1 12 March 2003 Universal Access in the Information Society Alternative communication & access to...

1112 March 200312 March 2003

Universal Access Universal Access in the Information Societyin the Information Society

Alternative communication & access to Alternative communication & access to informationinformation

Zhang WeiweiZhang Weiwei

[email protected]@uta.fi

Alternative Communication & Access to InformationAlternative Communication & Access to Information

Department of Computer and Information SciencesDepartment of Computer and Information SciencesUniversity of Tampere, FinlandUniversity of Tampere, Finland

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Contents in this topicContents in this topic• IntroductionIntroduction

• Human computer interactionHuman computer interaction

• Reaching backgroundReaching background

• Objectives in generalObjectives in general

• Nowadays – recent results Nowadays – recent results

• Methods, tools and interaction technologiesMethods, tools and interaction technologies

• Prospective applicationsProspective applications

• Conclusion Conclusion

• ReferencesReferences


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Introduction (1)Introduction (1) – –Definitions Definitions • Universal access (UA) implies the accessibility and usability of Universal access (UA) implies the accessibility and usability of

Information Society Technologies (IST) by anyone, anywhere, Information Society Technologies (IST) by anyone, anywhere, anytime [2, 4]. anytime [2, 4].

• Its aim is to enable equitable access and active participation of Its aim is to enable equitable access and active participation of potentially all citizens in existing and emerging computer potentially all citizens in existing and emerging computer mediated human activities [22].mediated human activities [22].

UNIVERSAL - means to design an interface can be used for all UNIVERSAL - means to design an interface can be used for all kinds of people:kinds of people:

Universal Access; Universal Design; User Interface for Universal Access; Universal Design; User Interface for All; All; Unified User Interfaces; Adaptation Adaptability; Unified User Interfaces; Adaptation Adaptability; Adaptively; Non-visual interaction; Switch-based interactionAdaptively; Non-visual interaction; Switch-based interaction


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Introduction (2) – Introduction (2) – Global requirements for Global requirements for UAUA

• The characteristics of the target user population (including The characteristics of the target user population (including

people with disabilities).people with disabilities).

• The scope and nature of tasks. The scope and nature of tasks.

• The different contexts of use and the effects of their The different contexts of use and the effects of their

proliferation into business and social endeavors.proliferation into business and social endeavors.


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• In the context of HCI, UniversalIn the context of HCI, Universal Access introduces a new Access introduces a new

perspective that recognizes,perspective that recognizes, respects, values, and attempts to respects, values, and attempts to

accommodate a veryaccommodate a very wide range of human abilities, skills, wide range of human abilities, skills,

requirements, andrequirements, and preferences in the design of computer-based preferences in the design of computer-based

productsproducts and operating environments. and operating environments.

-- -- This eliminates the need forThis eliminates the need for “special features” while at the “special features” while at the

same time fostering individualizationsame time fostering individualization, , and thus high quality of and thus high quality of

interaction and,interaction and, ultimately, end-user acceptability.ultimately, end-user acceptability.

[Stephanidis, Savidis, 2001][Stephanidis, Savidis, 2001]

HCI – Human Computer InteractionHCI – Human Computer Interaction

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Reaching background (1)Reaching background (1)• Inclusion of disable and elderly people into the Information Inclusion of disable and elderly people into the Information

Society.Society.

• Using universal access in industry is characterized by rapid Using universal access in industry is characterized by rapid technological change.technological change.

• Business application.Business application.

• High-quality information society that asked by everybody must High-quality information society that asked by everybody must be input it. be input it.

• Disabled and elderly people ask a universal interface to get Disabled and elderly people ask a universal interface to get information. information.

• The important one to find an accessibility and usability of IST The important one to find an accessibility and usability of IST (Information Society Technologies). (Information Society Technologies).


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•Blind or visually impaired users attracted most of the attention in these early Blind or visually impaired users attracted most of the attention in these early attempts.attempts.

