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NGO

2008 12

2008 12

2-02361 (97.4.23)

(142-728) 4.19 275

() 900-4300 () 901-2576 () 901-2544

http://www.kinu.or.kr

(02-2275-5326)

8,000

, 2008

.

() : : 734-6818 : 394-0337

(CIP)

NGO / , , []. : , 2008 p. ; cm. ( ; 08-08-07) ISBN 978-89-8479-482-5 93340 : 8,000 []322.83-KDC4338.91-DDC21 CIP2008003933

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10) ECOSOC Resolution 1996/31, 49th plenary meeting, 25 July 1996. .

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14) (secondary role) ECOSOC (advice) NGO NGO

. Peter Willetts, From Consultative Arrangements to Partnership: The Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the Un, Global Governance, vol. 6 (2000), p. 191. , NGO , p. 194 .

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1997 85 582 517 1184

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1999 111 918 909 1938

2000 122 1048 880 2050

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2002 131 1197 906 2234

2003 131 1316 903 2350

2004 134 1474 923 2531

2005 136 1639 944 2719

2006 136 1780 952 2869

2007 136 1956 955 3052

2008 137 2072 976 3187

: http://esa.un.org/coordination/ngo/new/index.asp?page=intro.

15) , NGO NGO (: , 2007), p. 118.

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() . (Lester M. Salamon)

(Helmut K. Anheier) NPO ,

(organized), ,

(private), ,

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16) , NGO , p. 4.

17) World Bank, How the World Bank Works with Nongovernmental Organizations (Washington D.C.: World Bank, 1990), pp. 9-10.

2-

NGO

15

(non-profit-

distributing), ,

(voluntary) .18)

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(Civil Society Organization: CSO)

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.

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.20)

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, (OECD)

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NGO , ,

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.21)

18) Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier, The International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations: ICNPO-Revision 1, 1996, Working Papers of the The Johns Hopkins comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, No. 19 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Sutdies, 1996), pp. 2-3.

19) NGO(Non-Governmental Organization) , NPO(Non-Profit Organization) , CSO

(Civil Society Organization)

.

20) Kent J. Kille et al., Sinking the Billiard Ball Model in Corner Pocket: An Analytic Typology of NGOs and the Implications for IR Research 6, Paper Prepared for Delivery at the International Studies Association Annual Convention (April 16-20, 1996); John King Gamble et al., International Law-New Actors and New Technologies: Center Stage for NGOs?, Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 31, No. 2 (2000), p. 228 .

21) , NGO, NPO, CSO : , , 4 1 (2005), p. 7.

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16

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(United Nations Research Institute for Social

Development: UNRISD) NGO CSO

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,

.

. NPO , NPO

(voluntary organization), (charitable organization),

22) , p. 9.

23) , pp. 19-20.

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organization), (nonbusiness organization), (tax-exempt

organization) . NPO

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(general charities) ,

(civil society) .26)

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.

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.27) (ADB) NGO

,

24) , NGO (: , 2006), p. 59.25) , NGO ,

, NGO (: , 2006), p. 143.26) , NGO, NPO, CSO : , p. 8.27) Carmen Malena, Working with NGOs: A Practical Guide to Operational Collaboration between the

World Bank and Non-governmental Organizations (Washington D.C.: World Bank, 1995), p. 13.

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of Europe NGO . ,

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NGO, NGO, NGO, NGO, NGO, NGO,

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28) Cooperation Between the ADB and NGOs: Policies and Strategies (April 1998). .

29) Anna C. Vakil, Confronting the Classification Problem: Toward a Taxonomy of NGOs, World Development, Vol. 25, No. 12 (1997), p. 2060. , NGO : , , NGO (: , 2000), p. 69 .

30) , NGO , p. 69.

31) , NGO, NPO, CSO : , p. 14.

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33) , NGO : , p. 74.34) , NGO , pp. 11-15.

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(Medecins Sans Frontieres: MSF) .

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35) NGO NGO . NGO NGO,

NGO

NGO .

36) John Clark, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1991), pp. 34-35.

37) David C. Korten, Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1990), pp. 114-128. NGO 3 ,

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.

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1 2 3 4

1020

(Region)

(Global)

NGO NGO

NGO (Doer) /

: David C. Korten, Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda

(West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1990), p. 117.

2. NGO

. NGO

(1) 1949 : NGO

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.

.39)

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Committee of the Red Cross: ICRC)40)

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NGO

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Everywhere: CARE)46)

1945 .

