hf kjl eo 'b fy+

fh wse rfh ubf

kb lt hb== db cfw

flf vb f yt,b tvjh-

xb kt,bfy+ ef ht cbf

bc klt hb= hj vt-

kbw flf vb f yt,c

tpbp qt,fs+ [jkj

se kb lt hb rfh-

ubf lf wj nfc kf-

gf hf rj,c= vb cb cfm-

vbc lfc he kt,bc=

vbp ybc vbq ot dbc

itv ltu= flf vb f yt,b

fv,j,ty| @tc xdty

sdb sjy uf df rt sts+

kfj-.b

kb lt hj,f _ tc

fhbc eyf hb lf

.fkf= th sb vbp-

ybc rty ufe.qdt

mf kt,cf lf vfvfrf-

wt,c+ fvfcsfyf dt

[fcb f sb= hj vt kbw

isf f uj yt,c ylj,fc+

,th yfhl

vjy nt ytu hj


ey lf hse kfl utx dt yt,jlts tc+ bdfh]bits vfyfvlt= cf yfv it.kt,s= uf vj[fnjs ef hb bct= hjv fvfc sfy fh buh.yjs cby-lb cbc mty]yf= fh uf f ae zjs eh sb th sj,f vs[jd yt kt,sfy+

cf dfh]bijc vt j ht yf ob kb vluj vf htj,c bvf ib= hjv xf-vj'fkb,ltc eyf hb - vb fq ob js bvfc= hfw ucehs lf fh lfb[bjs erfy= cf yfv fh vbfq otds+ vj lbs= smdty vf fv[fyfu vf it fc he-kjc hj kb= dsmdfs= fhf rt sbk cby lb cb t hb xb yjd yb rb cf= hj vt-kbw wlb kj,c= uf tm wtc it cfc he kt,tk cf ve if jc= smdty sdbc vybi dyt kj dfyc+ smdty ey lf bm wts flf vb f yfl= db cfw ite.-kbf= lf bw dfc sf db cb ea kt,t,b+ fvj wf yf vluj vf htj,c bvf ib= hj v fb.ekjs xb yjd yb rb= it fc he kjc vst kb vj we kj,bc cf-ve ifj lf fh vj ti dfs= cf yfv 'dt kf at hb otc hbu ib fh bm yt,f+ fvfc ey lf vb fq ob js cf xb dh t,bcf lf ,hfk lt,t,bc uf ht it= sf-yfw fh twf ljs= hjv vfy buh.yjc cbv gf sbf smdty c vb vfhs+ cf dfh]bij itc he kt,ekfl xf bs dkt,f= se it.kt,s gfh nyb-j hbc uf vj e dfk vluj vf htj,fib xf 't yt,fc lf bc dth it.kt,c lf dbc ufuh.tkt,fc+ tc ths-th sb .bhb sf lb cf dfh]bijf ufh-it vjv 'j at,pt pt vjm vt lt,bc eyf hbc uf vj ve if dt,bc cfo 'b cb cf at[ehb cfs dbc+

vtw[ht cf dfh]bij| it fl ub yts smdtyc ufy rfh ue kt,fib fh-ct,ekb fk nth yf nb dt,bc cbf= sey lfw bcb yb fh wse vjv[b,dkt-kfl utx dt yt,jlts+ uf f rt sts fh xt df yb+

tc cf dfh]bij fh xt df ybc uf rt st,fc ufc ofd kbs+ ey lf lf t ea-kjs gb hf lb fy cfm vb f yb eh sb th sj,t,bcfc= rjy rht nekb cb-ne f wbbc lhjc smdtyc ufy rfh ue kt,fib fh ct,ekb fk nth yf-nb dt,bc xf vjs d kbc ghfm nb rfc+

gbh dt kfl tc itb.kt,f it ec he kt,ekfl vj utx dt yjs= fvb-njv we lb fh bm yt,jlf = dby vt yfw yj,bc sdbc uts[jdfs lf[vf-ht,f= hf sf vb t sb st,byf vj wt vek itvs[dt df ib fh ct,ekb it cf.kt,kj,t,b= hfw fh ey lf fhf,eyt,hb db xfyltc bcb yb+ smdt y ey lf uf yb[bkjs 'j dt kb it cf.kt,kj,f bct= hjv fh uf vj b 't yjs ahf pf= @lbf[= vfu hfv+++# fb it cf.kj cwt yf hb+ smdt yb cb ne f wbf$ceh db kb| @vt vby lf vb db qj lf ob yf e ht,f= vfu hfv [tkc vbi kbc itv lt ub+++# it fl ub yts smdtyc upf pt vluf hb ob yf qj,t,bc xf vj yfs df kb lf vf sb uf lf kf[dbc df hb-


fy nt,b+ vcufd cvf fvj wf yfv itb.kt,f ufuf qb pb f y js+ twf lts= uf evrkfdlts fvfc+

vt f st cf dfh]bij| smdtyc sfdc 'j dtk lqb e hfl th sb cb f vjd-yt,f vf byw vb f yb zts+

it fl ub yts bv cb f vjd yt,fsf xfvj yfs df kb= hjv kbc vb qt,fcfw bceh dt,lbs+ cbf itb.kt,f it b wfd ltc hj vt kb vt vf nt hb f-keh cf ufyc - nfy cfw vtkc fy ntm yb rbc cbf[ktc= cfz vtkc= gfh rib ct bh yj,fc fy fhlf lt ut,bc cf cb f vjd yj uf nf ht,fc= bv flf vb f yt,sfy eh sb th sj,fc= dbyw vju ojys= ctmcc fy cf-cb' df he kj sf vf it,c lf+ f+i+ lf e ot cts cf re sfh sfdc sb sj fct sb cb f vjd yt,f lqt ib+ ye lf ei dt,s= hjv hf vtv lf fy uhb jc smdt yb utu vt,b= [tkb it e if k jc vfs itc he kt,fc+ smdty cf e-rt st cj it cf.kt,kj,f ut.kt dfs= lf fr dbh lts smdt yb mdtw-yj,bt hbc vf mb yf wbt,c+ tc smdty sdbc zre bc cfc ofd kb bm yt,f+ fv cf dfh]bijc itc he kt,fc sdf kb hjv vb f ltd yjs= uf f rt sts lb fu hf vf= hj vtk ptw lqbc ,jkjc fq ybi yfds= hf lj pbs buh-.tybs cb f vjd yt,f+ b'f dbs uek ohat kb cf re sf hb sf dbc ob-yf it+ se cfnt kt aj yj pf hbc fy c[df uf es df kbc ob yt,tkb itvs[dt db c uf vj smdt yc utu vt,c lf fy uhtds= lqt dfylt kb lqt fh bs dkt,f+ fvf dt lhjc= smdty ea kt,f fhf ufmds= uf-ht vjt,t,b lf f lf yf if e kjs+ hj wf it.kt,s= rdb hf ib sey lfw [esb lqt vb b qjs cb f vjd yt,f= bwj lts= coj hb vb vfh se-kt,bs vb lb[fhs+

vt sth svt nt cf dfh]bij| it fl ub yts cbf bvb cf= hfw ubi kbs vbp-ybc vbq ot df ib lf lfo dbs+

gbh dtk 'jd kb cf= twf lts= sf db vj e 'f hjs 'dt kf vb ptpc= hfw smdtyc er vf 'j ab kt,fc bo dtdc+ fvb cfs db c f b qts ,kjr yj nb lf xf b ot hts smdt yb ef[kj t cb fvj wf yf= hj vt kbw kb lt he kb gj pb wb bc vb cfq ot dfl lf b cf[ts+ fvbc vt ht xf vjs df kts 'dt-kf vb pt pb= hbc uf vjw= hj ujhw utx dt yt,fs= fh it ub.kb fs vb cb vbq ot df+ vb t wbs sfdc ea kt,f= vst kb [vbs bcfe,hjs+ vb f yb zts ib yf ufy rhb nb rfc cbn 'dbc che kb sf db cea kt,f= smdfc 'dt kf at hb= hfw ey lf= fvbc itv ltu uf b vt j hts cf re sf-hb vb pf yb+


vf uf kb sfl= vnrb wt,f| @vt vby lf vb db qj cf vtw yb t hj [fhbc[b+ vt vb db qt, cf vtw yb t hj [fhbc[c#+ vb pt pt,b lf vj cfp ht,t,b= hbc uf vjw vt dth itd.kt, fvfc| @vt fhf vfmdc uf vjw lt,bcfs-dbc vj cfv pf lt,tkb lhj+ cf ve ifj vstk lqtc vfh svtdc+ hf de 'j ,fdidt,c~ dby bp he yt,c vfs pt~ vt .fkb fy ,t,thb dfh bvb cfs dbc= hjv rb ltd dbc ofd kj+ tc .fkb fy .db hbf+ vij,kt,b er dt fcfr ib fhb fy - vt vfs pt ey lf dbp he yj+ bc ]fy vhst kj,f fqf hf vfmdc+ rb,tpt .kbdc fvjd lb dfh= rjv gb e nt hbw lf vb-.dtk lf+ f[fkbf cf 'b lb+ ae kb cek fh lfv hxt,f+#

uf fuh.tkts xf vj yfs df kb= cf yfv fh ue vty nt,b fh lf ut kt-dfs+ itv ltu bctd uf b vt j hts vnrb wt,f bvb cf= hfw uby lfs+ hj-wf buh.yj,s= vt nb fhf at hb ufmds cfs mvt kb= fh ue vty nt,bs cfd ct xf vj yfs df kb cf pt b vjl lfo dbs+ smdty sdbc cf by nt ht cj 'j dt k st vfc sfy lf rfd ib ht,bs it b.kt,f vcufd cb ghj wt le-hbc xf nf ht,f= hf sf uf.kb th ltc vb cb pt vjm vt lt,bc .fkf+

vt sjh vt nt cf dfh]bij| vb f yb zts cfresfh sfdc sfd lf]tht ,e-kj,f lf itv nt dj,f+

itb.kt,f .fkb fy hse kb fq vjx yltc smdt yb vj cfp ht,t,bc lfw df lf ghby wb gt,bc th sue kt,f= hj wf [tlfds ufh it vjv-'ja sf efh 'j afc+ lfs vj,bcf lf vb'j kbc nty lty wbf smdtyc bth ptw rb fb cf[t,f+ se smdty 'jdt ksdbc sfd lf[hb kb lf vj-rey ne kb lf lb[fhs= at[t,c .kbdc vb fs htds lf bi db f sfl b[tlt,bs vfq kf fy bh udkbd= smdty dthf cj ltc uf[lt,bs kb lt hb+ uf vfh se kb c[te kb= ufi kb kb v[ht,b lf vrth lb= hj vtkcfw smdtyc vj ob yf fq vlt utc fut,t,s cbn 'db t hb gf tm-hj,bcfc= sf dbc sf dfl uf yb zt ,s .fkt,bc hovt yfc+ bdfh]bits= hjv fct lfb zb hjs sf db+ vj cby]ts tc vf yt hf cf[evf hj gf-tm hj,fib vt uj,he kb df[ivbc lhjc= hj vt kb vt smdtyc f[kj-,tksfy+ uf lf b nf yts nf ybc cbv.bvt mec kb lfy sb sbc odt-ht,pt+ ve[kt,b jl yfd vjl hb rts+ yb rf gb vfq kf fc ob ts+ lft= vf yfw vb b qjc vj yf ob ktj,f smdtyc sdbs lfv rdbl ht,fib+ uf-yfuh.ts smdt yb fp hbc lfw df bct= hjv fh vb vfh sjs xb dbkc= ,hfk lt,t,c= cf' dt le ht,c+ fv cf dfh]bijc itc he kt,bcfc rfhu vj rfd ib htl itb.kt,f cfh rt uf vj b 't yjs+

[vbc ntv,hb= vb cb ;qt hf lj,bc cbq hvtw rb ,td hbc vsmvt kb



bvfpt= sfdc lf ew dtk vc[dth-gkfl uh.yj,s se kb lt hj,fpt fw[flt,s ght nty pb fc+ se smdty cfe,hj,s cfo 'f kb cf[bs lf [vbc rfy rf kbs bs[jds lf[vf ht,fc= smdty lf e yt,kb ts ef hbc ghj dj-wb ht,fc f[ltys+ acb mj kj ub thbr ,th yb fvfc eo jlt,lf - vf b ce hbc nf ht,fc ofh ot hbs| @ye vwtvs!# fct sb w[jd ht,bct e kb lt db pb fy e,hf kjl ufy o'j,f rjy rht ne kb cfe,hbc lhjc ,tdh flf vb fyc smdt-yb @xf rf re yt,bc# fy smdtyc [fh]pt lfv rdblht,bc ceh dbkc eq db.-t,c+ hjv fhf at hb bs mdfc bvf pt= hjv fct sb mwt df smdty pt cec nb flf vb f ybc isf,tz lb kt, fc m vybc+ smdty it ub.kb fs xf b ot hjs smdt-yb cfe,fhb lbm nj ajy pt lf vj-ec vb yjs= hj ujh isf,tz lb kt,fc nj dt,c vb cb ntv,hb= nj yf kj,f= ;qth flj,f+ [jv fh uf vjr hst,f vfc ib vnb hf kf= oe oe yf yj nt,b~ bm-yt, er vf 'j abkt,f fy ufv n'e yt,f~ [jv fh uf vjc zdb dbc e.ke ht,f= ufe,tlfj,f~ bve if dts smdtyc [vf-pt= hf sf vbf yb zjs vt nb fd nj hb nt-ne kj,f= h ovtyf= .fkf ea kt,f+

uf[cjd lts= hjv ufe,tlf db flf-vb f ybc fvjw yj,f itb.kt,f vb cb ufe,tlf db uf vjs mvt,bs= td at ybp-vt,bc cbz fh,bs= hjv kt,bw vtn-'dt kt,fc @fh,bkt,ty#| yfw dkfl @uf[lt kb lt hb# - @vb fq obj ufh rdtek ofh vf nt,t,c#= @fh-wse vj[fhe kb dfh# yfw dkfl @ufd,hfp lb# lf f+ i+ uf e, t lfj,bc

ey lf vfh sjs uj-

yt,bc lf[vf ht,bs|

fh itb.kt,f

zfl hf rbc sf vf ib

rt sb kb ue kbc

bvt lbs+

ifv aj hb

se cf lf dtt,c

coj hfl lf b zth=

w[tyt,b sf db cbs

uf zty lt,bfy+

rjy ae wb

c[dt,bc [tkv.-

qdfytkj,f

v[jkjl bv

flfvbfyc ite.-

kbf= hjvtkcfw

.fke.c cfresfhb

sdfkcfphbcbc

lfwdf+

l+ rfhytub


isf,tz lb kt,fc mvybc t+ o+ rdf kb ab rf nj ht,b @hj ujh qfw#= @cek hf qfw#= @wj nf j lt yb#= @fvbc vb[tl dbs#+ vj cfe,ht c smdty pt tm vyt,f cec nb flf vb f ybc isf,tz lb kt,f= flf vb f yb cf= hj vt kbw ufh rdt e kb fh fhbc cb ne f wb f ib+ isf,tz lb kt,fc fv-wb ht,c sf db cb sf dbc lf vfr yb yt,tkb uf vjs mvt,b| @vt jhf nj-hb fh uf[kf dfhs#= @vt ]thfw yfr kt,fl uf vjw lb kb cgt wb f-kbc nb dfh#= @vt f[fkb flf vb f yb dfh fv cat hj ib#+++

hfv lt yb vt rdb hf lf es vts fv cf by ajh vf wbj vj lek ib fq-ot hb kb sjh vt nb ghfm nb re kb cf dfh]bijc lf ve if dt,fc+ fe wb kt,kf l vjcby ]ts= @vj b pj vts# 'j dt kb cf dfh]bij+ uf-vjw lb kt,f udbx dt yt,c= hjv th sb cf dfh]bij ea hj vj ut oj-yt,fs= c[dt,b rb - yfr kt,fl+ hf qfw fq nf wt,fib vj ub' dfys= hf qfw - uf uf qb pb f yt,s+ uf vjfd kb yts smdt yb [fcb f sb= cbvn-rb wt lf yt,bc'j af - vfs ufy fsb vf byw lf yth uts ghfm nb rf ib= cf yfv ,eyt,hb db yf ob kb fh uf[lt,f smdty sdbc= cf yfv fh it b-cbc[k[jh wt,s+ fvfc sf y= vsf df hbf - rt sbk cby lb cb t ht,f lf ht ue kf hekb vt wf lb ytj,f+ se lhj lfl hj bdfh]bit,s= tc fhf athc vju wtvs+ it ltuc 'j dtk lqb e hb ghfm nb rb lfy hfv-lt yb vt rdb hbc itv ltu it buh.yj,s+


KB LT HJ,BC SDBC CF ZB HJ

21 FE WB KT,TKB SDB CT,F

1+ [fcb f sb| B"F DBS RKLT CF DBS VF UF HB

[fcb f sbc ufy vnrb wt,f lf 'j dtkv[hb db ufy db-sf ht,f - tc xdt yb fhf v[jkjl hj ujhw kb lt-ht,bc= fhf vtl hj ujhw gb hjd yt,t,bc ufy db sf-ht,bc fe wb kt,tkb gb hj,ff+ hf ey lf bwj ltc 'jdt kvf flf vb fy vf [fcb f sbc it cf[t,~