Previously, people who had a visual or learning disability had listening to Previously, people who had a visual or learning disability had listening to books on tape. The popularity of audio books owes a lot to the invention of books on tape. The popularity of audio books owes a lot to the invention of cassette tapes for visually handicapped is becoming an increasingly popular cassette tapes for visually handicapped is becoming an increasingly popular phenomenon in a time when new, more advanced information technologies phenomenon in a time when new, more advanced information technologies allow to use satellite network, visual communication and digital memory allow to use satellite network, visual communication and digital memory cards.cards.

Before cassette tapes were invented in 1959 in UK, “talking books” were 12-Before cassette tapes were invented in 1959 in UK, “talking books” were 12-inch Long-Playback records. The combination of cassette tapes with the car inch Long-Playback records. The combination of cassette tapes with the car cassette player and the Walkman®, have made recorded literature practical.cassette player and the Walkman®, have made recorded literature practical.

Alternative communication & access to Alternative communication & access to informationinformationReaching background (2)Reaching background (2)

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Spectacles could also present a sample of universal design.Spectacles could also present a sample of universal design.

But not all is so fortunate for other production for special needs.But not all is so fortunate for other production for special needs.


Reaching background (2)Reaching background (2)

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Objectives in generalObjectives in general

• To find an interactive technology that can satisfy of all the To find an interactive technology that can satisfy of all the people including people with special needs.people including people with special needs.

• Universal Access elevates to a broader concept targeted Universal Access elevates to a broader concept targeted towards addressing the needs of all potential users.towards addressing the needs of all potential users.

• Made it can be used in business because it has high cost. Made it can be used in business because it has high cost.


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NowadaysNowadays• Today, software is continuously evolving to support human Today, software is continuously evolving to support human

tasks in various new domains, and to facilitate operation from tasks in various new domains, and to facilitate operation from different situations of use.different situations of use.

• As a result of recent technological developments. E.g., As a result of recent technological developments. E.g., proliferation of diverse interaction platform, such as wireless proliferation of diverse interaction platform, such as wireless computing, wearable equipment, the range of the population computing, wearable equipment, the range of the population which may gradually be confronted with accessibility which may gradually be confronted with accessibility problems extends beyond the population of disabled and problems extends beyond the population of disabled and elderly users to include all the people.elderly users to include all the people.


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Methods in Universal AccessMethods in Universal Access

• Traditional method is to employ assistive technologies.Traditional method is to employ assistive technologies.• Adaptation – based techniques in the universal accessibility of Adaptation – based techniques in the universal accessibility of

software user interface. software user interface. • Adaptation that automatically modify (adapt) their interactive Adaptation that automatically modify (adapt) their interactive

behavior according to the individual attributes of users. behavior according to the individual attributes of users. Such as: mental/motor/sensory characteristics, preferences. Such as: mental/motor/sensory characteristics, preferences. • Voice InputVoice Input• Video CaptioningVideo Captioning• Magnification and EnhancementMagnification and Enhancement• Screen ReadersScreen Readers


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Automatic UI adaptation in Universal Automatic UI adaptation in Universal AccessAccess


Adaptation dimensions in self-adapting interfaces [8,9,15]Adaptation dimensions in self-adapting interfaces [8,9,15]

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MethodsMethods

• Voice Input: user who has difficulty with or cannot use traditioVoice Input: user who has difficulty with or cannot use traditional input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, etc.); has difficulty winal input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, etc.); has difficulty with written expression; professionals who rely on keeping writteth written expression; professionals who rely on keeping written records (e.g., doctors, medical transcribers, etc.)n records (e.g., doctors, medical transcribers, etc.)