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,

Cross and Red Crescent Societies, IFRC) . 1863

1864

. / 1919 /

. , (: , 2002). NGO NGO ,

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(Convention of the Rights of the Child) . .

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. (National Famine Relief Committee)

(Oxford) (The Oxford Committee for Famine Relief) 1942 10 5

.

/ 1965 .

.

45) 2 (resettlement)

, 1950 , ,

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1945 , 11 71

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.

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. (resource)

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1940

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, 1945 (FAO),

1946 (UNICEF), 1948 (WHO)

. NGO , NGO

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.

(2) 1950 1960: NGO

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47) NGO

. (Union of International Association) NGO , NGO 3 , 3 , , , 5 . , NGO , pp. 15-16.

NGO

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.

, 2

, (Oxford)

.

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1950

, 1956 (Adventist

Development and Relief Agency: ADRA)49)

. 1950

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2 1960

NGO . NGO 1962

(German Agro Actioin: GAA) (Catholic Agency

for Overseas Development: CAFOD),50) 1968

(Concern World Wide) .

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1960 NGO

.

. NGO , ,

.51)

48) 1950

. 100 1

NGO. .

49) 7 , 2004 2,400 1 5 9

. .

50) 1962 ,

.

51) John Clark, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1991), p. 29.

2-

NGO

27

1960

. UN 1960 UN 10(UN Decade

for Development) , (soft loan)

(International Development Association:

IDA) 1960 . 1950

(Organizations for European Economic Cooperation:

OEEC)52)

. 1961

, , ,

(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: OECD)

.53)

, (KfW),

(CCCE), (OECF), (ODA)

.54) 1960

.

(3) 1970 1980: NGO

1970 3

. 1973

(Robert McNarama) (absolute

poverty) (human decency)

. 1976 ILO

(BHN; basic human needs) .

52) 18 1948 4

.

53) , : (: , 1998), p. 18. 18 , , (1964), (1969),

(1971), (1973), (1994), (1995), (1996),

(2000) 30 .

54) .

NGO

28

,

, , , , ,

.

. 1970

2 10(Second UN Decade for Development)

, (Gross National Income: GNI)

0.7% . 1970

(ODA/GNI) 0.7%

, (DAC) 1970 68

1980 270 4 .55)

,

NGO .56) 1971

(Medecins Sans Frontieresk: MSF), 1979 (Action

against Hunger) (Mercy Corps), 1980

(MDM: Medicinies du Monde) (Japan

International Volunteer Center: JVC), 1982

(Handicap International: HI), 1985 (cooperazione e

sviluppo: CESVI) . NGO

.

1970 NGO

. (OECD DAC)

NGO 1970 8 6

1979 23 3 . NGO

.57)

55) Roger C. Riddell, Dose Foreign Aid Really Work? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 32.

56) 1960

, (Peace Corps).

3 NGO . Ibid., p. 33.

57) Ibid., p. 33.

2-

NGO

29

NGO , ,

. NGO 1980

. UN , NGO

1980 1 1990

2 5 . 6

NGO .58)

NGO ,

1988 NGO 52 ( 34 ,

18 ) .

NGO

(: 10 USD, 1986 )

1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

2.7 2.7 3.1 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.4

0.04 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8

/1.5

(%)

3.6

(%)

2.8

(%)

7.1

(%)

26.5

(%)

32.4

(%)

30.8

(%)

33.3

(%)

33.3

(%)

34.0

(%)

37.1

(%)

35.0

(%)

35.0

(%)

2.74 2.8 3.2 2.7 3.4 3.4 3.9 4.2 4.8 5.3 5.2 4.7 5.2

: John Clark, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations, p. 40.

(4) 1990 2000: NGO

1990 .

1980 , 1992

.

1982 0.38%

1997 0.22% .

,

.59)

58) Ibid., p. 269.

59) , (: , 2007), p. 26.

NGO

30

1990 2000

60)(Millenium Development Goals: MDGs)

.

NGO 1990 2000

100 2000 140

.

NGO 2004 230 ,

30% .61)

NGO

(: 100 USD)

1990-91

()

1995-96

()2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

(ODA) 54,574 57,277 58,297 69,065 79,432 107,099 104,421

NGO 5,240 5,871 8,768 10,239 11,320 14,712 14,648

NGO/ODA 9.6% 10.2% 15.0% 14.8% 14.2% 13.7% 14.0%

: OECD, Development Co-operation Report 2007, Vol. 9, No. 1. p. 138.

NGO

NGO .

(Earth Summit) 1992

(United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development: UNCED) NGO

. 172 , 108

60) 2000 9 147 .

