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1.1 theory

1.1.1 http://www.56.com/u27/v_NDM5ODY4MTY.html

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1.2 paradigm

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Thomas Kuhn

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1.3 scientific theory

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logicpositivismhypothesisassumption

1.3.2

1.3.3

Edward Hallett Carr

Edward Hallett Carr was born in 1892. He studied Classics at Cambridge University and during the First World War was recruited by the British Foreign Office. In 1939 Carr published The Twenty Year Crisis. In this book he argued that Neville Chamberlain was right to adopt a policy of appeasement. Soon after the book was published the German Army invaded Poland. Despite his perceived pro-Nazi views, Carr was recruited by The Times.

During the Second World War Carr gradually changed his views and by 1944 took a strong pro-Soviet position. After the war he left the newspaper and joined the staff at Trinity College, Cambridge. He also began writing the 14 volume A History of the Soviet Union. His most popular work, What is History?, appeared in 1961.Edward Hallett Carr died of cancer on 5th November, 1982.

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idealismutopianism

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power politics

2.3

Hans J. Morgenthau

19501968(1951)(1951)(1962)

Hans Joachim Morgenthau (February 17, 1904 July 19, 1980) was a German pioneer in the field of international relations theory, lawman and political sciences theorician.He was born in a Jewish family in Coburg, Germany, and educated at the universities of Berlin, Frankfurt and Munich. He taught and practiced law in Frankfurt before fleeing to the United States in 1937, after several interim years in Switzerland and Spain, as the Nazis came to power in Germany. His experiences with Nazism seem to have influenced his later work in international relations theory, where he argued passionately in favor of a more scientific approach to politics, in contrast with the way the Nazi party came to imbue political science with a nationalist streak.

Morgenthau became a professor at the University of Chicago. Along with E.H. Carr, he is one of the main authors of the realist school in the 20th century. This school of thought holds that nation-states are the main actors in international relations, and that the main concern of the field is the study of power.His book Politics Among Nations defined the field of international relations theory in 1948 as it heralded the postWorld War II paradigm shift in American thinking about diplomacy.

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Political realism believes that politics is governed by objective laws with roots in human nature.The main signpost of political realism is the concept of interest defined in terms of power which infuses rational order into the subject matter of politics, and thus makes the theoretical understanding of politics possible.

Realism assumes that interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid but not with a meaning that is fixed once and for all. Political realism is aware of the moral significance of political action. It is also aware of the tension between the moral command and the requirements of successful political action.

Realism maintains that universal moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of states in their abstract universal formulation, but that they must be filtered through the concrete circumstances of time and place.

Political realism refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with the moral laws that govern the universe. It is the concept of interest defined in terms of power that saves us from moral excess and political folly.

The political realist maintains the autonomy of the political sphere; he asks "How does this policy affect the power of the nation?"

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http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/0dH5fVYu4Do/http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XOTM4MjM2ODQ=.html1979.2.17-3.16

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