• Video Captioning Users: difficulty hearing; unable to hear; persVideo Captioning Users: difficulty hearing; unable to hear; persons whose comprehension is facilitated by visual input; speak Eons whose comprehension is facilitated by visual input; speak English as a second languagenglish as a second language

• Screen Magnification and Enhancement Users: may have difficScreen Magnification and Enhancement Users: may have difficulty seeing; sensitive to light; have difficulty readingulty seeing; sensitive to light; have difficulty reading

• Screen Reader Users: difficulty seeing; not be able to see; have Screen Reader Users: difficulty seeing; not be able to see; have difficulty readingdifficulty reading


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Tools in Universal AccessTools in Universal Access• Facilitate access to the interface via suitable mechanisms. SucFacilitate access to the interface via suitable mechanisms. Suc

h as filteringh as filtering

• Specialized input/output devices. Such as tactile display, switcSpecialized input/output devices. Such as tactile display, switches, eye-gaze systemhes, eye-gaze system

• Common tools that we use them everyday. Such as monitors; Common tools that we use them everyday. Such as monitors; kinds of keyboards; mouse; microphone; speaker etc.kinds of keyboards; mouse; microphone; speaker etc.

• Using some Using some assistantassistant software. Such as optical character recog software. Such as optical character recognition (OCR) software; word prediction software; cognitive ornition (OCR) software; word prediction software; cognitive organizers and concept mapping software.ganizers and concept mapping software.

• Using some assistant hardware. Such as comfortable chair and Using some assistant hardware. Such as comfortable chair and an adjustable computer table. an adjustable computer table.


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Interaction Technologies can be Interaction Technologies can be usedused

• Dedicated interaction techniques. Such as scanning Dedicated interaction techniques. Such as scanning http://www.ercim.org/publication/prosp/UI4A.pdfhttp://www.ercim.org/publication/prosp/UI4A.pdf

• Transduction of the visual interface manifestation to an Transduction of the visual interface manifestation to an alternative modality (auditory or tactile) [12 ].alternative modality (auditory or tactile) [12 ].

• Speech interaction technologies. Using voice to do Speech interaction technologies. Using voice to do communicate between human and computer. communicate between human and computer.

• Using special input and output, such as single text input; Using special input and output, such as single text input; button input and others.button input and others.


http://www.ercim.org/publication/prosp/UI4A.pdf

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Developing process Developing process


Products by years [15,17]Products by years [15,17]

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Recently result –Unified User Interfaces

This is an example of use interface adaptation – unified user interface.

The architecture of a Unified User Interface [16]


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Technologies are askedTechnologies are asked

• Proliferation of diverse Proliferation of diverse interaction platforms, such interaction platforms, such as wireless computing; as wireless computing; wearable equipment, kioskswearable equipment, kiosks

• Requiring particular skills Requiring particular skills and abilities on the part of and abilities on the part of the human userthe human user

• Touch screen technology.Touch screen technology.


Wireless net Wireless net cardcard

Wearable Wearable equipment for equipment for

soldier soldier [http://www.ele.tut.fi/research/personalelectronics/projects/headmounted.htm]

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Prospective applicationsProspective applications

• Primarily this research tries to find an interface helping to the Primarily this research tries to find an interface helping to the disabled and elderly people.disabled and elderly people.

• Range had been extend to all people, more suit for universal acRange had been extend to all people, more suit for universal access. cess.

• Build a universal interface for using in other research areas. SuBuild a universal interface for using in other research areas. Such as patient communication. ch as patient communication.

• Improvement to business transaction. Improvement to business transaction.


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to Conclusion to Conclusion

• Efforts towards technological developments are necessary that aEfforts towards technological developments are necessary that a

re the conditions for leading to an Information Society.re the conditions for leading to an Information Society.

• Requirements for accompanying measures to assess the efficacy Requirements for accompanying measures to assess the efficacy

and ensure the adoption, acceptance and diffusion of these techand ensure the adoption, acceptance and diffusion of these tech

nologies, leading to economic feasibility in long run, versatility nologies, leading to economic feasibility in long run, versatility

and economic efficiency.and economic efficiency.

[Stephanidis, Savidis, [Stephanidis, Savidis,

2001]2001]


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