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Definition

Division of labour (or specialisation專門化 ) takes place when a worker specialises專門in producing a good or a part部分 of a good.

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Types of division of labour

Simple 簡單 division of labour

A person specialises in producing a particular一類 product or service.

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ExamplesDoctor

醫生

Farmer農夫

Mechanic

技工

Cashier收銀員

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Types of division of labour

Complex 複雜 division of labour

A person specialises in a sub-process過程中的其中一個環節 of the production of a good.

Simple division of labour

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Example: Building建築 a house

Designing 設計

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Example: Building a house

Designing

Monitoring監督

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Example: Building a house

Designing

Monitoring

Transporting 運輸

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Example: Building a house

Designing

Monitoring

Transporting

Constructing建築

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Example: Building a house

Designing

Monitoring

Transporting

Constructing

Decorating裝修

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Example: Building a house

Designing

Monitoring

Transporting

Constructing

Decorating

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Types of division of labour

Simple division of labour Complex division of labour Regional 地區 or international 國際 division

of labour:

Different不同 countries國家 or regions specialise in the production of different products according 按 to the resources that they have.

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ExamplesU.S.A. 美 國 specialises in the production of computers.

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Japan 日本 specialises in the production of hi-tech 高科技 products.

Examples

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Malaysia 馬來西亞 specialises in the production of rubber橡膠 .

Examples

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Examples

Brazil巴西 specialises in the production of coffee.

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Advantages益處 of division of labour P.141

1. Raising 提高 labour 勞工productivity more output is produced from the same同等 quantity數量 of labour

the same output is produced with less labour

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Advantages of division of labour

Raising labour productivity

P.142 How?a. choosing the most suitable person for the job各展所長

b. practice makes perfect熟能生巧c. saving節省 time in training訓練d. saving time in moving around轉換 operation崗位f. mechanisation機械化

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Advantages of division of labour

P.144 2. Saving resources from

the production of capital goodsWith division of labour,

workers need not 不需 be equipped 配備 with the whole全 set 套 of capital tools 工具 .

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Advantages of division of labour

Example: before 之前 division of labourEach每位worker has to be equipped with the

whole set of capital tools.

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Advantages of division of labour

Example: With division of labour Each worker only needs one piece 件 of tool .

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Advantages of division of labour

P.145 3. Raising living 生活 standards 質素 (with exchange)

Division of labour enables a larger volume 數量 and a wider choice of goods and services to be produced.

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Name this!Saving time in moving around operation

Guided Essay Practice

Guided MCQ Practice

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P.145 Defects/Disadvantages弊

處 of division of labour1.Work becomes 變得 dull 沉悶 and monotonous 單調

Workers lose interest & so their productivity生產力 may drop下降 .

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Disadvantages of division of labour

2.Greater degree 程度 of interdependence 互相影響

Disruption in one production stage (or industry or country) results in stoppage of work in other其他production stages程序(or industries or countries).

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Disadvantages of division of labour

P.146 3.Greater risk 風險 of unemployment 失業

It is often difficult 難 for a worker trained受訓練 in one job to change over to another job.

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Disadvantages of division of labour

P.147 4.Decline 沒落 in the quality質素 of craftsmanship 手工藝

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Disadvantages of division of labour

4.Decline in the quality of craftsmanship

With division of labour, mass大規模production methods are commonly used一般採取 in modern現代 factories.Fewer越來越少 people will know all the processes in the production of hand-made手作goods. The overall普遍 quality of craftsmanship will fall.

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Disadvantages of division of labour

Excessive 過分 standardization 標準化 of products

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Disadvantages of division of labour

Excessive standardization of products

With specialisation and mechanization, products are highly高度 standardized. They may not suit滿足 the tastes口味 for all customers顧客 .

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Name this disadvantage!Greater degree of interdependence

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Name this disadvantage!Greater risk風險 of

unemployment失業我有三十年檢字粒經驗。

可是，現在出版社已經電腦化。

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P.148 Limits限制 of the extent程度 of division of

labour

1. Size 大小 of the marketWhen the market size is small,

division of labour can be practiced only to a limited有限 extent.

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Limits of the extent of division of labour

2. Nature 性質 of the goodThe scope for division of labour is limited for production that requires 要求 highly 高度 specialised 專業 skills 技能 , e.g., painting.