. , , , NGO (: , 2005), p. 113.

61) Roger C. Riddell, Dose Foreign Aid Really Work? p. 48. NGO NGO NGO

.

2-

NGO

31

1,400 NGO

, 17,000 NGO

.62) 21(Agenda 21)

NGO

, NGO .63)

NGO 1993 (), 1994

(), 1995 () 4 (),

1996 2 () (, 1996)

NGO .64)

NGO

NGONGO

1968 57

1972 300

1975 114 6,000

1985 163 13,500

1992 1,378 18,000

1993 841 1,000

1994 934

1995 1,138 30,000

1995 2,600 300,000

2001 1,290 15,000

2002 107

2002 737 35,000

: UN, UN System and Civil Society: An Inventory and Analysis of Practices (May

2003), p. 6.

62) .

63) P & A, , : (: , 2007), p. 288.

64) NGO . 1996 2

NGO , 1992 NGO

. NGO . , p. 28.

NGO

32

NGO 1990 2000

, 2000

. NGO

.

. NGO 65)

(1) (Oxfam)

()

1941

, (National Famine

Relief Committee) 1942 .

,

. (The Oxford Committee for Famine

Relief) 1942 10 5

,

.

2

. 1949

.

1965 .

1960 .

. 3 ,

65) NGO .

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NGO

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. 1970

.

.

1980

.

. 1980

. 1990

.

1995 .

13 100

3 .

()

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.

.

.

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.

,

.

,

.

,

, ,

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, ,

, ,

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, ,

.

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. ,

.

.

.

, (Education For All)

.

,

.

, ,

.

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.

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.

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.

3 ,

2000(Jubilee 2000) .

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, , .

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.

,

.

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.

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,

. HIV/AIDS

.

,

.

6) (Gender)

. 1 13

70% .

.

,

.

. ,

3/2

10% . ,

3/2 , 9 75% . ,

50

99% . , 14%

8% .

,

.

,

.

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3 , , , , , ,

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.

50 .

.

, .

. ,

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.

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, , , .

, .

. ,

. ,

.

.

8) (Democracy and Human Rights)

,

.

Voice Poverty .

.

,

3

. (

, , IMF )

.

NGO

38

(2) (Medecins Sans Frontieres, MSF)

()

GIMCU(Groupe dIntervention Medical

et Chirurgical dUrgence or Emergency Medical and Surgical Intervention

Group) SMF(Secours Medical Francais or French Medical Relief)

. 1968

.

GIMCU .

1970

SMF , 1971 12

.

1970

. 1976 56

.

1970

,

. (disaster kit)

,

.

18

. , , , ,

(Operational section) , 13 ,

, , .

1971

2-

NGO

39

1999 .

()

27,000 80

.

,

, , , , ,

. 412

. .

1) (Massive Vaccination Campaign)

, , , .

.

2) (Training and Supervision of Medical

Personnel)

412 ,

.

.

.

, ,

.

3) (Water and Sanitation Improvement)

.

NGO

40

, , , ,

.

4) (Data Collection)

, , ,

. , ,

.

5) (Feeding)

.

.

,

(Therapeutic Feeding Center)

, , (Supplementary Feeding Center)

.

6) (Patient Care)

.

.

,

.

7) (Maternal and Pediatric Care)

.

, , , , ,

.

2-

NGO

41

8) (Distribution of drugs and medical supplies)

, ,

.

, .

9) (Mental Health Care)

, , ,

.

1991

.

10) (Rehabilitation of Hospitals and Clinics)

. ,

.

11) AIDS (AIDS Care and Prevention)

, HIV/AIDS .

HIV

/AIDS .

AIDS

.

(3) (World Vision)

()

1950 9 1950

, , , .

1960

NGO

42

. 1970 3

. 1980

, , ,

.

NGO .

()

, , .

,

, , 4 .

1) (Mozambique)

40%, HIV/AIDS

16.4% .

.

, GDP

. 5,500

.

.

1984

, 1992 1,500

. 2005 ,

, , , ,

, , 1,900

5 3 .

950, 97%

(nationalization policy) . HIV/AIDS

2-

NGO

43

, (Tete)

AIDS 3 1 30

.

2) (Ecuador)

20%

, 28%

.

80% . 25%

65% .

13.5% .

.

1017 2,100

.

2005 11,000

.

25 ,

19 36,000 .

1978 (Quito) ,

(Quichua Indians) , , ,

. 1980

,

.

1981 6,800 .

3) (Romania)

, 10

NGO

44

. , , HIV, ,

.