1+ [fcb f sb vt nbf= dbl ht e,hf kjl cbn 'df+

yt,bc vb thc ite.kbf smdfc= hjv vskb f yb [fcb-f sb lf qhvf ot cb t ht,f uf fx ybf= vfu hfv fvbc ht-f keh by lb rf njhc v[jkjl vjm vt lt,f ofh vj-fl utyc+ smdt yb [fcb f sb ufy cfp qdhfdc smdtyc fhcc+ tc= sf dbc v[hbd= ufy cfp qdhfdc bvfc= se hj ujh fqbm dfvs uf ht cfv 'f hjc+ cf,jkj jl= smdt yb vcja kfq mvf ufy cfp qdhfdc smdtyc mvt-lt,t,c= coj htl fvb njv fhf db sfh itvs[dt df-ib fh itb.kt,f kb lt hbc [fcb f sb cf lf vb cb mvt lt,bc wfk -wfk rt ufy[bk df+ se kb lt hbc vjm vt lt,f lf phf[dt,b uf yeo 'dtn kbd ob yf fq-vlt uj,fib vj lbc th svf yts sfy= cf zb hjf rfh-ufl lffr dbh lts vbc [fcb fsc= hf sf uffh rdb-js= hf njv [lt,f fct+

2+ nf kfy nb _ yb zbf= cf vf ub t hjl= [fcb f sb _ smdt-yb cf re sf hb fh xt df ybf+++

[fcb fsc= vfh skfw= smdty sdb sjy bh xtds+ afm-nj,hb dfl= smdty .th ofds vfc 'j dtk sdbc= hj-lt cfw f rt st,s fh xt dfyc _ t,h.jkjs hsek cb ne f wb fc= se lfb vf kjs ,ex mt,ib= uf bl hb-rjs cb vfh skbc oyt[bc mdti= se uf e.kjs vbc cbv.bvtc= [tkb offd kjs bj kfl vj gj dt,ek aekc= se uf lf b[fljs vskb f yb cf af ce hb+

3232


w[jd ht,fib 'j dtk lqb e hb fh xt df ybc uf rt st,bcfc= smdty sdb sjy mvybs smdtyc fh xt dfyc+

3+ flf vb f yt,sfy eh sb th sj,fib ofh vf nt,f [fcb fsc vj fmdc+

4+ kb lt ht,c fh ite.kb fs= fw lyty itp qel dt,c= hj vtk sfw cf re-sf hb [fcb f sb eot ct,s+

2+ mf hbp vf| GBH DTK ISF,TZ LB KT,FC "DT KFA HBC UF LFO"DT NF ITE.KBF

mf hbp vf= e,hf kjl hjv dsmdfs= flf vb f yt,bc vj pbl dbc eyf-hbf lf bc= hj ujhw [fcb f sbc c[df sdb ct,t,b= itb.kt,f ufyf-db sf hjs+

bcts flf vb f yfl hjv bm wts= db cfw c[dt,bc v b pb ldf ite.kbf= smdty ey lf|

1+ ub' dfh lts w[jd ht,f+

2+ ' dt kf flf vb f yb it f af cjs [esb fy pt+

'dtkf pt ert st cb bmt lfy= hfw smdty it ub.kb fs uf f rt sjs flf vb f yt,bcfs dbc= fvfc sfy th sfl rb vb b pb ljs bcb yb= tc - vfs ufy v[jkjl cf e rt st cjc vj kj lb ybf+ tc fhbc yb zb= it f af-cj 'j dt kb flf vb f yb [esb fy pt+ bc t[vf ht,f ufh it vjv 'jas= ea hj vt nfl it f af cjy cf re sf hb sf db= vfu hfv fvf dt lhjc= smdtyw ut[vf ht,fs|

1+ fxe mjs flf vb f yt,c bvt lb+

2+ eob kf ljs cf re sf hb sf db lf cf re sf hb qbh ct,t,b+

3+ cfm vbc th sue kt,f| BC UF YFC[DF DT,C CFM VBC RF WT,C UF VJ EC OJ HT,TK VT JW YT,TSF UFY

cfv 'f hjc fhf cj ltc eyf[fdc fh w th sb yfv ldb kfl lb lb kb lt-hb= hj vtk cfw cfm vbc th sue kt,f fr klf+

se uby lfs tatm ne hb kb lt hb b'js= cfm vtc ,jkjv lt ey lf


eth sue kjs+ hj ujhw vb pb le kj,bc rf yj yb fv nrb wt,c= flf vb-f yt,b ]th kb lthc vb' dt,bfy lf itv ltu - vbc vf qfk blt f kt,c+

vf byw hj uj hbf cfm vbc th sue kt,bc zti vf hb nb ,eyt,f~ vj-lbs= 'e hfl qt,bs ufy db[bkjs cf vb vjv ltd yj it[tle kt,f|

1+ cfm vbc th sue kt,f cf sf dtc uek ib bqt,c+

2+ cfm vbc th sue kt,f vjo vlt,f rjy rht ne kb mvt lt,t,bs+ th sbf kf gf hf rb hf qfw vbp ybc th sue kt,fpt lf cek c[dff fvb cfs dbc hf qfw rjy rht ne kbc xf lt yf+ vjm vt lt,f th sf lth sb ht f ke hb fh ib ybf cfm vbc th sue kt,bcf+

3+ cfm vbc th sue kt,f ofh vf nt,bc cf oby lf hbf+

4+ eh sb th sj,bc eyf hb| VBC UF HT IT SMDTY VFH NJ CE KFL BD KBS W[JD HT,BC UPF PT

smdty it.kt,s uf[lts ea hj tatm ne hb rj ve yb rf nj hb= se lf b wfds itv ltu js[ .bhb sfl ghby wbgc|

1+ bfp hjd yts cf lfl+ eh sb th sj,f fhf vfh nj bcff= hf cfw fv,j,s+ vybi dyt kj df ybf bcbw= se hj ujh fv,j,s+

2+ ey lf it ut.kjs= lf b yf[js rjy rht ne kb flf vb f yb+

3+ ex dt yts flf vb fyc cb vfh skt+ yt,bc vb th yfv ldbk eh sb th-sj,fc ec oht,c yfv ldb kb ylj,f+ ]th th sb= smdty sdb sjy ey lf u]thj lts bvb cb= hf cfw fv,j,s+ vt j ht - it ut.kjs w[jd ht,fib bvbc ufy[jh wb t kt,f= hf cfw fv,j,s+ fhf at hb fh ij,c ea hj vtn ylj,fc= dbl ht vjm vt lt,fib uf vj[fne kb hovt yf+

4+ vb fq ob ts cf gf ce[j ht fm wb fc+

5+ rjv gt nty ne hj,f| SE UF YF DB SF HT,S VFC= FLF VB F YT,B VJD KTY SMDTY SFY

rjv gt nty ne hj,f cbn 'dt,pt ,td hfl ijhc vb lbc+ bc ybi yfdc kb lt hbc eyfhc= xf vj f 'f kb,jc bc= hfw cf zb hjf= lf utu-


vjc bc= hfw cf zb hjf= uf f rt sjc

bc= hfw cf zb hjf= sfy bct= hjv

c[dt,bc sdbc fi rf hf uf[ltc= hjv

smdty eo 'bs= hf ey lf uf rts ltc=

lf vf sfw eo 'b fy= hjv cehs= smdt-

yb vbv ltd ht,b b' dyty+

se ucehs= yfv ldb kfl fq pfh ljs

tc sdb ct,f smdty ib= ey lf uf f rt-

sjs itv lt ub|

1+ 'j dtk lqt uf vj fd kb yts smdt yb

rjv gt nty ne hj,f+

2+ bc ohf ats chek 'j ab kt,bcf rty+

3+ 'dt kf cfm vt ,jkjv lt vb b' df yts+

4+ uf f rt sts vt nb= dbl ht smdty ufy

tkj lt,bfy+

5+ isf f uj yts c[dt,b+

6+ cb vf vf wt| TH SB VF VF WB FLF VB F YB

MVYBC EV HFD KT CJ,FC

'j dtk sdbc= hj lt cfw smdty fr-

dbh lt,bs ghju htcc hj vt kb vt

jh uf yb pf wb bc w[jd ht,fib= tz-

dbw fh it ut gf hjs= hjv vbc vf kb-

lth vf vf vf we hb uf lfo 'dt nb kt,f

vb b qj+

hj lt cfw smdtyc w[jd ht,fib cfm-

vt vb lbc .ytk uf lfo 'dt nb kt,fv-

fq vfc dkbc lhjc

sf df pb fy yb b'f dbs

flf vb f yt,sfy _

vj ub[ lt,fs vfs sfy

it[dtl hf= hj wf

lf,kf lf ti dt,bs+

v+ ndt yb

.fkf ea kt,f= hfw

fh ey lf ecfp-

qdhj b'jc= dth

ufc ofd kbc vbc

uf vj 't yt,fc+

,fk pf rb

wyj,bkb ]ue at,bc

kb lt ht,c e' dfhs

nf kfy nb lf bwb-

fy= cfl bgj djy

bc+ bcb yb nr,t,bfy

bh udkbd v'j ab

nf kfy nt,bs+

ej hty ,t yb cb

gfn hb cbf

ejhl ,b lth vf yb


lt= hj vt kbw smdty ut kj lt,fs= uf[cjd lts itv lt ub zti vf-

hb nt,f= hfw f[fcb f st,c cb vf vf wtc|

1+ cb vf vf wt bo 't,f ib yf uf yb ,h.jkbs+

2+ cb vf vf wt ybi yfdc= vj bm wt coj hfl lf fhf e,hf kjl

vj[th[t,ekfl+

3+ cb vf vf wt= hj vt kbw f[fcb f st,c kb lthc= isf f uj yt,c vbc vbv-

ltd ht,c= b' dyty cfm vbc th suek yb+

4+ smdt yb w[jd ht,f cbq hvt -cb uf yt ib bi kt,f smdt yb cb vf vf wbc

ghj gjh wb e kfl+

ib ib pqe lfdc lf ,jzfdc kb lthc+ ,tlbc bhj ybf bvf ib vluj vf-

htj,c= hjv bcb ybw= db cfw fh 'ja ybc df;rf wj,f hbc rpt of cfc-

dkt kfl lf bcb ybw= dbyw hbc rf dc= w[jd ht,fib pec nfl th syf-

b hb vj we kj,bc ibic uf ybw lb fy+ vf sb th sf lth sb c[dfj,f

bcff= hjv vfs= dbyw fh b't yt,c vj wt vek ifycc= foe[t,s

'dt kf pt ,fyf ke hb fv,t,b+ se smdty vf byw uf lfo 'dtns= uf-

lf kf[js smdt yb ib ib lf tz db= tc fe wb kt,kfl ey lf uf bs df-

kbc ob yjs+

7+ ufv zhbf[j,f| UF LF EO "DT NTK FVJ WF YF SF UF LFZ HBC YB ZB

ufv zhbf[j,f - fe wb kt,tkb lf it ew dkt kb sdb ct,ff yt,bc vb-

t hb kb lt hb cfs dbc= hj vtk cfw cehc vfm cb vf ke hb uf[fljc

cf re sf hb tatm ne hj,f+ vb cb lf[vf ht,bs it cf.kt,tkbf hfv-

lt yb vt vybi dyt kj df yb fvj wf ybc vbq ot df|

1+ of vjz hb kb ghj,kt vbc atc dt,bc uf vjd kt yf+

2+ ghj,kt vf sf uf lfz hbc eyf hbc chek 'j af+

3+ vj wt ve kb df hb fy nt,bc it af ct,f vfm cb vf ke hfl it cf at hb cbc

uf vj cfd kt yfl+

4+ cf re sf hb it cf.kt,kj,t,bc ufp hlf+


8+ aj re cb ht,bc eyf hb| HFW EA HJ PEC NBF BC= VBS EA HJ PEC NFL

VJM VT LT,S

hf sdb ct,t,c ey lf akj,lts aj re cb ht,bc bv [fhbc[bcfs-dbc= hj vt kbw cf zb hjf= hf sf uf[lts yfv ldb kfl tatm ne hb kb lt hb~ .bhb sf lb fl ub kb fm ghb j hb nt nt,cf lf rjy wty-nhf wb fc ezb hfdc+ kb lth vf= hj vtk vfw ufy cfp qdhf ghb j hb-nt nt,b= vfu hfv fh akj,c it cf,fvbc rjy wty nhf wb fc= bwbc= hf ey lf uf f rt sjc= vfu hfv fhf cj ltc frt st,c+ se bc akj,c rjy wty nhf wb fc= vfu hfv fh uf fx ybf fhf db sf hb ghb j hb nt nb= ,tdh tyth ub fc [fh]fdc= vfu hfv oby fh b.dhbc+

vjf[lb yts ht ceh ct,bc 70%-bc rjy wty nhf wbf cf re sfh .kb-th sdb ct,t,pt+

ht ceh ct,bc 25%-bc rjy wty nhf wbf cbf[ktt,pt uf f rt sts+

ht ceh ct,bc 5%-bc rjy wty nhf wbf cf re sfh cecn v[fhtt,pt vjf[lb yts+

9+ ue ke[dj,f| SMDTYC CFY STKC FKB FH VJ FR KLT,F= SE B C

UFH IT VJV "JA SFSDBCFW F YF ST,C

fhf at hb bct fh vjm vt lt,c ufh it vjv 'j at,pt lf fh fh ove-yt,c vfs ea hj .kb th= dbl ht kb lt hbc ue ke[dj,f+ fv sdb-ct,bc ths]thfl uf vjd kb yt,fc fh itb.kt,f e oj ljs zti-vf hb nb ue ke[dj,f+ bc ue kb lfy vj lbc lf vb cbs kb lt hbc w[jd ht,bc 'dt kf fc gtm nb b;qby st,f= vzbl hj it[t,fibf vbc lhjc sfy= aek sfy= nf kfy nsfy lf mj yt,fc sfy+ tatm ne hb kb lt ht,b= hj vtk sfw .fke.s= uf b 'j kb jy c[dt,b= egbh dt-kt cfl= vjm vt lt,ty c[df flf vb f yt,bc by nt ht ct,bs lf fhf cf re sf hb vbp yt,bs+ fq pfh lts cf re sfh sfd ib ue ke[dj,f= fm wb ts bc rek nfl= hj ujhw smdt yb w[jd ht,bc uf ye 'j at kb tkt vty nb + fvb cfs dbc fe wb kt,tkbf|

1+ vfl kj,tk yb b'f dbs bvb cfs dbc= hfw ufmds+

2+ gbh dtk fl ubk pt sf yfv phf[dt kt,b lf f 't yts+


3+ fh lf ei dfs= hjv uvfh sjs smdty-vf ceh db kt,vf+

4+ uf yb[bkts ae kb= hj ujhw ht-ceh cb+

5+ itb.byts uf wt vbc xdt df+

10+ byb wb f nbdf| VBC UF HT IT ,B}CFW

DTH UF LFL UFVS

hf sdb ct,t,c ey lf akj,lyty kb-lt ht,b= hjv vf sb yt,bcf lf ceh db-kt,bc rfh yf[bs [lt,jltc tcf se bc vjd kt yf~ lf ub cf[tkt,s js[c vf byw|

1+ kb lt ht,vf bwb fy= hf ey lfs+

2+ kb lt ht,b cf re sfh sfdc fue kb f-yt,ty vjm vt lt,bcfs dbc+

3+ kb lt ht,b vpfl fhb fy lb lb hbc-rbc sdbc+

4+ kb lt ht,b ei dt,ty 'dt kf pt vtn itw lj vfc+

11+ vjc vt ybc eyf hb| FLF VB F YT,BC

UE KT,FV LT UPBC CF GJD YT KFL

CVT YF UF VJ B "T YTS

rfh ub kb lt hb off[fkb ct,c vbv-ltdht,c bvb cfs dbc= hf sf it fn-'j,byjy fhf bc= hbcb vjcvtyfw eylf= fhfvtl bc= hfw eylf bwjltc+

kb lt ht,bc vjm-

vt lt,bc dt kb _

vj vf df kbf+ bcb yb

mvyb fy uh.tk-

df lb fy af ct e-

kj,t,c+ kb lt hbc

vtn yfr kt,fl

vybi dyt kj df-

yb lfv cf[eht,f

vluj vf htj,c

flf vb f yt,bcf lf

by cnb ne nt,bc

ufy db sf ht,bc gb-

hj,t,bc itm vyf ib=

hf sf vfs it.kjy

flfg nb ht,f=

wdkb kt,f= f' df-

dt,f lf phlf+

]tbv c re pt cb=

,fhb gjp yt hb

c[dt,bc [tkv.-

qdf yt kj,fc

v[jkjl bc flf-

vb f yb it.kt,c=

db cfw .fke.c

cf re sf hb it[tle-

kt,t,bc lfw df+

rfh kf b kb


ey lf bs mdfc= hjv wel kb lt ht,ib .fkb fy [ib hbf vjc vt ybc ee yf hj,f lf vjc vt ybc ceh db kbc fh mj yf+

bvf pt abm hb cfc= hj ujh ey lf uf vj b 't yjs cf re sf hb lhj= ufy res dykb ufh it vjv 'ja sf vj cfc vt yfl= v[tl dt kj,fib bmj-yb ts= hjv flf vb f yt,bc vjc vt yb cfc smdty jhb vb pf yb ufmds| bmj yb js vfs sfy rjy nfm nb lf bc ofd kjs+ fv vb pt pt,bc uf vj smdty uf[cybkb ey lf umjy lts fhf vfh nj sdf kt,b= fhf vtl 'e ht,bw= hj wf smdtyc ob yf it fq vjx ylt,bfy|

1+ smdt yb vbv ltd ht,b

2+ smdt yb rkb ty nt,b

3+ smdt yb rjy re hty nt,b

4+ smdt yb vfc ofd kt,kt,b

12+ dyt,f| VB B QTS LF UB" DFH LTS W[JD HT,F

vj lbs= ea hj uek lfc vbs ufy db[bkjs js[b vybi dyt kj df yb lt,ekt,f= hj vt kbw t[t,f dyt,fc lf bvfc= hfw itb.kt,f vfy vju wts= hj ujhw kb lthc|

