托福阅读

主 讲 人 夏晓婷

阅读中的三大障碍

• 1. 找不到 -- • 解决办法：定位（题干 / 选项）；转化 ;

转移• 2. 看不懂 -- 词（背单词） / 句（语法）

• 3. 选不对 -- 转化能力（逻辑） -- 同义转化，侧面转化，反面转化，总结式转化，抽象到具体的转化

托福题型四大类

• 一类 . 细节题 ---1. 事实信息题 2. 否定事实信息题 3. 推理题

• 二类 . 逻辑题 ---1. 句子简化题 2. 句子插入题 3. 指代题 4. 文章小结题 5. 填表题

• 三类 . 修辞目的题

• 四类 . 词汇题

定位，转移，转化 在细节题中的应用

• Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?

• ○ Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.

• ○ Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.

• ○ Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.

• ○ Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.

• 定位词 / 定位句 --- 问什么就拿什么定位 --- 名词结构，动名词结构，专有名词（人名、地名），时间，句子

• 原文： This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height.

• 反面转化 --- 正话反说，反话正说，逆向思维

• According to paragraph 2, which of the following led some early researchers to believe that the Pacific islanders originally came from Egypt?

• ○ Egyptians were known to have founded other great civilizations.

• ○ Sailors from other parts of the world were believed to lack the skills needed to travel across the ocean.

• ○ Linguistic, archaeological, and biological data connected the islands to Egypt.

• ○ Egyptian accounts claimed responsibility for colonizing the Pacific as well as the Americas.

• 定位词 X, Y,Z-- 同时回原文定位• Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigat

ional abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific.

• 同义转化 --- 同义近义结构 early researchers -older theories/ 词性转化 Egypt-Egyptians

• 反义转化 --- 原文 -答案

• 　　 11. Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the city. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.

• ○The prosperity of the elite• ○Plenty of available housing• ○Opportunities for well-paid agricultural

employment• ○The presence of one or more religious shrines

• Such success may have attracted immigrants to Teotihuacán.-- 转移

• Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life.

• In addition, Teotihuacán’s elite may have consciously attempted to attract new inhabitants.

• and its shrine (or shrines) may have served as an additional population magnet.

According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements about steam engines is true?

• ○They were used for the production of paper but not for printing.

• ○By 1800, significant numbers of them were produced outside of Britain.

• ○They were used in factories before they were used to power trains.

• ○They were used in the construction of canals and turnpikes.

• A---Early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty.

• B---By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles.

• C 原文 --- and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails.

• C 选项 ---They were used in factories before they were used to power trains.

• 转移 --- 总结式的转化 •

• Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium?

• ○Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.

• ○They held different values than the people of Rome.

• ○Agriculture played a significant role in the society.

• ○They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instincts.

• In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement,landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society.

• 侧面转化 -- 肥沃的平原创造了各种东西 --农业很重要。

否定事实信息题• In paragraph 1, each of the following is

mentioned as a feature of the city of Teotihuacán between A.D. 150 and 700 EXCEPT

• ○regularly arranged streets• ○several administrative centers spread across

the city• ○many manufacturing workshops• ○apartment complexes

• The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200-100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.

• Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following effects of the hypothesized asteroid collision EXCEPT

• ○a large dust cloud that blocked sunlight

• ○an immediate drop in the surface temperatures of the continents

• ○an extreme decrease in rainfall on the continents

• ○a long-term increase in global temperatures

• In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay. Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse effect.

指代题• The word “these” in the passage refers

to• ○ religious ceremonies• ○ descriptions• ○ types of ware• ○ pots• Long and often lyrical descriptions of th

e different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture. -- 上句主语

• The word “This” in the passage refers to• ○the spread of ferns and mosses in Hawaii• ○the creation of the Hawaiian Islands• ○the evolution of ferns• ○the development of plants that produce see

ds• Many millions of years after ferns evolved, anot

her kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention.--- 最近的名词结构

句子简化题• Which of the sentences below best expresses the

essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

• ○Before considering phytoremediation, hyperaccumulating species of plants local to the target area must be identified.

• ○The investigation begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of contamination.

• ○The first step in phytoremediation is the planting of hyperaccumulating plants in the area to be cleaned up.

• ○Mines and irrigation ponds can be kept from becoming contaminated by planting hyperaccumulating species in targeted areas.

• This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area,// such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff.

• 上一句： Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals–an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation.

• 简化方法 --- 分层法 -- 把长句分为两到三个部分。 分层方法 --- 标点：逗号，分号，冒号，从属连词前面，并列连词 。 学会抓主次 --- 举例不重要

• 转移 --- This scenario--- phytoremediation

• target area-- to clean up• 转化 --- 原文到选项 -- 同义转化 --• A begins with B ---• The first step in A is B

• 2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the ess

ential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

• ○But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.

• ○But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.

• ○But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.

• ○But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.

• 原文 -- But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.

• 方法 --- 抓住干（主谓宾），然后带入选项验证非主干

• 错误选项 -- 非主干错误 / 遗漏

句子插入题

• 1.What do you remember about your life before you were three? █Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years. █Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. █Most people remember only a few events—usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth. █

• 　 Other important occasions are school graduations and weddings.

• 名词判定、代词判定 （与前面的指代关系）

• 2. ■These plants propagate by producing spores–tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant–but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. ■Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. ■Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. ■But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground.

• 句子 --So since the chances of survival for any individual spore are small, the plants have to produce many spores in order to propagate. 　　

• 连词判定 so ，名词判定 propagate.• 　　

• 表示句间关系的连词 -- so,because,since,as-- 因果

• like,just as……so, so does sth, 类比

• but, however, neverthless--- 转折

• in fact--- 递进，转折

• 3.█By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. █About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. █Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. █It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna.

• 句子 -- The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world．

• 代词判定，名词判定 -- 前半句，后半句

文章小结题

• An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

• 不选 ---1.没呈现 -矛盾， 没提• 2. 细节　

• 　　○ The number and sophistication of the architectural, administrative, commercial, and religious features of Teotihuacan indicate the existence of centralized planning and control.-- 1段， 2 题

• 　　○ Teotihuacán may have developed its own specific local religion as a result of the cultural advances made possible by the city’s great prosperity.2段 -- 没提

• 　　○ As a result of its large number of religious shrines, by the first century A.D., Teotihuacan become the most influential religious center in all of Mesoamerica.5段， 11 题 -- 人口

• 　　○ Several factors may account for Teotihuacán’s extraordinary development, including its location, rich natural resources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rival communities.2 ， 3段 --5.6题

• 　　○ In many important areas, from the obsidian industry to religious tourism, Teotihuacán’s success and prosperity typified the classic positive feedback cycle.-6 段主旨

• 　　○ Although many immigrants settled in Teotihuacán between A.D.150 and 700, the increasing threat of coerced labor discouraged further settlement and limited Teotihuacán’s population growth. 5段 -- 矛盾　　

• 做笔记！！！• P1-- 1.2 题 --介绍 T城 Rise• P2-- 3.4.5 --Rise 原因• P3---6.7.8 详述原因之一 vocalnic eruption• P4-- 9.10题 --Natural resources 的作用 --商品

• P5--11 题 -- 人口增长原因• P6---12-- rise 原因之间的 positive feedbac

k

• Thank you!