1977

10 . 1977 1989

. 1989

.

.

. , ,

.

4) (Mongolia)

.

, , .

, IMF

. 1991

1996 , , , 50 .

1998 70,000

.

,

.

3 1

, , ,

.

. , , ,

2-

NGO

45

.

1991

. 1995

16 . 2005 18,000

,

. , ,

. 1999 2000,

60 .

, ,

, .

(4) (German Agro Action: GAA)

() GAA

GAA 1962 (FAO)

(Freedom from Hunger Campaign) (German Committee

for the Fight against Hunger) . 1969 GAA

NGO . GAA

. GAA

1969 40 1971 100

, 2006 1 7,550 .

1968 4 2002 70

3,300, 900, 550

5,000 .

NGO

46

GAA

: http://www.nkchannel.org.

() GAA

GAA , , .

2004 GAA

GAA 24( 7

, 6, 4) .

GAA .

GAA

. GAA

, , , 13

. GAA

. 2004

GAA 5

.

1) (Ethiopia):

.

2-

NGO

47

, , ,

.

.

GAA NGO (Oromo Self-Help

Organiztion) .

2004 4 ,

14kg .

.

2) (Ghana):

,

.

(Jaman District) 2002 , ,

6 .

, 37%

, 244 106

.

GAA 24

28,000 . GAA

(Sunyani) 1985

2004 500 .

3) (Laos):

1 350 . GAA

(Salavane) (Champassak)

,

.

GAA .

, GAA

,

NGO

48

, GAA

. ,

.

GAA 24

.

GAA

.

4) (Tajikistan):

1991

.

,

, , , .

GAA ,

.

,

.

5) (Cuba):

.

,

. GAA

. GAA

, GAA

. GAA 750

, 1,500 , 14

. GAA

.

2-

NGO

49

(5) (Japanese International Volunteer Center:

JVC)

() JVC

JVC 1980

.

JVC

.

. JVC ,

. JVC , 20

, 40 100 ,

9 .

() JVC

1) (Cambodia)

JVC , (Rice Banks),

(Womens Mutual Assistance Group), (Cow banks)

.

.

.

JVC

. , (,

), .

JVC

( JVC )

.66) .

NGO

50

.

,

.

, JVC 300%

. 3

.

. JVC

.

,

.

2)

JVC

. JVC

.

.

JVC (Son La)

.

,

() .

(Hoa Binh)

, , (seed-bank)

66) 40% 4 .

2-

NGO

51

. (cow-bank),

(pig-bank),

. ,

.

3) (Laos)

.

. JVC

.

JVC (Khammouane)

.

,

.

,

. , ,

.

NGO

52

3 NGO

NGO

NGO

54

NGO

1.

NGO

, NGO

. NGO

.67)

(2002),

(2001), (2000) .

(Millenium Development

Goals: MDGs), (Poverty Reduction Strategies Papers:

PRSP), (Sector Wide Approaches: SWAP),

(Results-Based Management: RBM), (Good Governance:

GG), (Rights-Based Approach to Development: RBA)

6 .

.

.

(1) (The Monterrey Conference)

2002 (International

Conference on Financing for Development) 59 160

67) Alan Fowler, International Development Frameworks, Policies, Priorities and Implications: A Basic Guide for NGOs, Oxfam Canada, eds. (Printed by DLR International, August 2003), p. i.

3-

NGO

55

, ,

, .

,

,

.

(Monterrey Consensus)

.

, , ,

, ,

, , , , ,

, 6 .68)

,

(Ownership) .

(GDP) 0.7%

.

(DAC)

. 2003 2 ()

(Rome Declaration on Harmonization) , 2005 3

(Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness)

.

(ownership), (alignment), (harmonization),

(managing for results), (mutual

accountability) 5 .69)

12 .

68) United Nations, Financing for Development: Monterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development (United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs, 2003).

69) OECD DAC High Level Forum, Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness: Ownership, Harmonization, Alignment, Results and Mutual Accountability (February 2005).

NGO

56

12

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. (untied)

9.

10.

11.

12.

: OECD DAC High Level Forum, Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness: Ownership,

Harmonization, Alignment, Results and Mutual Accountability (February 2005), pp.

9-10.

(2) (World Summit on Sustainable Development:

WSSD)

2002 8

. 1992 (UNCED)

21(Agenda 21)70)

,

, 189

6 . 6 37

.

, , ,

, ,

, (small island)

70) 1992

, , ,

21 . , , , KIEF (2002), p. 9.

3-

NGO

57

, , ,

10 .71) 30

, , ,

. 1992

.72) , 1992

(5 )

. , 21 , ,

.