1+ dyt,f gbh dt kb yf,b]bf it lt ubc vbq ot dbc upfpt+ smdt yb ceh db-kbc .fkf ufy cfp qdhfdc smdtyc ,tlc+

2+ dyt,f f.kb t ht,c smdtyc yt,bc 'j afc+

3+ dyt,f uf vju wdkbs+ cf,jkjj ]fv ib= ufh it vjv 'j at,pt smdt yb dyt,bc .fkf ea hj vt nfl bvjm vt lt,c= dbl ht smdt yb by lb db le f-ke hj,bc .fkf+

4+ dyt,f ite.kt,tkc it cf.kt,kfl [lbc+ flf vb f yt,b bct fhb fy vjo 'j,bk yb= hjv 'j dtk sdbc= hj wf vfs cek ib hf qfw ffk lt,f= cbn 'df @ite.kt,tkb# mht,f+ uek ib fy st,ekb wtw[kb w[jd-ht,fib 'dt kf athc ea hj fvfq kt,ekc [lbc+ coj htl fvb njv fhb-fy wtw[kj df yb kb lt ht,b fu ht hbu tatm neh yb+ .kb t hb dyt,bsf lf fh wse lb lb wjl ybs lf]bk ljt,ekb kb lt hb 'j dtk sdbc


eco ht,c kb lthc= hj vtk vfw ,td hb bwbc= vfu hfv gbh ovby lfl lfw kb kbf uh.yj,t,bcf ufy+

13+ gj pb nb e hb ufy o'j,f| SE LFH OVE YT,EKB [FHS=

HJV IT.KT,S= TCT BUB= VFH SKF IT.KT,S

se smdty yfv ldb kfl ucehs= uf[lts tatm ne hb kb lt hb= vf-iby smdty gj pb nb e hb w[jd ht,bct e kb ufy o'j,f uzbh lt,fs+ hf sf erts uf b ujs= hfc ybi yfdc= b'j gj pb nb e hfl ufy o'j,bkb lf hj ujh uf[lts fct sb= babm hts itv ltu hf vt pt|

1+ smdt yb ufy o'j,f - smdt yb cf re sf hb fh xt df ybf+

2+ smdt yb ufy o'j,f ufy cfp qdhfdc smdtyc vjm vt lt,t,c+

3+ smdtyc bh udkbd v'j ab flf vb f yt,b – smdt yb ufy o'j,bc cfh-rtf+

4+ it b yfh xe yj rfh ub ufy o'j,f ea hj fl db kbf= dbl ht lf rfh ue-kbc fql ut yf+

14+ ghj,kt vf sf uf lfo 'dt nf| FH ITB.KT,F LF EI DFS=

HJV SMDT YB GHJ,KT VT,B GHJ,KT VT,FL LFH XTC

kb lt ht,b= hjv kt,bw ghj,kt vt,bc ofh vf nt,bs uf lfo 'dtnbc eyfhc akj,ty= fd kt yty vjv ltd yj [es sdb ct,fc|

1+ bcb yb ufy zdht nty ghj,kt vt,c+

2+ bcb yb qt,ekj,ty cb vfh sktc bctsc= hj uj hbw fhbc+

3+ bcb yb [tlf dty vskb fy ce hfsc+

4+ bcb yb 'dt kf athc frt st,ty sfy vbv ltd hj,bs+

5+ bcb yb fh e[dt dty vsf dfh vb pfyc= hj wf lfq vfh spt fq vjx-ylt,bfy+


15+ eh sb th sj,t,b| SE SMDTY FLF VB F YT,SFY CF TH SJC BGJ DBS=

BCB YBW BGJ DB FY SMDTY SFY CF TH SJC

eyf hb= bve if j flf vb f yt,sfy lf uf yfv nrb wj vfs sfy eh sb th-sj,f= fe wb kt,tkbf tatm ne hb kb lt hb cfs dbc+ hf ite.kbf kb lthc uf f rt sjc= hf sf uf yfv nrb wjc lf rek nfl fm wb jc flf vb f yt,sfy rfh ub eh sb th sj,t,b~

1+ kb lthc sf db ey lf uf fx yltc _ tc vj ltc flf vb f yt,bc+

2+ kb lthc ue kb ey lf uf fx yltc _ e' dfh ltc flf vb f yt,b+

3+ kb lth vf [tkb ey lf uf e oj ljc flf vb f yt,c _ lft[vf hjc vfs+

16+ gf ce[bc vut,kj,f| SEU SMDTY SDB SJY FH FNF HT,S ,EHSC

RF HT,BC RTY= DTH BM YT,BS UEY LBC VT SF E HB

rfh ub kb lt ht,b fhf cj ltc bf hfq lt,bfy vc[dthgkbc vty nf-kb nt nbs+ bcb yb fw yj,bt ht,ty itv ltuc| bvf pt= hfc ofh vj fl-ut yty lf hf fl ub kb ezb hfds w[jd ht,fib= gf ce[bc vut,kj,f sdb sjy tyb zt,fs lf fhf vfs vij,kt,c= vt eq ktt,c= idb kt,c= [tkb cea kt,fc= ea hj cj,fc fy sf yfv ihjv kt,c+ tc flf vb f yt,b sdfkc ec oj ht,ty 'dt kf athc= hf cfw w[jd ht,f csf df pj,s lf it cf.kt,kj,bc vfm cb vevc frt st,ty= db yf b lfy eo 'b fy= hjv bcb yb uey lbc uf.qj kfc v[jkjl bv itvs[dt df ib it.kt,ty= se lf fv nrb wt,ty= hjv .fke.s= lf vj e rb lt,kfl vb b nf yjy ,eh sb rf ht,fv lt+

flf vb f yt,b= hj vtk sfw gf ce[bc vut,kj,bc uh.yj,f uf fx yb fs= fct itb.kt,f lf df[fcb f sjs|

1+ vfs ite.kb fs cfm vbc rt st,f+

2+ bcb yb 'j dtk sdbc vpfl fhb fy bvf pt oby of dbl yty= dbl ht cf zb-hjf+

3+ bcb yb chek 'j ab cf rty c ohf adfc vb/'fdc oby+

4+ bcb yb cb ne f wb b cufy lf vj e rb lt,kfl fq ot dty it lt ut,c+


17+ hovt yf| RJV GT NTY NE HJ,F FHF CJ LTC FHBC UFE,TLFJ,BC RJV GTY CF WBF

smdty dth it.kt,s flf vb f yt,bc uf.qj kfc= se sdb sjy uzbh-lt,fs vtu pe hb+ ufe,tlf db kb lt hb cf ib ibf _ cf re sf hb sf-dbc sdbc= vbv ltd ht,bc sdbc= hj vtk sfw bcb yb vbe.qdb fy= jh-uf yb pf wb bc sdbc= hj vtk cfw [tkv.qdf yt kj,ty= hfl uf yfw kb lt hbc gjc nb fq hvf dt,c gb hfl yfrkc+ 'j dt kb yt uf nb e hb ndbh sb= hj vtk cfw w[jd ht,bc upf pt fnf ht,s= ea hj v.bv-lt,f= hj wf c[dt,bc vt sf e hj,fc lf f gb ht,s+

kb lt ht,c= hj vtk sfw sdbs hovt yf fr kb fs= hfv lt yb vt cf th-sj yb if yb fmds|

1+ bcb yb dth f.kt dty c[dt,c hovt yb cf lf ecfahs[jt,bc ufy wlfc+ .dt kb fy lf pf fv,j,c| @fh itb.kt,f ufc wt bc= hfw fh uf ufx ybf#+ pec nfl bct dt= hj ujhw flf vb f yt,b= hj vtk sfw fhf fmds ufh-rdt e kb wjl yf= dth uf lfc wt vty vfc c[dfc= bc= dbyw vjr kt,ekbf sdbs hovt yfc= dth fb.ekt,c c[dt,c= sf dbc sfd ib lfh ove yt,ek yb b' dyty+

2+ bcb yb bqt,ty flf vb f yt,bcf ufy vtnc= dbl ht ufc wt vty+

3+ bcb yb ve lfv;fv pqe lf dty ufh it vjv 'jat,c ij hbc cf e rt st-cjsf it cf.kt,kj,t,c+

4+ bcb yb ve lfv;fv pqe lf dty sf db fysb jh uf yb pf wb bc it cf-.kt,kj,t,c+

18+ sdbs lbc wbg kb yf| GBH DT KB FLF VB F YB= DBYW SMDTYC LFM DTV LT,FHT,FIBF= SMDTY SDB SJ YF [FHS

se uby lfs kb lt ht,bc bv ]ueac vb t res dyt,jlts= hj vtk sf ths-ths fm nbdc sdbs lbc wbg kb yf ofh vj fl utyc= mwt dbc itv-ltu [fpc vbc lb ts|

1+ ufy cfp qdhts ghb j hb nt nt,b lf fhf cj ltc lf b dbo 'js bcb yb+

2+ lf b cf[ts vbp yfl lbc wbg kb yb ht,ekb w[jd ht,bc ot cb+


3+ efh 'f dbs sf dbc vfh skt,bc it cf-.kt,kj,f+

4+ ye babm ht,s ]bk lj pt= cf yfv cf-ve ifj fh lfv sfd hlt,f+

5+ aj re cb ht,f itltu pt uf f rt sts+

19+ vpfl 'ja yf= tv cf[ehj c[dt,c| OBY HJV OF B OBJ= }TH C[DT,B EY LF UF F NF HJ

hfc ybi yfdc= umjy ltc bct sb sdb-ct,f= hj uj hb wff vbc ohf at,f= tv-cf[ehj c[dt,c~

kb lt hb= hj vt kbw zti vf hb nfl bc-ohfa dbc flf vb f yt,bc cfv cf[ehbc-rty|

1+ sf db cb ghb j hb nt nt,bc cb f ib c[dt,c ea hj oby f't yt,c+

2+ akj,c cf re sf hb sf dbc hovt yfc= hfw cf ie f kt,fc f.ktdc= tv cf[ehjc c[dt,c+

3+ sf db cb byb wb f nb dbs tv cf[eht,f c[dt,c+

4+ fh frt st,c aj re cc vbc vb th lf rf-dt,ek vluj vf htj,fpt+

5+ tv cf[eht,f vj' df cbc cb' df hekc+

20+ wjl ybc it.tybc eyf hb| KB LT HFL

HJV LFH XTS= LFH XBS VJ OF ATL

yt,f vb,j.ts= uf lf ub if kjs [esb

elb lt cb kb-

lt ht,b fhf

v[jkjl fv,j,ty=

hf ey lf uf rts-

ltc= bcb yb

fr tst,ty+

]jy vfm cdt kb

kb lt hj,f

cf,jkjj

fy uf hb iib vsfd-

hlt,f bv upbc

ufr dfk dbs= hj vt-

kbw ufh it vjv-

'jas fue kb f yt,c=

uf f rt sjy hf bvt

lb f lb+

fkfy rt b nb


cf[tkv.qdf yt kj ghby wb gb= hjv kt,bw fe wb kt,kfl lf ut[vf-ht,fs= it b yfh xe yjs lf uf yf db sf hjs vel vb db vpfl 'ja yb c ufy o'j,f wjl ybc vb cf qt,fl|

1+ uf yb reh yts bct sb fdfl v'j aj,bcf ufy= hj uj hbw sdbs rvf 'j-ab kt,ff+

2+ lf.kb ts smdt yb ofh vf nt,f+

3+ gb hj,f lf lt dbs= bf hjs gbh lf gbh lf fh uf lfz hfs vjr kt-pt+

4+ it t kb ts smdtyc cb f vf 'tc+

5+ jh]th fhf cj ltc fujs gf ce[b th scf lf bvf dt itw lj vf pt+

21+ gth cgtm nb e kb [tl df| SMDTY IT UB.KB FS= VB FQ OB JS

V[JKJL BVFC= HB CB LF YF[DFW .FK UB.S

gth cgtm nb e kb [tl df – tc kb lt hbc sdbc 'dt kf at hbf+ bc vbc-sdbc fe wb kt,tkbf+

hf sf erts uf th rdts bvf ib= hf fhbc gth cgtm nb e kb [tl df lf hj ujh [lt,f bc rfh ub kb lt hbc w[jd ht,bc uf ye 'j at kb yf-ob kb= rfh ufl ey lf utc vj lts itv lt ub|

1+ gth cgtm nb e kb [tl df vj lbc ibu yb lfy+

2+ gth cgtm nb e kb [tl df cf sf dtc bqt,c smdtyc ofh cek ib+

3+ kb lt hbc gth cgtm nb e kb [tl df fr vf 'j ab kt,c c[df flf vb fy sf vjs[jd yb kt,t,c+

4+ gth cgtm nb e kb [tl df ut[vf ht,fs 'dt kf ht cehcbc rjy wty n-hbht,fib+


KB LT HBC AEY MWBT,B

xf vj 'f kb,t,bc cnf lb f ib v'j ab kb lt hbc hj-kbc cbh se kt itb.kt,f ufw yj,bt ht,ekb bm yfc bv vhf dfkv[hb db aey mwbbc ufy[bk dbc it lt ufl= hjv kt,bw kb lt hj,bc gj pb wb f ib vj b fp ht,f+

kb lt hbc aey mwb bc cgt wb ab rf bv ]ue abc sf-db ct,eht,t,bsff ufy gb hj,t,ekb= hj vtk cfw bc [tkv.qdf yt kj,c+ lt vjr hf nb ek ]ue at,ib uf lfv o'dt nb vybi dyt kj,f fmdc cek c[df aey-mwbt,c= dbl ht @fd nj hb nf hek ib#+ sev wf= tc fh ybi yfdc= hjv lt vjr hf nb e kb cnhem ne hbc vmj yt ]ue abc [tkv.qdf yt kj,f ea hj fl db-kbf= dbl ht fd nj hb nf he kb cf= e,hf kjl= tc aey mwbt,b sdb cj,hb dfl ufyc[df dt,ekbf+

,td hb bv aey mwb f sf ufy= hj vtk sfw xdty ufy-db[bkfds= vb t cf lf ut,f (fy it lbc vfs vj df-ktj,fsf yec[fib) gbh dt kf lb rj ktm nb dt,bcf lf vc[db kb jh uf yb pf wbt,bc ajh vf keh [tkv-.qdf yt kt,c+

kb lt hb _ hj ujhw fl vb ybc nhf nj hb+ kb lt hb-cfs dbc ea hj lf vf[fcb f st,tkbf ]ue abc cfm-vb f yj,bc evfq kt cb rj jh lb yf nj hbc hj kb+ bvbc lf vbe[tlf dfl= sdb sjy it b ve if dt,c cfm-vb f yb gj kb nb rbc .bhb sfl vb vfh se kt,t,c= se tc pt db lfy fhbc uf ot hb kb= vbc gf ce[bc-vut,kj,fsf fht ib ewb kj,kfl it lbc cf ve-if jc ufy[jh wb t kt,fpt vts dfk 'e htj,bc aey mwbf+ fvfc sfy= fl vb ybcn hf wb e kb aey mwb-bc fh cb vluj vf htj,c fhf cf ve if jc lf vj e rb-lt,kfl itc he kt,fib= fhf vtl ]ue abc lf yfh-xt yb otd ht,bcfs dbc vbc uf yf ob kt,fib+

kb lt hb= hj ujhw lfv utu vf ht,tkb+ kb lt hb [ib hfl bqt,c dfk lt,ekt,t,c= it b ve if jc

4545


vt sj lt,b lf cf ie f kt,t,b= hb cb lf[vf ht,bsfw ]uea vf vb-pfyc ey lf vb fq ob jc+ tc aey mwbf bsfd ct,c hj ujhw cf sb sfj yf,b]t,bc ufy cfp qdhfc= fct dt cfm vb f yj,bc uh.tk df lb f yb utu vt,bc it ve if dt,fc+ [fy lf[fy kb lt hbf cfvjm vt lj utu vbc th sf lthsb vf nf ht,tkb\ vfy th svf bwbc itv luj vb upt,b= ]ue abc lf yfh xt yb otd ht,bcfs dbc yfw yj,bf utu vbc v[jkjl wfk rt e kb= th svf yts sfy lf e rfd ib ht,tkb yf ob kb+

kb lt hb= hj ujhw gj kb nb rj cb+ kb lt hbc th s-ths ev ybi dyt-kj df ytc aey mwb fc ofh vj fl utyc ]ue abc vbp yt,bcf lf vjm vt-lt,bc th sb f yb [fpbc lfv rdbl ht,f+ .bhb sf lfl= ]ue aeh vbp-yt,cf lf vf sb vbq ot dbc vt sj lt,c cf vb o'f hj uf fx yb fs|

1) vb sb st,t,b= hj vtk sfw ]ue ab qt,ekj,c [tkv.qdf yt-kj,bc ufy ce,jh lb yf wb fc sfy it cf,fvb cj,bs+ sev wf [lt,f ea hj lf,fkb cf at[ehbc kb lt ht,bc xfh sdfw rjy cek nfy-nbc [fhbc[bs= fy lfl ut yb kt,bc it ve if dt,bcfc cf sfs,bhj [vbc ea kt,bs+

2) vb sb st,bs mdt vj lfy= t+b+ sdb sjy ]ue abc uf lfo 'dt nb-kt,f+ sev wf vbp yt,b lf cf ie f kt,t,b ufy cfp qdhe kbf mdt db-lfy= fvbc lf vbe[tlf dfl= kb lt hb gf ce[bcv ut,tkbf vfs ht f-kb pf wb f pt+

