1 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy Temperature and energy Glencoe: Chapter 9 – Section 1: pages...
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![Page 1: 1 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy Temperature and energy Glencoe: Chapter 9 – Section 1: pages 254-259.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070412/56649e245503460f94b12ebc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
11Temperature and Thermal EnergyTemperature and Thermal Energy
Temperature and energy
Glencoe: Chapter 9 – Section 1: pages 254-259
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11
• The motion of the particles in matter is described by kinetic theory of matter.
• Matter is composed of particles that are atoms, molecules, or ions that always are in random motion.
Kinetic Theory of Matter
Temperature and Thermal EnergyTemperature and Thermal Energy
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• The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its particles.
11
• The SI unit for temperature is the Kelvin (K).
• As kinetic energy increases the temperature increases
Temperature
Temperature and Thermal EnergyTemperature and Thermal Energy
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11Temperature and Thermal EnergyTemperature and Thermal Energy
• Here is a picture showing the three temperature scales side by side
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11 Temperature
Temperature and Thermal EnergyTemperature and Thermal Energy
• B. Thermometer – device that measures temperature
Relies on expansion of heated materials and
contraction of cooled materials
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11 Temperature
Temperature and Thermal EnergyTemperature and Thermal Energy
1. Liquid thermometers – glass tube filled with a liquid
Limited temperature rangea. Mercury filledb. Alcohol filled
Particles move faster as heated and expand andrise up the tube
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11 Temperature
Temperature and Thermal EnergyTemperature and Thermal Energy
2. Metal thermometers
2 bonded strips of metal (2 different metals) that expand and contract at different rates
A coiled piece of metal
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11 Temperature
Temperature and Thermal EnergyTemperature and Thermal Energy
• Commonly used temperature scales are the Celsius (oC) scale, the Fahrenheit (oF) scale, and the Kelvin (K) scale.
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11 Temperature
Temperature and Thermal EnergyTemperature and Thermal Energy
Energy Transfer (heat and temperature) - A sense of touch is very important for
determining temperature
- If the temperature of an object is lower than skin temperature = cold material (ice)
Energy is transferred from the warmer material (skin) to the cooler material as
the object’s particles collide with the skin particles
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11 Temperature
Temperature and Thermal EnergyTemperature and Thermal Energy
• If the temperature of an object is higher than skin temperature = warm material (hot water bottle)
Energy is transferred from the warmer
material to the cooler material (skin) as
the object’s particles collide with the skin
particles
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• The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the particles in an object is the thermal energy of the object.
• The increase in an object’s speed doesn’t affect the random motion of its particles, so it doesn’t affect its thermal energy.
Thermal Energy
Temperature and Thermal EnergyTemperature and Thermal Energy
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• Heat is thermal energy that flows from something at a higher temperature to something at a lower temperature.
• Heat is a form of energy, so it is measured in joules.
• The flow of energy always flows from higher energy (hot) to lower energy
** Warmer will try to “heat up” the cooler**
Heat
Temperature and Thermal EnergyTemperature and Thermal Energy
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33Ways to Transfer Thermal Energy
• Energy transfers from one object to another
• This transfer of energy as heat (thermal energy) as particles collide or objects collide is called conduction.
• Kinetic energy is transferred when these faster-moving atoms collide with slower-moving particles.
Transferring Thermal EnergyTransferring Thermal Energy
Conduction
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33Convection
• Convection is the transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the movement of fluid from place to place.
• Transfer of energy by the movement of fluids with different temperatures.
Transferring Thermal EnergyTransferring Thermal Energy
• A fluid expands as its temperature increases.
• The density of the fluid therefore decreases.
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33Convection Current
• Flow of a fluid due to heating and cooling
• Warm fluids rise because they expand and become less dense (lighter), then cool.
Transferring Thermal EnergyTransferring Thermal Energy
• The warm water transfers thermal energy to the cooler water around it.
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33Convection
Transferring Thermal EnergyTransferring Thermal Energy
• As the warm fluids cool, they contract and get heavier (denser) and sink.
• As fluids sink they are warmed up again by the heat source.
• The rising and sinking water forms a convection current.
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33Radiation
• Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
Transferring Thermal EnergyTransferring Thermal Energy
• Radiation can pass through solids, liquids, and gases, but the transfer of energy by radiation is most important in gases.
• Examples: light, ultraviolet light, infrared
light, sunlight, microwaves, x-rays
• Does not involve the movement of matter.
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33Radiation
Transferring Thermal EnergyTransferring Thermal Energy
• When radiation strikes
a material, some energy
is absorbed, some is
reflected, and some
may be transmitted
through the material.
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33Transferring Thermal EnergyTransferring Thermal Energy
Conductors and Insulators1. Conductor – material through which energy
transfers easily
- Examples – metals (energy transfers between
particles easily)
solids (not all solids) tend to be better
conductors
gases tend to be poor conductors
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Conductors and Insulators
2. Insulator – material that poorly transfers energy
- Examples – wood, plastic, rubberized materials, air, water