3) sdb sjy kb lt hbc vb sb st,t,b (bv gb hj,bs= hjv bc akj,c fd nj yj vb fc uf lfo 'dt nb kt,t,bc vb qt,bcfc)+

kb lt hb= hj ujhw tm cgth nb+ [ib hfl kb lt hb ofh vj fl utyc gbhc= db cfw vb vfh sf dty= hj ujhw en 'e f hb by ajh vf wb bc o'f hjc fy rdf kb ab wb eh cgt wb f kbcnc+ tz duf ht itf= lbl ]ue-at,ib aey mwbt,bc uf yf ob kt,bc vf qf kb [fhbc[bc itvs[dt df-ib= kb lt ht,b (jh uf yb pf wb bc [tkv.qdf yt kt,b) vb vfh sf dty c[df lfc[df vj fl ub kbc= cgt wb f kbc nbcf lf rjy cek nfy nbc cfv cf[ehc+ vj wt vek itvs[dt df ib= fh xt df yb vt j ht cf at[ehbc tm cgth nt,pt sdfk cf xb yjl f[fcb f st,c sfdfl [tkv.qdf yt-kbc it cf.kt,kj,t,c+

bcb yb= dbyw yfr kt,fl ajh vf ke hb cnhem ne hbc jh uf yb pf-


wbt,ib= fy cgjy nf ye hfl ofh vjm vybk flf vb fy sf ]ue at,ib ea hj vtn ntm yb reh ufs dbs wyj,bt ht,fc uf vj fd kt yty ]ue-ae hb vbp yt,bc cat hj ib= sdb sjy [lt,bfy kb lt ht,b+ fct= vf-uf kb sfl= hj vt kb vt tm cgt lb wb f ib ufv wb kt,tkc= fl ub kj,hb-db sf db ct,eht,t,bc wjl ybc uf vj= fl db kfl ite.kbf= vb b qjc ]ue abc afm nj,hb db [tkv.qdf yt kj,f+

sbs mvbc 'dt kf itvs[dt df ib= hj wf ]ue abc otd ht,b lf vj-rb lt,ek yb fhb fy flf vb fy pt= hjv kbc ntm yb re hb wjl yf lf rdf kb ab rf wbf fe wb kt,tkbf ]ue ae hb vbp yt,bc ufy[jh wb t-kt,bcfs dbc= fv gb hbc bh udkbd [lt,f .fkf ea kt,bc gj kf hb-pf wbf+ tc vfc ite.kbf= uf vj b 't yjc cf re sf hb - kb lt hbc hj-kbc ufv 'f ht,bcfs dbc+

kb lt hb= hj ujhw ]ue abc ofh vj vfl ut yt kb uf ht cfv 'f hj ib+ kb lt hb ofh vj fl utyc jab wb f keh gbhc= hj vt kbw uf ht cfv 'f hj ib 'dt kfc cf[tkbs uf vj lbc+ fvb njv ]ue abc vj yf-ob ktt,bcfs dbc cek th sb fh fhbc= dby lf hj ujh ofh vj fl-utyc vfs+ kb lt hb= fv itvs[dt df ib= fcf[bt ht,c ]ue abc 'dt kf otdhc= vfs rj ktm nb eh uj yt,fc= yt,fc lf f+i+ bc f[ltyc ]ue-ab lfy vjv lb yf ht lf ]ue abc vb th vb cf qt,b by ajh vf wb bc nhfy cajh vb ht,fc+

kb lt hb= hj ujhw ]ue abc ibu ybs eh sb th sj,t,bc vf ht ue kb-ht,tkb+ ]ue abc ibu ybs gb hjd ye kb lf cfm vb f yb eh sb th-sj,t,bc ht ue kb ht,f [jh wb tk lt,f cf rj ve yb rf wbj mct kbs= hj vtk cfw ite.kbf /mjy ltc c[df lfc[df cf[t+ pj ub ths ]uea-ib 'dt kf by ajh vf wbf uf t lb yt,f kb lt hbc ufd kbs= pju]th ]uea ib fhb fy kb lth sfy lff[kjt,ekb gb ht,b= hjv kt,bw fc he kt,ty fv mctkc\ fh ct,j,ty ]ue at,bc nb gt,b= cf lfw kb-lt hb fhbc @th s-th sb+#

kb lt hb= hj ujhw of[fkb ct,bc lf lfc]bc o'f hj+ ufy cf res-ht,bs vybi dyt kj dfy uf ht vjt,fc ofh vj fl utyc of[fkb ct,bcf lf lfc]bc cbc nt vf= hj vtk cfw kb lt hb uf vj b 't yt,c ]ue abc ofh vj vfl uty kt,bc rjy nhj kb cfs dbc+ tc aey mwbf vf qfk vjs[jd yt,c e't yt,c kb lt hbc gb hjd yek sdb ct,t,c= ufy cf-res ht,bs= ]ue at,ib= cf lfw vt nb 'e hfl qt,f fhf vf nt hb f-keh= fhf vtl vj hf keh afm njhc ts vj,f+


kb lth vf ey lf bwj ltc ]ue abc 'j dt kb otd hbc cfm vb f yj,bc by-lb db le f ke hb vj nb df wbf= it e-cf,fvjc pt vjm vt lt,bc .fkf of-vf[fkb ct,tk lf gt yb nty wb f keh pj vt,c ]ue abc 'j dtk otd hsfy vb vfh st,fib+ ufh lf ]ue abc otd-ht,bc cfm vb f yj,bc fl vb ybc nhf-wb e kb ht ue kb ht,bcf lf of[f-kb ct,bc jab wb f ke hb pj vt,bc uf vj 't yt,bcf= kb lthc ey lf itt.-kjc= vj[th[t,ekfl uf vj b 't yjc fhf ajh vf ke hb cj wb f ke hb cfy-mwbt,b= hjv kt,bw= hj ujhw ot-cb= vwb ht ]ue at,ib 'f kb,lt,f+ fhf ajh vf ke hb cfy mwbt,b fhbc pj vt,b= [th[t,b= hjvtksf vtidtj-,bsfw th svf ytssfy f[kjc v'jab flfvbfyt,b uf vj[fnf dty gf nb dbc-wt vfc vfs vb vfhs= db cb mwt dfw it t-cf,fvt,f vfs vj kj lb yt,c lf fd kt-yty er vf 'j ab kt,fc vfs vb vfhs= db cb mwt dfw dth fvfh skt,c vfs bvt lt,c+

kb lt hb= hj ujhw vj cf vfh skt lf vidb lj,bc v'j at kb+ tc aey mwbf ufh rdt e kb lj pbs erfd ibh lt,f ob yf htc+ ]ue abc otd ht,c ij hbc rjy akbm nbc gb hj,t,ib kb lt hb ey lf uf vj db ltc th slhj e kfl= hj ujhw vj cf vfh skt lf vidb-lj,bc lf vfv 'f ht,tkb+ t+b+ - db qfw off[fkb cjc lf db qfw lf cf]jc+ fv aey mwb fc sfy lf rfd ib ht,bs= kb-lthbc [tk ib fq vjx ylt,f cf ie f-kt,f= hjv kbc o'f kj,bs vfc ite.-kbf= it fv wb hjc= fy [tkb it eo 'jc

gt cb vbc nb exb dbc

mfhc= jg nb vbc nb

tk j lt,f= hjv

mf hb vb vfh se-

kt,fc it bw dkbc=

kb lt hb rb fa hfc

mf hbc vb vfh se-

kt,bs f,he yt,c+

]jy vfm cdt kb

kb lt ht,b mvyb fy

ghj tm nt,c+ elb-

lt cb kb lt ht,b

mvyb fy+ + + .bt,t,c+

njv gb nth cb

ept yf t cb vj oj-

lt,f kb lt hb cf

- flf vb f yt,bc

phlf-ufy db sf-

ht,bc [tk ito-

'j,ff!

]jy vfm cdt kb


]ue abc ibu ybs ahfm wb j ybp vbc nty lty wb fc bvbc lf vb[tl-dbs= se hj uj hbf vb cb gb hf lb utu vt,b+

kb lt hb= hj ujhw vf uf kb sb+ pj ub th sb nb gbc ]ue aib kb lt hb ]ue abc lf yfh xt yb otd ht,bcfs dbc itb.kt,f uf[ltc mwt dbc vj lt kb= t+b+ ep hey dtk 'jc sdfk cf xb yj yb ve ib bvb cf= hj-uj ht,b ey lf b' dyty bcb yb lf hf ey lf frt sjy+ vt sf e hb= hj-vt kbw eibi hfl vbe.qdbc ]fhbc rf wt,c ,h.jkf ib= coj htl fcts vf uf kbsc ofh vj fl utyc+

kb lt hb= hj ujhw ]ue abc cbv,jkj+ it le qf,t,ekb ]ue at,b c[df by lb db l e vt,bcf ufy fhf vfh nj ib yf uf yb= fhf vtl uf ht-uf yb ufyc[df dt,ekj,bcf rty vb bc ohf adb fy+ fct sb ]ue abc otd ht,b ufy vfc[df dt,tk ybi yt,c bh xt dty cf vjc cf lf mwt df-ib (vfu+ gj kb nb re hb gfh nbt,bc= rke,t,bc otdht,b lf f+i+)+ kb lt ht,b= hjv kt,bw ofh vj fl ut yty fct sb ]ue abc ,bhsdc= cbv,jkjc aey mwb fc uf yf[jh wb t kt, ty| vfs cf[tkt,c fh-mvt dty vstk vj.hfj,fc (bhb,fl - vbc vj yf ob ktt,cfw)+ rth-.j vhto dt kj,bc cfv 'f hj ib abh vt,bc vvfh sdt kt,b sdb sjy f[jh wb t kt,ty fcts cbv,jkb pf wb fc= uf yb[bkf dty hf sf dbfys cfm vtc= hj ujhw cf re sf hb gb hjd yt,bc ufuh.tkt,fc\ ht kb ub-e hb vbv lb yf htj,t,b lf ctm nt,b uf yfuh.j,ty sf db fysb lf-vf fh ct,kt,bc cf[tkbc nf ht,fc cfr vf jl [fyuh.kb db lhj bc vfy.bk pt lf f+i+

kb lt hb= hj ujhw afm nj hb by lb db le f ke hb gf ce[bc vut,kj,bc vj[cyb cfs dbc+ [ib hfl kb lt hb vybi dyt kj dfy hjkc sf vf-ij,c ]ue abc otd ht,bcfs dbc= hf sf bcb yb uf sf db cea klyty gf ce[bc vut,kj,bcf ufy cf re sfh uf lfo 'dt nb kt,t,cf lf mvt-lt,t,pt= hjv kbc sf db lfy fhb lt,fw cehs+ kb lt hbc cf' df-ht kb uf vjs mvf - @'dt kf ght nty pbf - xtv sfy#= @bvjm vt lts xt vb cf[tkbs#= @uf lf t wbs= hjv vt de,h.fyt#- coj htl fv aey mwb fc erfd ibh lt,f+ fv hb ufl= vbv ltd ht,bc th sue kt,bc cf gf ce[jl= kb lt hb sf dbc sfd pt bqt,c vfs yfw dkfl uf lfo-'dt nb kt,bc vb qt,bc ndbhsc+

fvfc sfy= vbv ltd ht,b cfr vf jl [fkb cbs uf lfc wt vty cf re sfh sf db cea kt,fc kb lt ht,c (ahjv vf fv vjd kt yfc @sf db cea-kt,bcf ufy ufm wt df” eoj lf)+



kb lt hb= hj ujhw vtu pe hb vcja kfq mvf ib+ kb lt hb= ev sfd-htc itvs[dt df ib= ofh vj fl utyc af ct e kj,t,bcf lf yjh vt,bc o'f hjc= hjv kbc ufyfw ]ue abc vcja kfq mvf bqt,c cf sf dtc+ vskb f yj,fib bc fcf[fdc bv cf pj uf ljt,bc blt j kj ub fc= hj-vtk cfw ]ue ab vb t res dyt,f+ jh uf yb pfw b bc vfc inf,t,ib ]ue-abc rth.j vcja kfq mvf= cf th sjl= ea hj it t cf,fvt,f [tkv.-qdf yt kj,bc fp hjd yt,bc [fnc (nbgc)= dbl ht wfk rt e kb hb ub-sb otd ht,bcfc+

it[tle kt,t,b evt ntc ob kfl vb t lb yt,f mdt dbs rty= dbl ht _ gb hb mbs\ tc ufy cf res ht,bs w[flbf bv itvs[dt dt,ib= hj wf kb lt hb frjy nhj kt,c by ajh vf wb fc= hj vt kbw ]uea ib uf ht cfv 'f hj lfy vj lbc+

kb lt hb= hj ujhw @vf vf#+ kb lt hbc vhf dfk hbw[jdf yb aey-mwbbc by ntu hf wbf ]ue abc otd ht,bcfs dbc [lt,f @vf vbc# 'jd-kbc vjv wdtk hjk ib= zti vf hb nb kb lt hb _ ]ue abc otd ht,bc 'dt kf lf lt,bsb tvj wb bc aj re cb= blty nb ab rf wb b cf lf th-sue kt,bc uh.yj,bc blt f ke hb j,btm nbf+ se kb lt hb hj vt-kb vt vb vfh se kt,bs fh gf ce[j,c vbv ltd ht,bc blt fkc= vfs ite.kb fs uj yt,fib @uf lf f rt sjy# bc sf dbc zre f pt+ @vf vj,hb-db# hj kb ,td hfl uf cf ut,c [lbc bv ecfp qdhj .fkf ea kt,fc= hj vtk cfw ufh rdt ek gb hj,t,ib tea kt,bfy kb lt ht,b+

kb lt hb= hj ujhw ufy nt dt,bc df wb+ hfv lt yf lfw kb lt hb itb.-kt,f b'jc lf lt,bsb uh.yj,t,bc j,btm nb ]ue abc vb th lf-cf[ekb vbp yt,bc ufy[jh wb t kt,bc itvs[dt df ib= bv lt yfl vfhw[bc lhjc itb.kt,f= uf[ltc ]ue abc otd ht,bc v[hb lfy fu ht cb bc cf vbp yt+ hj wf ]ue ab bv 'j at,f akec nhf wb bc vluj vf htj,f ib= kb lthb itb.kt,f uf[ltc j,btm nb= hj vtk-ptw 'dt kf ]fdhc b' hbc+

ufy cf res ht,ek itvs[dt dfc ofh vj fl utyc ]ue abc otd-ht,bcfsdbc bke pbf kb lt hbc yfv ldbk utu vt,sfy lf vbc gb hjd yt,fc sfy vb vfh st,fib+ fvb njv t.t,ty blt e hb vj ob yf-fq vlt utt,b fct sb uek vjl ub yt,bs afm nt,c cf gb hbc gb hj ]ue abc kb lt hbc rjv ghj vty nb ht,bcfs dbc+

tz duf ht itf= ]ue abc 'dt kf otd hb th syf b hfl fh fqbm dfvc kb-


lt hbc gb hjd yt,fcf lf yf,b]t,c+ ey lf fqb ybi yjc= hjv kb lt-hb (bct dt= hj ujhw 'dt kf lf yfh xt yb flf vb f yb) vbv lt dfh sf wyj,bt ht,fib vf sb cf re sf hb gb hjd yt,bc xfh xj ib fh ct,j,c= t+b+= it cf.kt,kj,t,b flf vb f ybc vb th flf vb f ybc fq mvb cf uf-yb cfp qdht,f @fq vmvt kbc# gb hjd ye kb vj yf wt vt,bs (t+o+ cj wb f ke hb gth wta wbf)+ ufh lf fvb cf= hfw ea hj yfr kt,fl vb cfo dlj vbf kb lt hb= vbs ea hj vtn cbd hwtc csf df pj,c afy nf pb bc sdbc cf re sfh vbv ltd ht,c vb cb (kb lt hbc) [fnbc itcfmvytkfl+

kb lt hbc xf vjs dkbk aey mwbt,c fhf th sudf hj df yb vybi dyt-kj,f uf fx yb f c[df lfc[df nb gbc ]ue at,sfy vb vfh st,fib= fvb-njv kb lt hbc lf cf[tkt,ek hj kt,sf ufy .yt kbf= uf vj b 'jc vsf df hb lf vt j ht[fhbc[jdf yb\ vf sb vybi dyt kj,f vth 'tj,c ib yf ufy lf uf ht ufy afm nj ht,sfy lf vj rb lt,ekt,bs= bv 'dt-kfa hbs= hf cfw rj ktm nb dbc w[jd ht,fc de oj lt,s+


KB LT HBC FQ MVF

VB CB ]UE ABC VB TH

kb lt hb ey lf fqbm vt,jltc= hj ujhw @th s-th sb xdty uf yb#+ ofh vf nt,ekb kblt ht,bc cfm vb f yb ,bju hf abt,bc itc ofd kf ex dt yt,c= hjv kb lthc fmdc ufh rdt e kb cf th sj vf[fcb f-st,tkb ]ue abc lf yfh xty otd ht,sfy+ fvb njv bc fqbm vt,f= hj ujhw @ths-th sb xdty uf yb# lf fhf @hjujhw vj ce kb#+ cf re sf hb blty nb-ab rf wbf @vj cek sfy# ]ue ab cfs dbc cfr vf jl uf zbh lt,jlf+

kb lt hb ey lf vb b qjy= hj ujhw @vcufd cb ev-hfd kt cj,bcf#+ vbc sdbc cfr vf hb cb fh fhbc ]ue abc yfv ldb kb otd hj,f= bc ey lf fqbm-vt,jltc= hj ujhw sf dbc sfd ib ufy vf[jh-wbtkt,tkb bv yjh vt,bcf lf af ct e kj,t,bcf= hj v kt,bw vtn yfr kt,fl vybi dyt kj df ybf ]ueabc sdbc+

hf [fhbc[bs ite.kb fs xf vj 'f kb,t,ekb ]ue abc kb lt ht,c= itw df kjy vb qt,ekb yjh-vt,b lf af ct e kj,t,b~ rjy wta wbf kb lt hb-cf= hj ujhw @lb lb flf vb f yb cf#= ei dt,c= hjv vfc .fke.c= cf re sf hb yt,f sfdc vjf[db jc ]ueac= se vb vfh sf vb cb vluj vf htj,bcfs-dbc xdt ek .fkf ea kt,fc+ sev wf qf= fhbc c[df rjy wta wb fw= hjv kbc sf yf[vf lfw= ]ue ab 'j dtk sdbc ea hj .kb t hbf kb lth pt lf= fvbc uf vj= bc b.ekt,ekbf= vb b qjc ]ue ab cfs dbc vb qt,ekb yjh vt,b+

vskb f yj,fib= kb lt hbc ufd kt ybc cf rbs[b .fkb fy cf by nt ht cj lf vybi dyt kj df ybf= vfu-hfv ]thfw ,jkjv lt uf eh rdt dt kb+ it cf.-kt,tkbf= hjv bvb cfs dbc= hf sf it b yfh xe yjc kb lt hj,f= vfy ey lf vb b qjc= fy vj fx dt yjc sf-

5252


db= hjv qt,ekj,c ]ue abc nhf lb wbt,c= yjh vt,c= vbp yt,c lf lft[vf hjc ]ueac vbp yt,bc vbq ot df ib+

kb lt hb ey lf fqbm vt,jltc= hj ujhw @cf e rt st cj xdtyc ij hbc#+ ]ue abc .bhb sf lb yjh vt,bcf lf af ct e kj,t,bc vb qt,f ]th rb ltd fh fhbc cfr vf hb cb= hf sf kb lt hb uf[lt+ ey lf b'j fhf v[jkjl hj ujhw @evt nt cb xdty uf yb#= fhf vtl= hf j lty gf hf-ljm cekbw fh ey lf b'jc= @xdtyc ij hbc cf e rt st cj”= hfv lt-yf lfw= uf vj xt ybk gb hjd yt,fl ofh vj xt yb cfc= vfc ite.kbf vf-uf kb sb b'jc ]ue abc sdbc lf uf[ltc @vf vbc# cbv,jkj+ b'jc @cf e rt st cj#= fe wb kt,tkbf bvb cs dbcfw= hjv uf yf[jh wb t-kjc ]ue abc ve ifj,bc tatm ne hb vfh sdf lf rj j gt hb ht,f+ bv its[dt df ib= se kb lt hb fh ofh vj fl utyc tm cgthnc ]ue-abc fvj wf yt,sfy vb vfh st,fib= tc fvj wf yt,b fy uf ye[jh wb t-kt,tkb lfh xt,f= fy cf ie f kj lj yt pt ufy[jh wb tk lt,f+

sev wf qf= kb lt hb @xdtyc ij hbc cf e rt st cj# rb ey lf b'jc= vfu hfv bc fh ey lf b'jc ,td hfl ert st cbw+ bc fh ey lf b'jc ,td hfl zrdb f yb+ ]th th sb= ptl vt nfl zrdb f yb fh fqbm vt,f= hj ujhw @th s-th sb xdty uf yb#+ vt j htw= vb cb by nt ht ct,b fv itvs[dt df ib ijhc bm yt,f ]ue abc ghj,kt vt,bcf ufy= bc fh bm yt,f cfr vf hb cfl vj nb db ht,ekb bvb cfs dbc= hf sf lft[vf hjc ]ueac+ vt cf vtw= it cf.kt,tkbf= ufx yltc rj ve-yb rf,tke hj,bc ghj,kt vf by nt ktm nib lb lb c[dfj,bc uf-vj lf ,jkjc= fh ct,j,c cf ae.dt kb lfc rdyb cfs dbc= hjv .fkb fy zrdb fy vf kb lth vf itb.kt,f= it vj b nf yjc cbf[ktt,b= hjv kbc vb cf qt,flfw ]ue ab vpfl fh fhbc= hfl uf yfw bcb yb tobyffqvltut,bfy lfv rdbl ht,ek ]ue aeh blt j kj ubt,c\ fv itvs[dt df ib kb lt hb dth bm yt,f= hj ujhw @evt nt cb xdty-uf yb#+

kb lth vf ey lf uf f vfh skjc vbv lt dfh sf vj kj lb yb+ ]ue abc otd ht,c ij hbc itb.kt,f= lfv rdbl hltc cf th sj fp hb bvfc-sfy lf rfd ib ht,bs= se hj ujh ey lf bm wt j ltc kb lt hb lf hf aey mwbt,b ey lf it fc he kjc+ fvb njv bcb yb bh xt dty lf t uet,bfy v[jkjl bcts kb lt ht,c= dbyw uf f vfh skt,c vfs vj kj lbyc+

kb lt hbc jhb aey mwbf= hjv kt,bw fl ht b'j yf[ct yt,b


- by lb db le f ke hb gf ce[bc vut,kj,bc efh 'j af lf vf vbc cbv,jkb pb ht,f - df hf e lj,c= hjv kb lt hfl fh xt e kb bm-yt,f bc= db cfw ite.kbf= lf fr vf 'j ab kjc by lb db lbc bct sb vjs[jd yb kt,t,b= hj uj hb wff db qf wbc ylj,f= db qf wfc sfy uf th sb fyt,f lf f+i+

fv hb ufl= hxt e kbc= kb lt hbc gb hjd ye kj,f= yf ob kj,hbd= lf-vj rb lt,ekbf vbv ltd ht,bc gb hjd yek sf db ct,eht,t,pt+


KB LT HJ,BC UTY LT HE KB

SF DB CT,EHT,T,B

kb lt hj,fpt cfe,hb cfc itb.kt,f= ufx yltc rbs[df= hf vybi dyt kj,f fmdc fm uty lthc~ fhbc se fhf ufyc[df dt,f kb lth mfk cf lf kb lth rfwc ij hbc~ se fhbc= fv itvs[dt df ib hf sdb-ct,t,b f[fcb f st,c kb lth mfkc lf hfv lt yfl eyb rf ke hbf bcb yb+

2005 otkc vt yt]vty nbc abh vf @Caliper#-bc vb-th bv vf[fcb f st,kt,bc rdkt df ufy[jh wbtk-lf= hjv kt,bw uf yfc[df dt,ty kb lth mf kt,c vf vf rf wt,bcf ufy= hj wf cfm vt t[t,f kb lt hbc sdb ct,t,c+

rdkt dbc sf yf[vfl= mf kb-kb lt ht,b ea hj lf-vf]tht,tk yb fhb fy+ bcb yb ea hj vt nfl fhb fy lf by nt ht ct,ek yb lfo 't,ekb cfm vbc lfc he-kt,bs lf ea hj vt nfl vb lb fy hbc rpt= dbl ht rf wb-kb lt ht,b+ mf kb-kb lt ht,b ea hj tv gf-sbeh yb lf vjm vtl yb fhb fy= fct dt itv re kyb fhb fy ,td hfl ert st cb gb hjd ye kb sdbct,t,bs+ tc cf ie f kt,fc f.ktdc vfs= .bht e kfl itw-df kjy cb ne f wbf lf by ajh vf wbf 'j dt kb v[hb lfy it fu hj djy+ mfk-kb lt ht,c .fke.s=lf fh ove yjy c[dt,b cf re sfh sdfk cfp hbc ib= hfl ufy sdb sjy uek ohat kfl eylfs= uf e-ujy c[dt,c lf bp he yjy vfs pt+ flf vb f yt,b= hjv kt,bw vb' dt,bfy vfs= uh.yj,ty= hjv vf sb tc vbs= faf ct,ty lf v[fhc ezt hty+

@Caliper#-bc rdkt df ib uf rt st,ekb b'j js[b vsf df hb lfc rdyf mf kb-kb lt hbc sdb ct,t,sfy lf rfd ib ht,bs|

1+ mf kb - kb lt ht,b ea hj lf vf]tht,tk yb fhb fy= dbl ht vf sb gfh nyb j hb vf vf rf wt,b+

5555


2+ mf kb - kb lt ht,b zre fc cofd kj,ty ,tlbc ereq vfh sj,t,bc itvs[dt df ib= lf efh 'j abc lhjc fd kt yty gj pb wb fc @vt smdty ubx dt yt,s!#+

3+ mf kb - kb lt ht,b b't yt,ty kb lt hj,bc by rke pb eh= uey leh cnbkc= vb vfh sekc ghj,kt vt,bc uf lfz hf cf lf uf lfo 'dt nb-kt,bc vb qt,fpt+

4+ mf kb - kb lt ht,bcfs dbc xdt e kbf ot ct,bc bu yj hb ht,f lf hbc-rpt ofc dkf+

rdkt dbc sf yf[vfl= mf kt,c ite.kb fs= itwdfkjy ot ct,b= coj-hfl lf lf vf]tht,kfl vb f oj ljy sf db fysb fp hb+ bcb yb it e gj-dfh yb fhb fy lf vb bc ohf adb fy ghj,kt vt,bc it cf.kt,kj,t,fl nhfy cajh vb ht,bcf rty+

lj vb yfy nj,f= hj ujhw kb lt hj,bc cnb kb= sf yfv tlhj dt cfv 'f hj ib cek ea hj yfr kt,fl gj ge kf he kb [lt,f+ cfl qt-b cjl= cek ea hj lf ea hj afc lt,f mf kbc eyf hb lf it cf.-kt,kj,f uf th sb f yt,bcf rty+ mf kt,c ite.kb fs= it b yfh xe yjy th sb f yj,f j]f[ib= jh uf yb pt,f uf e rt sjy vj[fkb ctt,c uf th-sb f yt,bcf lf cf pj uf ljt,hbd w[jd ht,fib wdkb kt,t,bc it nf-ybcfsdbc+ tc f[fkb sdb ct,t,b kb lt hb cf _ th sj,kb db= uf yf-ob kt,ekb kb lt hj,f= phey df lf eyf hb= vb f uj cb rt st c[dt,c _ lqt b cfs dbc fhf vfh nj lb lb vybid yt kj,bcff= fhf vtl fewb-kt,tkbf bvb cfs dbc= hf sf cfv 'f hjc gj pb nb e hb wdkb kt,t,b vj e nf yjc+


C[DFJ,F VFVFRFWB-KB LT HB CF

LF

MF KB-KB LT HBC VBL UJ VT,IB

cfv 'f hj vhf dfk ufy pj vb kt,fib it bw df kf+ vrfw hb bt hfh mb ekb vfh sdf yfr kt,fl tatm-ne hb [lt,f ufd kt yf pt= lfh ove yt,fcf lf vj-nb df wb f pt fut,ek vfh sdfc sfy it lf ht,bs+ ufyc[df dt,bs vf vf rf wb-[tkv.qdf yt kt,bcf ufy= hjv kt,bw wlb kj,ty= yt,bc vb t hb cnhem ne-hf lf f kf ujy dth nb rf ke hb .kb t hb gb hf vb-lbc it cf,fvb cfl= mf kt,b egb hf nt cj,fc fyb-zt,ty vfh sdbc ea hj af mbp by cnhe vty nt,c= hjv kt,bw gb hjd yt,bc vb vfhs 'e hfl qt,fptf fut,ekb+ c[df cbn 'dt,bs= mf kt,b vfh sf dty ufd kt ybc by cnhe vty nt,bc lf[vf ht,bs= hjv-kt,bw tv 'f ht,f /jhb pjy nf keh rfd ib ht,c (lfh ove yt,f lf vj nb df wbf)= [jkj vf vf rf wt,b _ .fkf ea kt,bc by cnhe vty nt,bc cf ae.dtk-pt (b.ekt,f lf bt hfh mbf)+ coj htl fvb njv= ,bzt,b uf vel vt,bs it]b,hib fhb fy= [jkj uj-uj yt,b vj kf gf hf rt,t,c vfh sf dty= wlb kj,ty= uf lfo 'db njy fvj wf yf= vj nb df wb fc ert st,ty itv che kt,kt,c gb hjd yek lj yt pt+

,td hb vf vf rf wb= hj vt kbw vbx dt e kbf .fkf ea-kt,bc bt hfh mb ek eh sb th sj,t,c @vvfh sdt-kb-lfm dtv lt,fht,ekb#= cb cec ntl vb bx ytdc mf kb-[tkv.qdf yt kbc vwlt kj,fc= vfh sjc gf h nyb j he kb eh sb th smvt lt,bc cbc nt vbs+ hfw itt[t,f mf kt,bc vfh sdfc= hjv kt,bw vbx-dt e kyb fhb fy [tkv.qdf yt kj,bc vf vf rf weh cnbkc= vfs sfy mf kb-[tkv.qdf yt kbc uf vj-xt ybcfc [ib hfl f' dfd lt,f [jk vt by nhb ut,b lf xf cfa ht,t,b+ mfkc yfr kt,fl fmdc eyf hb= [fhbc[bf yfl vfh sjc bt hfh mb ek cbc nt vf ib+

5757


bc fvfc rfw-[tkv.qdf ytk pt ef ht-cfl frt st,c+ vfu hfv vfh sdbc vt sj-lt,b bw dkt,f lf sf yfv ihjv kt,bc [tkv.qdf yt kj,f [lt,f fhf .fkf-ea kt,hb db= fhf vtl vj nb df wb e hb by cnhe vty nt,bs= fvb njv buh.-yj,f mf kb-[tkv.qdf yt kbc cf zb-hjt,bc phlbc nty lty wbf+

lfv rdbl ht,ekbf vj cfp ht,f= hjv mf kt,c ezbhs [tk mdt b sb vf vf rf-wt,bc vfh sdf+ vf vf rf wt,bc sdbc eahj fl db kbf vf vf rf wt,bc vfh-sdf= hfl ufy bcb yb cfr vf jl fl db kfl vorhbd lt,bfy bt hfh mb ek .fkf ea-kt,hbd gb hf vb lf ib= fve ifdlt,f cnt ht j nb gb t+o+ @vf vf rf wehb rek ne hb cf#+ [fyuh.kb db lhj bc ufy vfd kj,fib [lt,jlf ,bzt,bc fq phlf bv ce kbc rdt st,bs= hjv mf kt,b fh fhb fy uf vj cf lt uyb [t kv.qdf yt kj,bcfs dbc+

tc bh ove yf efv hfd vf mfk vfw= hjv kt,bw fh xtd yt,pt fh wse fm-nb e hfl ezt hty v[fhc mfk-rfy lb-lf nt,c+ mfk-[tkv.qdf ytkc= coj-ht lfw= ea hj ezbhc= it e sfd cjc j]f[b lf cfv cf[ehb+ vf vf rf wt,b= j]f[b hjvw /mjylts= ea hj sf-db ce afk yb fhb fy cf ib yfj cfp he-yf db cf lf ,fd idt,bcf ufy= dbl ht mf kt,b= sey lfw cfj]f[j cfm vb f-yj,fib lfv[vf ht /'fd lts+

se mf kb brf dt,c [tkv.qdf yt kbc gj pb wb fc= vfy rjy re hty wbf ey lf

bwj ltc ve ifj,f -

ve ibc vj df ktj,ff+

fc ofd kjc c[dt,c

- vfc ofd kt,kbc

vj df ktj,ff+

isf f uj yjc c[dt,b=

bve if jy erts=

[tkv.qdf yt kbc

vj df ktj,ff+

frt sjc gbh dt kbw=

vt j htw= vt cf vtw

- zti vf hb nb kb-

lt hbc vj df ktj,ff

]jy vfm cdt kb

kb lt hj,f cb'-

df he kbf+ dyt,f+

w[jd ht,bc ut vj+

res dyb kt,f+ th-

sue kt,f+ lbf lb

xf yf abm ht,b lf

uf lfo 'dt nb kt,f=

uf yf[jh wb t kjc

wdkb kt,t,b+ th-

sj,kb db sfd uf lf-

cfd kt,b+ dt ke hb

itw lj vt,b+ phlf+

uf e vf.qf hb cohfa-

df wdkb kt,bcf rty+

njv gb nth cb


ufc ob jc rf we hb ot ct,bs= hjv kt,bw vfh sdbc lhjc ,td hfl vt nbf| lf bw dfc sf db cb nt hb nj hbf= cf re sf hb fp hb+

fh ct,j,c rb ltd th sb vb sb - mf kbc vf vf rf we hb fp hjd yt,bc it cf[t,+ fh fh ct,j,c mf kb vf vf rf we hb fp hjd yt,bs+ bc= hf-cfw vf vf rf weh fp hsf o'j,fc t.f[bfy= - kj ub rf= cbv nrb wt= cojh[fpj df yt,f - jhb dt cmtcc f[fcb f st,c+ e,hf kjl= vf vf rf-wt,b vidb lfl fqbm df vty fv sdb ct,t,c sf dbfys vcufd c flf vb-f yt,ib= [jkj mf kt,c= hjv kt,bw fv sdb ct,t,c b't yt,ty vfh-sdf ib= eoj lt,ty sf dbc yt,fc lf rf wehc+

cb yfv ldb kt ib= vfh sdbc [fhbc[b lf vj rb lt,ekbf by nt ktm-npt= by ne b wb f pt= kj ub rf pt= flf vb f yt,sfy ve ifj,bc eyfh-pt= tc sdb ct,t,b rb ybi fy lj,kb dbf hj ujhw rf wbc sdbc= bct mf kbc sdbc+ hj wf mf kb-[tkv.qdf yt kb fd ktyc cbv nrb wtc lf vjvs[jd yt kj,fc= fe wb kt,tkc fvf se bv cf ve if jc lhj-e kfl itc he kt,bcfs dbc= tvj wb eh lj yt pt [tk mdt b st,bc v[hb lfy tc itb.kt,f fq mve kb bm ytc= hj ujhw @fhf mf ke hb sdb ct,t,bc# uf vjd kt yf= hfl ufy mf kb cf ufy (vfs ij hbc mf kb [tkv.qdf yt kb cf ufy)= bc nj hb e kfl - tkj lt,bfy cbh,bkt cf lf lfs vj,fc= vf vf rf wt,c [ib hfl vb e nt dt,ty 'db hbk cf lf h,tdfc= vfu hfv mfk-[tkv.qdf ytkc fv nb gbc cfm wb tkc fhf cj-ltc fgf nbt,ty+


KB LT HB MF KBC GKBE CT,B

LF VB YE CT,B

mf kbc wdf kt,flb [fcb f sb cfv cf[eh ib f[fk= .fkb fy vybi dyt kj dfy sdb ct,fib uf lf lbc= - tc fhbc vjm yb kj,f+ bc cf ie f kt,fc f.ktdc mfk-kb lthc= it b yfh xe yjc sf yf,fhb eh sb th sj,f gfh nyb j ht,sf yfw lf sf yfv ihjv kt,sf yfw+ bc= fct dt= ea hj fl db kfl tuet,f vj e kjl ytk wdkb kt,t,c= dbl ht vf vf rf wb+

mf kbc crhe ge kj pe hj,f= hj ujhw ot cb= lf-lt,bs hjkc sf vf ij,c+ vf vf rf wt,b akj,ty cnhf nt ub ek fp hjd yt,fc= hjv tkbw qf kf-nj,c vfs bcts cb ne f wbt,ib= hj wf fe wb-kt,tkbf lt nf kt,bcfs dbc 'e hfl qt,bc vbm wt-df+ mfkc rb dt hf athc uf vj f gf ht,+ bc fhf cj ltc fv,j,c efhc odhbk vfy cfm vtt,pt= gf nf hf itr-dt st,pt= it cf.kj vjv ut,bfy ob yf lf lt,t,pt+ bcbw rb= hf cfw dth uf vj b 't yt,c fv;fvfl= it vj-yf[ekb fmdc vj vfd kbc sdbc+

lt le hb by cnby mnbw e[lt,f cfm vtc+ mf kt,b= hj ujhw ot cb= cf re sfh cfm vtc trb lt,bfy= hj-ujhw ,fdidc lf 'dt kfat hc uf b qt,ty vb cb ue kb cfs dbc+ bcb yb fct dt fhb fy ufy o'j,bk yb sf yfv ihjv kt,bc vb vfhs= uh.yj,ty gf ce[bc-vut,kj,fc 'j dt kb vfs uf ybc uf vj+ coj htl fvb njv e.ytk lt,fs vfs ufy ij ht,f fhf cf ceh-dtk [fk[sfy - t,hf kt,fs+

sev wf= ey lf bs mdfc= vsf df hb - ghj at cb j yf-kbp vb - fh fhbc lf vj rb lt,ekb cmtc pt+ fvb nj-vfw= se [tkv.qdf ytkc eyf hb fmdc lf ite.-kbf= fb qjc byb wb f nb df= ijhcv[tl dt kb lf ufv-zhbf[bf= fh eiby lt,f hbcrc= ite.kbf b'jc fh,bn hb gb hjd yt,fsf ij hbc eh sb th sj,t,ib= ite.kbf gf ce[bc vut,kj,f fb qjc [tk mdt bs sf

60606060


fyfp qf e ht,fpt= fqf hf fmdc vybi dyt kj,f= mf kbf bc se rf wb!

mf kb-kb lt hb akj,c ea hj vf qfk cj wb f keh by nt ktmnc= bc ea hj af mb pfl fqbm dfvc eh sb th sj,bc yb e fy ct,c= vfs ij hbc cf re sfh sfd sfy vb vfh st,fib+ mfkc f[fcb f st,c vt-nb rjy nfm ne hj,f lf ghfm nb re kb fp hjd yt,f+ se vf vf rf wb ufy o'j,bkbf gth cgtm nb dt,pt ufs dkb kb uh.tk df lb f yb utu-vt,bc fut,bc rty= mf kb egb hf nt cj,fc fyb zt,c rjy rht ne kfl uf hfy nb ht,ek it ltuc @fm lf f[kf#+ mf kb vf vf rfw pt erts frjy nhjkt,c cf re sfh lf c[dbc itw lj vt,c\ bc= hj ujhw ot cb= erts f[th[t,c cf re sf hb fp ht,bc ajh ve kb ht,fc lf bltt,bc uf vj[fn dfc+

lf vb ye ct,b

cfm vb f yb mf kbc rf hb t hbc ufy db sf ht,bc upf pt th s-th sb vsf-df hb o'fk mdt if hb ab fhbc bc= hjv fh ite.kbf ukj,fke hfl lfbyf[jc ghj,ktvf= fvfcsfy - ea hj ufy db sf ht,ekb rjy cth-df nbp vb= odhbk vf yt,ib lf tvj wbt,ib= flf vb f ye hb eh sb th-sj,t,bc cbc nt vf ib xfa kj,bc nty lty wbf+

.bhb sf lb ob yf qj,t,b ofh vf nt,bc upf pt vidt yb t hb cmt cbc ofhvj vfl uty kt,bcfs dbc uf vjb[fnt,f js[b gjc ne kf nbs= hjv kt,bw 'j dtk sdbc ey lf f[cjd ltc 'j dtk fv,bwb eh mfkc|

1+ mfk vf ,td hfl vt nb ey lf bi hj vjc bub dt itltub cfs dbc= hj vtk-cfw vf vf rfw b yfr kt,b vwlt kj,bs fq otdc+ ifh kj nf ebn njy vf (mf kfm jnf dfc vt hb uf ce kb cf e re ybc ief okt,ib) hf j lt yj,hb-df lfw rb it f af cf .fkbc[vt dbc vb sb st,ekb c[dfj,f| @hf cfw fh ey lf frt st,lyty mf kt,b= vfs jh]th vt nb ey lf uf f rt sjy= dbl-ht vf vf rf wt,vf= hf sf bc cf yf[td hjl vf byw bm ytc it af ct,ekb+#

2+ mf kb cfs dbc ,bp ytc ib lf ei dt,tkbf bv tvj wbt,bc uf vjd kt-yf= hj vt kbw tgf nbt,f vf vf rfwc+ lbf[= 'dtk ufy lf 'j dtk sdbc fqb f ht,ekb b'j= hjv mf kb ea hj tvj wb e hbf= dbl ht vf vf rf wb= sev wf se vfy ([tkv.qdf yt kfl ]thfw fh v'ja vf) sfs,bh pt cf re sfh sfdc .kb t hb Et vj wbt,bc ea kt,f vbc wf= vhf dfk vybi-dyt kj d yfl uf lf[tlf dty th svf ytsc lf ert stc itvs[dt df ib= bc-nt hbfl xfes dkb fy| @vtnc hfc ey lf tkj lj mf kbc ufy~# se vf-


vf rf wb vjbmwtdf fct= fvfc it f af ct,ty= hj ujhw uyt,fds (cf[kib ghj,kt vt,b fmdc= lf b qf kf= uf lf b mfy wf= .fkb fy lf.f,ekbf= itb.-kt,f uf e uj)= jqjyl - fhf hj ujhw bc nt hb rfc+

3+ vf vf rf wt,c fh c]thfs= hjv fhb fy mf kt,b= hj vkt,bw vfs lj-yt pt th rdt dbfy ntm yb reh cf rbs[t,ib+

4+ hj uj hb cf mt,fhb cbn 'dt,bsfw fh ey lf fv rj,ltc vf vf rf wb-[tkv.qdf yt kb sf dbc [tk mdt bs mfkc= bc .fkb fy bi db f sfl of c-otdc vfc cfv cf[eht,hbd cf at[eh pt= se fhb fy vfc sfy gj nty wb-fkbs f[kjc v'j ab ght nty lty nb rf wt,b+


KBLTHB MFKBC

GHJ AT CB E KB BVB]BC

UF VJ VE IF DT,F LF ITM VYF

HF AFC LT,F 'DT KF PT EA HJ~

@xf bw db= hbc cf ie f kt,fcfw vju wtvc cf ae kt=

vfu hfv ye fyb f dt,+++ rf,bs it bw yj,f flf vb -

f yb+++# itm cgbhc xdtyc= vt nfl itw dkbk= lhj -

ib hjv tw[jd hf= jhb dt cmt cbc vb cf vfh sbs

bn 'j lf fv ufahs[bkt,fc+ vfu hfv bltf uf cf-

ut,bf+ fhw bct fl db kbf bv udf hb xfw vf= hjv vfy

[tkb it eo 'jc ofh vf nt,fc+

se uby lfs= hjv smdt yb cf vj cb smdtyc gb hjd-

yt,fc it t cf,fvt,jltc= ey lf bwj lts= hjv

,bp yt cbc cfv 'f hj ib ofh vf nt,bcfs dbc ey lf

it fh xb js cf vj cb= hj vt kbw lhj bc vbth fhbc

it vjo vt,ekb+

smdty it ub.kb fs= fsf cj,bs lj kf hb lf-

[fh]js= lb lb .fkbc[vt df lf tyth ubf it f kb-

js cf vtw yb t hj [fhbc[bc vj gj dt,fc+ it ub.kb-

fs= itb.byjs elb lt cb wjl yf= vfu hfv smdt yb

uf htu yj,f ths-th sb vsf df hb afm nj hbf= hj-

vt kbw flf vb f yt,ib bo dtdc smdty sfy lf smdty-

sdbc ve ifj,bc ceh dbkc+

mfk,fnj yt,j= qbh ct e kfl

lf b zb hts sf db!

xf bw dbs cf ve if j cfs dbc= hjv kbc vb qt,fw

ucehs lf fhf cf ve if j cfs dbc= hj vt kbw

ufmds+ fv hxt dbc fd nj hb cfr vf jl ufv zhbf[b

6363


flf vb f yb b'j+ fh ct,j,c ot hb kj,bsb se cbn 'db t hb cf[bc ot-

ct,b= hjv kt,bw nfy cfw vkbc cnbkc fv rdbl ht,c smdtyc jh uf-

yb pf wb f ib - lfh ove yt,ek yb b'f dbs= tc fctf+

se fct sb ot ct,b fh fhbc smdt yb abh vbc otc lt,fib= vf iby

e,hf kjl vb vjb[tlts - hfc fnf ht,c rjv gf yb bc ght pb lty-

nb~ hf fw dbf vvfh sdtkc~

pj ub th svf cfv cf[eht,hbd rb,tpt fq vfc dkf rfh ub ihj vbc

o'f kj,bs it.kj+ c[dt,c e,hf kjl uf e vfh skf+ vfu hfv jhb-

dt itvs[dt df ib= bcb yb elf jl qbh ct e kfl uf vj b 'e ht,jl yty=

sfdc abh vbc cf zb hj sf yfv ihjv kt,fl sdkbl yty+

rjc nb e vb

cf ve ifj ufh lt hj,bc ith xt db cfc fh itw lt,bs= se fbh xtds vf-

qf kb [fhbc[bc vem-keh]= yfw hbc ath= vem-'f dbc ath fy if db

at hbc rjc nb evc+ rjc nb evc fmdc rjy rht ne kb lf ybi ye kt,f

lf fe wb kt,kfl it lbc 'j dt kb mf kbc cf ve ifj ufh lt hj,ib+

ea hj qbf nj ybc rjc nb e vt,b c[df aey mwb fc fc he kt,ty= [fpc

ec df vty vj[lt yb kj,fc lf cnbkc+ se 'e hfl qt,bs lf fr dbh-

lt,bs bvfc= hf bs dkt,f vb cf qt,fl smdtyc abh vf ib= smdty

it ub.kb fs ufy cfp qdhjs= hf at hbcf lf nj yfkj,bc rjc nb e-

vt,b vj ub[lt,fs+

itv luj vfl fvb cf - mdt lf rf,bc cbuh.bc it cf[t,+ smdt yb mdt-

lf,jkjc lf cfi dt,b cbuh.t lbl ob kfl fhbc lf vj rb lt,ekb

smdt yb cfm vb f yj,bc cat hj pt lf= hfw rb ltd ea hj vsf df-

hbf= smdt yb abh vbc ib yf ufy rek ne hf pt+ hj ujhw ot cb= mdt-

lf,jkj fh ey lf b'jc ve[kc .fkb fy fij ht,ekb lf ief

odbdc mdt vjs+ sev wf itb.kt,f vb yb-rf,t,b vj lf ib b'jc= vfu-

hfv vb cb fl ub kb fhff ghj at cb j yfk sf cfv 'f hj ib (se smdty=

dsmdfs= cf wf kj dfz hj,fib fh ve ifj,s)+


smdt yb rjc nbe vbc mcj db kb

cnbk pt lf ath pt fhf yfr kt,b vybi dyt kj,f fmdc mcj dbkc=

hjv kbc uf yfw bc fhbc it rt hb kb+ rjc nb e vbc 'bl dbc lhjc

'j dtk sdbc ey lf lfh ovey lts= hjv mcj db kb fh bz vez yt,f+

ahs[bkfl vjz vez yts mcj db kb jhb dt [tkbs= sbs mjc oe-

hfd lts+ se fvbc itv ltu bc lf re ze kb lfh xf= c]j,c rfh ufl

lf abm hlts= cf yfv b'b lbs+ lqbc sfs,bh pt rjc nb e vb bct sb-

dt ufn rb wb yt,ekb ey lf xfy ltc= hj ujhw lb kbs= hj wf xf bw-

dbs+

rfh ub mcj db kt,bf| 100%-bf yb if kb= if kbc yf ht db lf f,ht-

ie vb+ itb.kt,f uf vjb 't yjs uf htu ye kfl if kb cf lf f,ht ie-

vbc vcufd cb pj ub cby st nb re hb mcj db kbw= se rb vfs vf qf kb

[fhbc[b fmds+ fh fhbc ht rjv tylt,ekb ct kbc rjc nb e vb+

hfw itt[t,f ,ke pt,c= cf e rt st cj fh xt df yb xb sb fy ct kb bm-

yt,f+ f,ht ie vbw cfd ct,bs it cf at hb cbf+ bc= hf smvf ey lf=

vj le hbf+ vfh skbf= fv yf ne hf ke hb mcj db kt,bc [fhbc[b

wyj,bkbf= vfu hfv pj ub th sb vf qf kb [fhbc[bc cby st nb re hb

mcj db kbw itb.kt,f smdt yb rjc nb e vt,bc rfh u lf vf nt,fl bm-

wtc+

,ke pb

smdt yb ,ke pt,bc at hb= elf djl= smdtyc vstk bth pt fb cf[t,f+

bct dt= hj ujhw rjc nb e vt,bc fh xt db cfc= ,ke pt,bw c]j,c=

th sb at hbc b 'b ljs+ sev wf at ht,b c evt nt cj,f vb cf qt,bf=

c]j,c= fbh xb js ,ke pt,b= hjv kt,bw at hbs t[fvt,bfy ufh-

rdt ek rjc nb evc+ se smdty= vf uf kb sfl= qbf at hbc rjc nb evc

bw vtds= ev]j,tcbf= it fh xb js ve mb= fy yf st kb at hbc ,ke pb+

fv hb ufl= 'j dtk sdbc ey lf it fh xb js vf qf kb [fhbc[bc= at hb-

sf lf cnb kbs smdt yb it cf at hb cb cf vj cb+


rjk uj nt,b

bvb]bc cf rbs[t,bc rjy cek nfy nt,b fc rdybfy= hjv mf kt,b= hjv kt,bw fnf ht,ty sf db fysb rf ybc at hbc rjk uj nt,c= ea-hj rjy cth df nj ht,b fhb fy= dbl ht bcb yb= dbyw egb hf nt cj,fc vemc fyb zt,c+

fvb njv ]fy cf qb fp hb udrfh yf[j,c= hjv c]j,c= xf dbw dfs rf ybc ath sfy it cf,fvb cb rjk uj nt,b= vb se vt ntc= se xdtyc abh vf ib vrfw hb ot ct,bf+

rdkfd uf ub vt j ht,s| vb vjb[tlts lf lf fr dbh lbs= hf fw db fs smdtyc rj kt ut,c= hj vtk sf ut vjd yt,fcfw ty lj,bs+ ,bp yt-cbc pj ub ths cat hj ib (cf wf kj dfz hj,fib= vf uf kb sfl) at hf-lb rjk ujn t,b itb.kt,f cfd ct,bs vb cf qt,b b'jc+ sev wf jab-ct,bc ev hfd kt cj,fib smdty vj ut,ekb lfh xt,bs= se vrfwh ot ct,c lf b wfds+

at[cfw vt kb

vfs sdbc= dbyw lf rf dt,ekbf ,bp ytc ib= ea hj vb cf qt,bf rkf-cb re hb yf db ct,hb at[cfw vt kb+ uf[cjd lts= hjv mec kb 5-7=5 cfy nb vtn hbc cb vfq kbc ey lf b'jc+ se aekc n'f dbc lf fhf cby st nb reh at[cfw vtk ib lf[fh]fds= ea hj qbh ct e kb bvb]b utm yt,fs+ at[cfw vkbc ht rj vty lb ht,ekb at ht,bf _ ve mb keh]b= if db= yf ne hf ke hb n'f dbcathb lf he[b_'f dbc-at hb+

xfy sf= cf mf qfk lt= gjh sat kb

'j dtk sdbc ev]j,tcbf= n'f dbc fm ct ce f ht,b itb.byjs+ fvj-bh xb ts rkf cb re hb lf fhf pt vj le hb yf rt sj,t,b+ bct dt= hj ujhw at[cfw vt kt,bc sdbc= ht rj vty lb ht,ekb at ht,bf| ve mb-keh]b= if db= yf ne hf ke hb n'f dbcathb lf he[b-'f dbc-

at hb+


itb.kt,f se fhf th slhj e kfl

[tk xfy sbc lf gjh sat kbc nf ht,f+

hf smvf ey lf= se xfy sf vwb ht pj-

vbcff lf v[fh pt uf lf cf rb lb+ vfc-

ib v[jkjl fe wb kt,tkb ybd st,b

blt,f (cf ae kt= svbc ]fu hb cb= rjc-

vt nb rf lf f+i+)+ se cfd ct [tk xfy sf

lf ubdfh lt,fs lf ufb[cyt,f= ,td h

hf vtc it bn 'j,ty smdt yb w[jd-

ht,bc it cf[t,+ yfv ldb kfl fhf cf-

ceh dt kbf= fct sb hfv cfv cf[eh ib

lf ut vfh sjs+

cfs df kt

se cfs df ktc fnf ht,s= bc uf vj 't-

yt,ekb ey lf bm ytc hj ujhw gbh-

lf gb hb lf ybi ye kt,bs= fct dt cfv-

idt yb cfl= cf[bc yfr dst,bc [fp uf-

cfc vt kfl lf bv bvb]bc ufy cfv nrb-

wt,kfl= hjv kbc lfv rdbl ht,fw

ucehs+ vf qf pb f sf lf ufy 'j ab-

kt,fsf evt nt cj,fib= cf lfw cfs-

df kt b'b lt,f= rdf kb ab wb ht,ek

vj cfv cf[ehtt,c ite.kb fs smdt yb

lf[vf ht,f+ cf ceh dt kbf= hjv mf-

kt,c jhb cfs df kt vf byw /mjy lts

_ th sb cfv cf[ehbc sdbc= vt j ht _

yfr kt,fl vrfw hb= cfv cf[ehbc itv-

luj vb it[dtl ht,bcfs dbc+

smdtyc vb th fh xt e kb vj lt kbc

vbe[tlf dfl= lfh ovey lbs bvf-

ib= hjv kby pt,b yf st kbf lf fhf

kb lt ht,b mvyb fy

fhf @vbv ltd ht,c#=

fhf vtl tyth ub ek=

lf vj e rb lt,tk

kb lt ht,c+ jh uf yb-

pf wb bc 'dt kf lj-

yt pt= lfo 't,ekb

fq vfa ht ybs cfd ct

f[fk ufp hlt,blfy=

kb lt ht,b t[vf-

ht,bfy c[dt,c

f[fkb cfv 'f hjc

fq vj xt yf ib+ bcb yb

off[fkb ct,ty kb-

lt ht,c= hjv kt,bw

buj yt,ty f[fk cfv-

'f hjc lf udthlc

ed kb fy= udbh udbyc

fw kb fy cf re sfh

kb lt ht,c+

njv gb nth cb

fh itb.kt,f

uf/'dt flf vb fyc=

db cbw fh uofvc=

db cfw sf df lfw

fh c]thf bvb cf=

hf cfw frt st,c lf

hj ujh frt st,c+

/tbk /fvbk nj yb


lf,ehe kb lf hjv cfs df ktt,bc nf ht,f it ub.kb fs jabc ib+ db pe-f ke hb rjy nfm nb ahb fl vybi dyt-kjdf ybf eh sb th sj,bcfs dbc= fvb - njv sdf kt,b lf vf ke kb rb fh ey lf b'jc= fhf vtl ufh rdt dbs xfy-ltc+

cfv rf e kb

etz dt kbf= hjv smdtyc vb th fh-xt ekb cf b e dt kb hj yf rt sj,fyb smdt yb fh cbc cf e rt st cj uf-vj[fne kt,ff= vf sb vybi dyt kj,bc lfr yb yt,f ite .kt,tkbf+ fvb cfs-dbc= 'j dtksdbc it fh xb ts .dbh-af ct e kj,f= hj vt kbw fv lbl ht,c rjc nb evc+ uf b rt sts vfh uf kb nbc cf 'e htt,b cf lf abcqb kt,bfy rjc-nb ev sfy fy rf,fc sfy+ se ifd rjc-nb ev sfy jm hjc ath 'tk cf,fvc brt st,s= lf e vf nts jm hjc at hb cf 'e ht vfc ib xfc ve kb if db mdbs+

cf 'e htt,b+ fh lf ei dfs= hjv xf vj-rjy ob f kt,ek vf cf 'e htt,vf lf , -kf lfu mf xjs cfv cf[eht,hbd rb-,tpt+ xf vj rb lt,ekb cf 'e htt,b cf e rt st cjf cf,fy rt nj lfh,fp ib lf ite.kbf= rfh ufl lf ut[vf hjs cf pj uf ljt,hbd cfm vb f yj,fib= vfu-hfv bcb yb uf vj e cf lt uf hbf jab cbc-sdbc+ hfw itt[t,f cf 'e ht sf c[df nb gt,c _ ev]j,tcbf= e,hf kj lf

tkt ufy ne hb it fh xb js+

kb lt ht,b

isf,thf dty cb-

wjw[ktc ufh it-

vjv 'ja sf bvt-

lt,c lf jw yt,t,c

lf t[vf ht,bfy

vfs= lf b yf[jy vj-

vfd kbc sdfk ofh-

vnf wb gth cgtm nb-

dt,b+

]tbvc re pt cb=

,fhb gjp yt hb

ylj,bc uf ht it

kb lt hb fh fh-

ct,j,c+

,hf b y rt hj kb

kb lthc ite.kbf

'dt kf ath pt

smdfc efhb=

ufh lf _

cf,jkjj gf ce[bc-

vut,kj,bcf+

]jy vfm cdt kb



cf f sb+ cf f sb= hj vtk cfw fnf ht,s= fhf v[jkjl lhjc fx dt-

yt,c= fhf vtl qb ht,ek fm ct ce fhc ofh vj fl utyc+ fb= hf njv

fhbc ev]j,tcb rkf cb rehb cnb kbc cf f sbc 'bl df+ bc rfh ufl

t[fvt,f cf ve ifj rjc nb evc= lf bvfcfw= hf cfw cfv cf[ehbc itv-

ltu xf bwdfvs+ bvb]bc rjy cek nfy nt,b vb dbl yty lfc rdyfv lt=

hjv 'dt kf pt vb cf qt,bf lb lb pj vbc cf f st,b (tank sty le) v,ho'b-

yf db if db fy jm hjc at hb cf vf]ehbs+

@wf vt nbc ot cb#+ ct vb yf hbc vj yf ob ktt,b [ib hfl rbs[ekj,ty=

@hfv lt yb cfv rf e kbc nf ht,ff vb pfy it oj yb kb~# fy @hf it ub-

.kb fs smdfs lf yfh xty vjh se kj,fpt~# @wf vt nbc ot cb# afh-

lfc [lbc fv cf b lev kjc+ lb kbs= nfy cfw vkbc xfw vb cfc= cfc-

ohf ajl uf lfs df kts 'dt kf fm ct ce f hb rjc nb e vbc= rf,bc fy

,ke pbc kf vf pb qb kt,bc xfs dkbs= at[cfw vkbc vj cfh sf db=

cfs df kt lf cf b e dt kb hj yf rt sj,t,b+

se bcb yb wf vtn pt yfr kt,bf= tct bub smdty rfh ufl uf vj b 'e-

ht,bs= [jkj se wf vtn pt vt nb lf bs df kts= c]j,c fh uf hbc-

rjs lf vj b ij hjs ptl vt nb+

dfhw[yb kj,f

bv lt yfl= hfv lt yf lfw smdt yb svt,b 'dt kf pt vtn 'e hflqt,fc

bm wtdc= lfb[fh]ts dfhw[yb kj,fpt= hj vt kbw vtn yfr kt,fl

ub[lt,fs+ v[ht,fv lt= fy ea hj vjr kt= fy ea hj uh.tkb lf

it cf,fvb cfl lf dfhw[yb kb svt,b smdty ghj at cb j yf kbc bthc

itu.tys+ se v[ht,fv lt fy erfy uf lf ot e kb svt,b vju ojys=

tctw cfr vf hb cbf= hjv vj[lt yb kfl uf vj b 'e ht,jlts+

w[flbf= hjv svt,bc at hb yf ne hf ke hb ey lf b'jc+ thb lts

svt,bc ve mb .bht,bc uf vj xt yfc+ seU svt,c bqt,fds= tc cf b-

lev kjl it b yf[ts+


ceyfvj

ce yf vj sb cfh ut,kj,bcfc b[tkv.qdf yt kts .dt kb cf htr kf-

vj hxt dbs| @smdty sdbc vce,emb vb rf ht,fw cfr vf hb cbf!#

se db qfw= smdty ufy th sb [tkbc ufo dlt yf pt vluj vb= smdt yb

ce yf vjc it cf[t, ut e, yt,fs hf vtc= tn 'j,f= lf cfi dt,pt vt nb

bc[ehts+ ce yf vj bv udf hfl ey lf uf vj b 't yjs= hjv smdtyw lf

bcbw= db cfw ea kt,fc f.ktds= smdty ufy th sb [tkbc ufo dlt yf-

pt f[kjc b'jc= sfdc rjv ajh ne kfl uh.yj,lts+

fhf ajh vf ke hb lqtt,b

uf ce kb cf e re ybc 90-bfy okt,ib f[fk vf cb jv lfe,thf| lfv-

rdbl hlf lqtt,b - yfr kt,fl ajh vf ke hb cf vj cbs+

sev wf abh vt,bc ev hfd kt cj,f= hjv kt,bw fcts lqtt,c fot-

ct,c= it cf,fvb cfl= cgt wb f keh ot ct,c uf vjc wtvc= ufy cf res-

ht,bs= mf kt,bcfs dbc= fvbc lf vbe[tlf dfl= cf vj cbc ith xt df

itb.kt,f vf byw uf.ytk ltc+

vf uf kb sfl= hfv lt yfl vjr kt itb.kt,f b'jc 'j dtk lqb e hb

mdt lf,jkj~ hj uj hbf itp qel dt,b pt lf cf vjc sfy lf rfd ib-

ht,bs~ vb cf qt,bf se fhf rf,f-ifh df kb~ se lf cfi dt,bf= cf zb-

hjf vfc sfy ,ke pbc nf ht,f~ se vf b ce hbw uf vjl ut,f~ fmfw

abh vbc ib yf uf yb fn vjc at hj ub rfh yf[t,s= hbs it b vj cjs+

vb vjb[tlts lf lf fr dbh lbs= hf fw dbf smdtyc [tkv.qdf ytkc=

smdtyc rj kt ut,c= dbc ut vjd yt,fcfw ty lj,bs+ fmfw itb.kt,f

ghfm nb re kb hxt dbc vb wt vf| se ut tz dt,fs _ hxt df brbs[ts+


LFC RDYF

mf kbc kb lt hek gj pb wb f pt uf cf' df yfl= gbh dtk hbu ib= .fkb-fy vybi dyt kj df ybf vb cb sf yf,fhb ea kt,t,bc= vb cb= hj ujhw kb lt hbc sf yf,fhb it cf.kt,kj,t,bc lf eyfh-xdt dt,bc fqb-f ht,f+ se mf kbc v[hb lfy vj[lt,f ith o'vf yfv ldb kb kb lt-hbc sdb ct,t,bcf _ .kb t hb [fcb f sb= ghj at cb j yf kbp vb= byb-wb f nb df= .fkbc[vt df _ nhf lb wb ek mf keh af ct e kj,t,sfy= hj uj hb wff sf yfuh.yj,bc eyf hb= /evf ye hj,f= vjm yb kj,f= ti vf rj,f= ghfm nb re kj,f lf f+i+= bc it.kt,c= uf[ltc zti vf hb-nb kb lt hb+

mf kb-kb lt hb _ yf st kb gb hjd yt,ff= bc mf ke hbf= fh fhbc cfc-nb rb lf wb db= fm nb e hbf by nt ktm ne f ke hfl lf ab pb re hfl= sdb sjy qt,ekj,c uf lfo 'dt nb kt,t,c= vfu hfv vidt ybd hfl bzthc c[dt,bc ufy o'j,fc= vbc sdbc ew[jf odhbk vf yb vt eh-dtj,f [tk mdt b st,pt+ bc vpf lff= uf hbc rjc= vb pfy lf cf[ekbf= sf dbc sfd ib lfh ove yt,ekb= qbh ct e kfl ht f ub ht,c rhb nb rf-pt= it ybi dyf pt lf it e hfw['j af ptw rb+ ite.kbf jgt hf nb e-kfl uf lf th sjc th sb cj wb f ke hb hj kb lfy (@[tkv.qdf yt-kb#= @cfm vb f yb mf kb#) vt j ht pt (@mf kbi db kb= lt lf= wj kb#)+ vbc sdbc .fkb fy vybi dyt kj df ybf hovt yf= hjv vb cb tc vbc mvfh-idbkc lf v[fhc ezt hty+

rb ltd th sb fh wse ev ybi dyt kj gb hj,f| w[jd ht,bct e kb vbp-yt,bc vb cfq ot dfl cf re sf hb it cf.kt,kj,t,bc vtn yfr kt,fl che kb ht f kb pf wb bc ghj,kt vbc uf lfo 'dt nf v[jkjl th-sj,kb db vwlt kj,bs itb.kt,f+ mf kb cf lf rf wbc sf yfv ihjv-kj,f cf pj uf lj,hb db 'j abc 'dt kf cat hj ib [tkc it eo 'j,c vfs ij hbc f[fkb pytj,hb db eh sb th sj,t,bc xf vj 'f kb,t,fc= hjv kbc vf vj.hf dt,tkb .fkf bm yt,f gb hf lb w[jd ht,bc fvf se bv ajh vbc jhv[hb db gf nb dbc wt vf= jhb dt cmt cbc ofh vj-vfl ut yt ksf v[hb lfy flf vb f ybc ea kt,bc uf ye[ht kb lfw df+


NTCNT,B

ACBMJKJUBEHB NTCNB

1+ lqt b'j .fkb fy lf.f,ekb lf ub;ehb+ cf[kib vjc dkbc itv ltu smdty ucehs vj ti dfs lf fvb cfs dbc+++

f) bv pf lt,s s,bk f,fpf yfc

,) brf kf st,s afy]hbc hf af pt lf fr dbh lt,bs= hj ujh xf lbc vpt

u) vst kb cfqf vj pb[fhs nt kt db pjh sfy

2+ 'dt kf pt ea hj ub' dfhs it[t,f

f) if kbc cf,fy sfy

,) f,ht ie vbc [fkfs sfy

u) yf ne hf keh ,to dsfy

3+ se ewf,tlfl vj ub dblfs bltf= hjv vj rb ljs [tkb smdtyc uf-htu yj,fc= smdty lf bo 't,s

f) vf cf;bs

,) rjc vt njkjubc vjv cf[eht,bs

u) vf yb re hbs fy gt lb re hbs



4+ 'dt kf at hb hjv it ut.kjs= hfw uby lfs= smdty fbh xtd lbs|

f) itv odfh rfh nj abkc= ,fnb,enc= s[bkt ekc

,) ,enth,hjlc rf hf mbs lf [bpb kf kbs

u) ths eke af yf 'byc ij rj kf lbc vb yfy mf hbs

5+ abk vb= hjv kbc vj uj yt,fpt sdfk pt whtv kb ufl ut,fs|

f) @vjc rjdc whtv kt,bc fh c]thf#

,) @vje[tk st,tkb ie hbc vf.bt,kt,b#

u) @uf pfa[ekbc 17 uf tk dt,f#

6+ se ucehs= tcfe,hjs ,eyt,fc= smdty|

f) uf t vfh st,bs cf ct bh yjl mf kf mbc sdfk ofh vnfw fl ub-kt,ib

,) lf[tnb f kj,s n,bc= vlb yf hbc= pqdbc yf gb hfc

u) rbs[ekj,s ;eh yf kt,cf lf uf pt st,c ,eyt,fpt

7+ smdt yb cf' df ht kb ve cb rff

f) hjr-ty-hj kb| smdty u[b,kfds wtr df= kqdt,bs vfc ib

,) rkf cb re hb| bc fq db.t,c smdtyc ofh vj cf[dfc

u) gj ge kf he kb| smdty f' dt,bs cbv qt hf ib lf sfdc vidt ybd-hfl uh.yj,s


8+ svt,bc it cf[t, smdty abm hj,s= hjv|

f) bc mf kbc cb f vf 'bc cf uf ybf= 'j dtk sdbc cf uek lf ue kjl ey-lf b'jc lf dfhw[yb kb

,) bc bhtr kfdc smdtyc ib yf ufy ,eyt,fc= ufl vjc wtvc smdtyc by lb db le f kj,fc

u) tc v[jkjl uf htu yj,bc yf ob kbf= dfhw[yb kj,fc lb lb vybi-dyt kj,f fhf fmdc

9+ pfa[ekbc cf qf vjc= hj wf fu hbk lt,f= smdty bw vtds|

f) ,fv,bc uh.tk cf[tkjt,bfy [fkfsc= v[fh pt rb ;frtnc vj bu-lt,s

,) s[tk ,kep pt rf gb e ij yb fy meh serc

u) s,bk rja nfc cf pfa[ekj rf,fpt

10+ se vju pf e hj,bc nb gbc fh xt df it vju sf df ptc= smdty bh-xtds|

f) fd nj vj,bkc

,) sdbs vahb yfdc

u) dt kj cb gtlc

11+ 'dt kf pt fvf qtk dt,tkb vj vty nb +++ smdtyc it' df ht,ek sfy b'j

f) gbh dt kb rjw yf

,) yf pb uf vj[tl df= hfw vtn 'dt kt,lf= hjv smdty czbh lt,bs


th svf ytsc lf ,jkjc lf,jkjc it[dlbs

u) ce kbcitv ue,t,tkb [dtd yf

12+ vf vf rfw ib 'dt kf pt ea hj vju ojys|

f) cb vfq kt

,) fq yf uj,f

u) sdf kt,b

lf bs df kts smdt yb me kt,b rbs[dbc rj jh lb yf nb cf lf smdtyc vb th fh xt e kb gf ce[t,bc df hb fy nbc (f+ ,+ u+) uf lfr dt sf pt+

f[kf egf ce[ts rb ltd cfv it rbs[dfc @/j# fy @fhf# lf rb ltd [esb me kf vb e vf nts 'j dtk lf lt,bs gfce[c|

1+ kb sj ybs ie ibc a[fz yfc oj yfc oj hj,blfy uf vjd 'f dfh

2+ vjv ojyc pfa[ekbc s,bk odb vf ib ct bh yj,f

3+ rfh ub hfw vt nbf= vbs ert st cbf

IT RBS[DBC YJ VT HB

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

F 6 2 10 2 10 2 6 10 2 2 10 2, 10 10 6 10 2 10 10 6 10 6 6 6

U 2 6 2 6 6 6 2 2 6 10 2 10


se smdty it fu hj dts 52 me kfv lt|

smdty ptl vt nfl ct hb j pe kfl ev pths w[jd ht,fc+ fvbs cf re-

sfh sfdc fh svtds gb hfl cb[fhekc lf cb f vjd yt,fc+ bvb cfs-

dbc= hf sf smdt yb tvj wb e hb rj t ab wb ty nb ufpfh ljs= vt nb

lhj lf/'f dbs ,eyt,fib= vj ec vb yts ve cb rfc= bf hts yf[fnt,bc

uf vj at yf pt lf= hf smvf ey lf= ef hb fh smdfs cb' df hek pt+

lfnr,bs 'df db kt,bc ceh yt kbs+ cb yf pbs vj tg 'f hbs ufh it-

vjv 'jas+ .fkb fy vf kt lfh ovey lt,bs= hjv tc cfv 'f hj fh-

wse bct we lbf= hjv cb kf vf pt bh udkbd cfr vf hb cbf= hjv flf-

vb f yt,b bct e[tit,b fh fhb fy= hj ujhw th sb it[tl dbs xfyc+

se smdty it fu hj dts 53 me kb lfy 81 me kfv lt|

gbh dtk vf cb' df hek vf smdtyc cek ib ct hb j pe kb rdf kb lfnj-

df+ it cf.kt,tkbf= dthw rb fw yj,bt ht,s fvfc= vfu hfv bc zhb-

kj,f lf tn 'j smdtyc tvj wb eh vluj vf htj,fc+ sev wf tc fh

fhbc cf ib ib= f[kf= coj ht lfw= lhjf= ofh ce kb lf b dbo 'js lf

fo v'j sb bw[jd hjs= babm hjs vj vf dfk pt+ lf b dbo 'ts ib ib lf

twf lts= [ib hfl uff[fhjs cf re sf hb sf db+ vb t wbs cf ie f kt,f

vpbc c[bdt,c= uf ufs,jy+ [jkj yb fdc - lfh lb uf ub mfh djy+ vb t-

wbs sf db cea kt,f cf re sfh afy nf pbfc+ cek vwb ht .fkbc[vt-

df lf - lf rfh ue kb cf ve lf vjl lf ub,hey lt,fs+ smdty it ub-

.kb fs= gbh lf gbh e'e hjs vj vf dfk c - smdty cf by nt ht cj

w[jd ht,f ut kj lt,fs+

se smdty it fu hj dts 82 me kb lfy 110 me kfv lt|

it ub.kb fs - lfnr,ts cf e rt st cj cfz vt k-cfc vt kbs= cb' df-

he kbs+ bh udkbd it vjrht,bkb ufmds 'dt kf at hb cf e rt st-

cj+ fvfc sfy th sfl= smdty it ub.kb fs= vb b qjs w[jd ht,bc-

ufy bc= hfw fh bs[jdc fhf yf bh lf vf nt,bs lf yf[fh]t,c|

qf vbc cbu hb kt fy vby ldhbc 'df db kt,bc sf b ue kb= smdty ufw-

yj,bt ht,ekfl nr,t,bs fvbs+ vfu hfv ea kt,fc ye vbc wtvs

cb wjw[kbs nr,j,bc ,eyt,hbd eyfhc= vbp yt,cf lf vj df-

ktj,t,c vj f wb kjc smdt yb 'e hfl qt,f+


se smdty it fu hj dts 111 me kf lf vt nb|

smdty bct [fhs= hj ujhw std pb _ o'fk ib+ 'dt kf at hb= hfw uf[dt db fs= cb[fhekc uf yb zt,s lf vpfl [fhs= ufh it vjv 'ja-sfw ufepbfhjs tc+ vpbc s,bkb c[bdt,b= fn kf cbc mcj db kb= ce yf vjc fhj vf nb - smdty sdbc 'dt kf athc fmdc vybi dyt kj,f+ vfu hfv= hj ujhw @ghby wt cf wth wdbc vfh wdfk pt#= vt nfl vuh.yj,bf ht [fhs+ tc [tkc ubi kbs= vwb ht j lt ybw rb o't yf c uf yb zt,s+ twf lts= fh uvfh sjy tvj wbt,vf+


HJ UJ HB [FHS~

FB= HFV LT YB VT W[JD HT,BCT E KB CB NE F WBF+

1+ smdty uf b wf ybs f[fk ufp hlf= bc smdty vj ut oj yfs= vfu hfv vij,kt,b fv,j,ty= hjv fh it ut at ht,fs+ hj ujh ht f ub ht,s~

f) dwlb kj,= c[dfu df hfl itd[tlj= bm yt, bcb yb vfh skt,b fhb fy~

,) xt vb by nt ht cb vbc vb vfhs fh vwbh lt,f\

u) bc rb ltd ea hj vjv ojyc+

2+ pqdf pt 'ja ybc gbh dt kb lqtf+ uf he]df ]thfw dth vj fc of-hbs+ hj ujh bm wt dbs~

f) vidb lfl dodt,b gkf;pt uf he]ekb flf vb f yt,bc udth lbs\

,) db 't yt, uf cf he] rhtvc= hf sf cohf afl uf db he]j\

u) sfd lf gbh dt kfl db he]t,b erfw hb tk fl ub kfc+

3+ smdt yb vt eq kt fv,j,c= hjv fh vjc ojyc smdt yb f[fkb dfhw[yb-kj,f+ hj ujh ht f ub ht,s~

f) dbo 't, yth db e kj,fc\

,) db,he yt, .dtk dfhw[yb kj,fc\

u) dte,yt,b vt eq ktc= hjv it t ue jc+

4+ hf qfw lhj bc ufy vfd kj,fib mvf hb smdtyc vb vfhs wb db lf uf-ew[jt,ekbf= hj ujh bm wt dbs~

f) dwlb kj,= vj dbm wt xdt e kt,hb dfl= sev wf fqfh duh.yj, .dt kt,eh cb yf ptc\

,) dbm wt db= bct dt= hj ujhw bc\


u) dwlb kj,= db 'j ea hj fkth cb f yb= dbl ht ob yfs= hf sf lf-

db,he yj lf rfh ue kb gj pb wbt,b+

5+ hj wf cnev hfl fy st fn hib vb lb[fhs= hf ea hj vybi dyt kj df-ybf smdty sdbc~

f) rfh ub isf,tz lb kt,f vj df[lb yj\

,) fh db 'j ptl vt nfl sdfk ib cf wt vb\

u) vjv ojy ltc cf re sf hb sf db+

6+ hj wf cf by nt ht cj vf vf rfwc ufw yj,ty= hj ujh bm wt dbs~

f) sfd it rf dt,ekfl dbm wt db= sev wf bc vjv ojyc\

,) wj nf sb drtr ke wj,\

u) sf df pb f yb dfh= sev wf yt bn hf ke hb+

7+ hf uf.ktds cnb vekc ve ifj,fib~

f) it mt,f lf fqb f ht,f\

,) trj yj vb re hb vj ut,f\

u) vj wt ve kb cfm vb c by nt ht cb+

8+ hj ujh bm wt dbs= hj wf ew[j flf vb f yt,ib ub[lt,fs 'ja yf~

f) sfdc eie f kjl duh.yj,\

,) .fkb fy lf.f,ekb dfh lf diaj sfd\

u) vfv.bvt,c= hjv cfe,fhb ey lf uf df,f+

9+ se vtuj,fhb fr hb nb rt,c smdtyc f[fk rf,fc= hj ujh ht f ub-ht,s~

f) tc fh vf oe[t,c= 'dt kfc sf db cb ut vjd yt,f fmdc\

,) vb cb sfy lfc oht,bs fqf hf cj ltc dbw vtd vfc\

u) rf,f er dt yfr kt,fl vjv ojyc+


10+ fv vnrb wt,fsf ufy hj vt kb ea hj ut cf lf ut,fs~

f) .fkb fy ufy dbw lb ufd kt yfc\

,) ]be nb dfh\

u) se vj vt at ht,bfy= it vb.kbf lf des vj+

11+ hj ujh ht f ub ht,s= se ea hj ofh vf nt,ek lf uf yfs kt,ek mfkc it[dlt,bs~

f) bc fy nb gf sb fc bo dtdc xtv ib\

,) e[th[ekj,fc duh.yj,\

u) vcb f vjd yt,c vfc sfy 'ja yf+

it f lf hts w[hbkc smdt yb gf ce[t,b lf lf bs df kts me kf sf cf th sj hf j lt yj,f+

f , u

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F[KF BGJ DTS IT CF,FVB CB LF[FCB F ST,F

45 me kf pt vt nb

hfw fh ey lf frt sjs= gbh dtk hbu ib bvf pt abm hj,s= hj ujh it[tlf dty fvfc ufh it vjv 'ja yb+ smdty vel vb db fqb f ht,f uzbh-lt,fs gfh nyb j hbc= vt uj,ht,bc= f[kj,kt,bc lf rj kt ut,bc v[hb lfy+ fvbc vb pt pb bcff= hjv cf re sfh sfd ib lfh ove yt,ekb fhf [fhs+ [lt,f= hjv smdty qt,ekj,s cb ne f wb fc= hj vt kbw fh vju ojys lf vb lb[fhs rjv ghj vbc pt= hf sf ufh it vjv 'ja-sf er vf 'j ab kt,f fh uf vj bo db js+ fct sb mwt dbs smdty pb fyc f't yt,s cf re sfh sfdc= hfl ufy vjm vt lt,s c[db cb lf fhf cf-re sf hb ceh db kt,bc vb[tl dbs+ fvbc ufw yj,bt ht,bs smdty gbh dtk yf,b]c frt st,s= hf sf it bw df kjs+

35- lfy 45 me kfv lt

smdty uzbh lt,fs= hjv it uf mjy+ t.t,s smdt yb mwt dbc lf fh-xt df ybc uf vfh skt,fc+ vju ojys 'e hfl qt,bc wty nhib 'ja yf= cb f vjd yt,fc uf yb zt,s ufh it vjv 'ja sf fqb f ht,f lf ]bk lj+ fvfc sfy th sfl= smdty [ib hfl fh u'ja ybs cf re sf hb .fkt,bc hovt yf= hbc uf vjw ptl vt nfl f af ct,s bvfs= dbyw smdtyc bh-udkbd fq vjx ylt,f+ vfu hfv rhb nb rf uf qb pb f yt,s+ c[db cb ufd-kt ybc mdti tm wt dbs+ tc we lbf= se shue yfdc smdtyc sf db cea-kt,fc lf ubi kbs bw[jd hjs bct= hj ujhw cf zb hjl vb ufx yb-fs+ vfu hfv fvf ib fhbc gj pb nb e hb v[fhtw= hfl ufy smdty ufh-rdt ek [fhbc[ib vjm yb kb [fhs lf fh [fhs ]be nb+ sev wf= vf byw ye vj ley lt,bs!

15-lfy 34 me kfv lt

fh ucb f vjd yt,s= hj wf we lfl uf[ct yt,ty= bqt,s rhb nb rfc= vfu hfv fh bc ohfa dbs= hj ujh vt ufh it vjv 'ja sf fqb f ht,f vj-b gj djs= b'js 'dt kf cfs dbc vb cf qt,b+ uzbh lt,fs= hjv smdty vb ub qjy flf vb f yt,vf= dbyw ub' dfhs lf db cfw faf ct,s+ .kb-


t hb lf cnf,bke hb flf vb f yb [fhs lf hj wf cf re sfh cb vfh-skt ib lfh ove yt,ekb [fhs= sey lfw c[dt,b fh ut sfy[vt,jl-yty= cf re sf hb upbs vb lb[fhs= hfw fh ey lf .yt kb lf uh.tkb b'jc+ smdty cf ceh dt kb [fhs rjv gf yb f ib= hfl ufy it ub.kb fs yt,bc vb th uf ht vj ib flfg nb ht,f lf gf nbdc cwtvs udth lbs v'j abc fp hc+ smdt yb vb,f.df .yt kbf+

15 me kf pt yfr kt<b

smdtyc [fcb fs ib 'dt kf pt uf vjr dt sb kb yb if yb - lf vj e rb-lt,kj,bc= sdbs lfv rdbl ht,bc vjs[jd yb kt,ff= rhb nb rf= it cf.kj efh 'j ab sb ufyc]f cf th sjl fh uf qb pb f yt,s+ lfh-ove yt,ekb [fhs smdtyc sfd ib= smdtyc mwt dt,ib= fct= hjv pju]th .fkb fy ]be nb= sdbs lf]tht,ekbw rb xfy[fhs+

hf qfw lj pbs tc fctw fhbc= vfu hfv ev sfd ht cb bcff= hjv smdty nj dt,s jhb ub yf ke hb lf erjv ghj vb cj flf vb f ybc isf,tz lb kt,f c+ tc sdb ct,t,b pju]th gkb e cbf= vfu hfv [ib-hfl fvbc uf vj sfdc uf hb lt,ty+ gfh nyb j hb= vf uf kb sfl= itb.-kt,f usdkb lts tuj bc nfl= uek uhb kfl vb cb ceh db kt,bc vb-vfhs+ bc ofd kts vt nb vjm yb kj,f lf it b yfh xe yts by lb db le-f kj,f+


,B,KB JU HF ABF

thbr /tk vf yb= @kb lt hj,bc f[fkb ybi yt,b#= rjv gf ybf Falconbury-bc vvfh sdt kb lb htm nj hb= ghjuhfvf Fast-Track MBA [tkv.qdf yt kb+ sfh uvf yb uf vjm dt' yt,ekbf cf bn pt|

ht tp ://www.it ea m.ru/publ icati ons/str at eg y/se cti on_33/arti cle_2811/

acb mj kj ub bc wty nhb= yj dj cb,bh crbc cf[tk vob aj eyb dth cb-nt nb= yf[ts cf bn pt|

ht tp ://www.nsu.ru/psych/b e sta rti cles .php?showGoodArti cle= 67&catN ame=

kb lt he kb xdt dt,bc ufy db sf ht,f+ lfo 't,bsb cf at[ehbc sj-hvt nb cf dfh]bij= vjv pf lt,ekb lbc nfy wb e hb reh cbc @kb-lt hbc bvb]b lf kb lt he kb mwt dbc acb mj kj ubf# vf cf kt,bc vb[tl dbs= yf[ts cf bn pt| ht tp ://www.rhr.ru/index /midday/5260,0.html

]jy vfm cdt kb= @kb lt hj,bc 21 fe wb kt,tkb sdb ct,f= hj ujh ufd[lts flf vb f yb= hj vtk cfw c[dt,b uf/'dt,bfy#= uf vjv wtv-kj,f @gj ge hb#= vby crb= 2004

@sdb ct,t,b= hjv kt,bw uf yfc[df dt,c kb lth mf kt,c#= uf vjr-dkt df vjv pf lt,ekbf rjy cfknby ue hb abh vf «Caliper» vb th= ybe-]th cb= by ukb ce hb dth cbf yf[ts cf bn pt|

ht tp ://www.caliper online. com/women stu dy/Women Lea der Whit eP aper .pdf

v+ d+ uht lf cj df= @[tkv.qdf yt kb mf kbc acb mj kj ub e hb sf-db ct,eht,t,b#= pj uf lb acb mj kj ub bc rf stl hf= uf yfs kt,bc at lt hf ke hb cf f uty nj+ ehf kbc cf[tk vob aj by cnb ne nb



vbcfvfhsb| mesfbcb= vufkj,kbidbkbc m+ `6

ntk+| (+995 31) 7 29 02

afmcb| (+995 31) 7 13 68

tk+ ajcnf| [email protected]

dt,+ udthlb| www.fundsokhumi.ge

lfb,tzlf igc @V<V-gjkbuhfaib# mesfbcb= othtskbc 186

ufvjwtvfpt veifj,lyty|

FKKF UFVF[FHBF (ghjtmnbc lbhtmnjhb)

VTHB UTKFIDBKB (ghjtmnbc rjjhlbyfnjhb)

TVF RFVRBF (sfhuvfyb hecekblfy)

KFKB ITYUTKBF (htlfmnjhb)

VFYFYF KTIRFITKB (ajnj)

KBF RJCNFDF (lfrf,fljyt,f)

b,tzlt,f mfhsek lf hecek tyt,pt

1ქალთა ლიდერობის ფენომენი ეკატერინე...

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