. ,

,

.

10 .

NGO

.

NGO

.

, NGO

.73)

(3) (UN Global Compact)

(Corporate Social

Responsibility: CSR) , 2000 7

71) United Nations, Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development: Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (New York: United Nations, 2002).

72) The International Institute for Sustainable Development(ISSD), Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 22 No. 51 (6 September, 2002), p. 17.

73) Alan Fowler, International Development Frameworks, Policies, Priorities and Implications: A Basic Guide for NGOs, p. 7.

NGO

58

. ,

, ,

10 , 2008 100

4000 5,200

. 2008 8 127 NGO

.74)

NGO

.

,

, .75)

-

.

NGO ,

NGO .

74) NGO , ,

, , , , , , ,

, , . .

75) , , (Global Compact), Sustainability Issue Papers, 29 (2005), p. 2.

3-

NGO

59

10

1. .

2. .

3.

4.

5.

6. .

7.

8.

9. .

10. .

: http://www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/TheTenPrinciples/index.html.

.

(1) (Millenium Development Goals: MDGs)

2000 9 147

.

.

2015 8

18 .

8 20 .

NGO

.76) ,

. ,

. , NGO

,

. ,


NGO

60

1.

1. 1

2.

3.

2.

4.

3.

5.

4. 6. 5 2/3

5.

7. 3/4

8.

, NGO ,

. NGO

,

NGO

.

.77)

, 1

. (powerless)

.

,

.

NGO .

77) Ibid., p. 16.

3-

NGO

61

6. HIV/AIDS,

9. HIV/AIDS

10. 2010 HIV/AIDS

11.

7.

12.

13. , 2010

14.

1/2

15. 2020 1

8.

16. , ,

17.

18.

19.

20. ,

: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml.

(2) (Poverty Reduction Strategies Papers: PRSP)78)

1999

.

(Country Strategy Papers) .

3

,

5

. , .

.

, . .

, .

78) Ibid., pp. 17-19.

NGO

62

. , . , , NGO

. , .

.

,

, ,

,

.

.

NGO

, NGO

.

.

NGO

.

NGO

. NGO

NGO

,

.

(3) (Sector Wide Approaches: SWAP)

.79)

, ,

79) , , p. 95.

3-

NGO

63

.

,

.80)

,

, , .

.

, (local) , ,

, ,

.

NGO .81)

NGO

.

NGO .

NGO

.

, ,

. NGO

.

NGO

.

(4) (Results-Based Management: RBM)82)

, ,

.


81) Ibid., p. 21.

82) Ibid., pp. 22-23.

NGO

64

.

,

.

.

,

.

.

NGO

. NGO

,

.

.

NGO ,

,

.

NGO , ,

.

(5) (Good Governance: GG)83)

.

.

.

(public affairs)

. ,

83) Ibid., pp. 23-25.

3-

NGO

65

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

NGO

NGO

. NGO

. (anti) NGO

,

, NGO

NGO

.

. NGO

.

, NGO

. NGO

.

(6) (Rights-Based Approach to Development: RBA)84)

NGO

84) Ibid., pp. 25-27.

NGO

66

.

.

NGO

.

.

.

.

. (duty bearers)

, , .

.

.

.

NGO

.

. NGO

.

.

(needs) ,

.

NGO

.

. NGO

.

.

NGO

3-

NGO

67

, .

(empowerment)

. NGO

.

. NGO

.

. NGO

(rhetoric) ,

.

2. NGO

. NGO

(United Nations Development Group: UNDG)

, .

(UNDP), (UNICEF), (UNFPA), (WFP),

(WHO), (FAO) 28

. NGO

, .

NGO NGO

.

NGO .

30 NGO

. NGO

NGO

68

,

.

(CSO Division) (Bureau for Resources

and Strategic Partnerships) .

.85) ,

(CSO Advisory Committee).

2000 5 . ,

.

,

. , .

,

.

NGO

. , NGO , , NGO ,

, NGO .86)

NGO NGO

, NGO

.

. NGO

.

NGO NGO

, .

NGO NGO

, NGO

. ,

85) CONGO(Conference of NGOs in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations), NGO participation arrangements at the UN and in other agencies of the UN System (Geneva, March 2006), p. 4.

86) UNDP, UNDP and Civil Society Organizations: A Toolkit for Strengthening Partnerships (New York: UNDP, 2006), pp. 20-21.

3-

NGO

69

.

.

NGO NGO

.

, NGO

.

. NGO

.

1998 300

1 .87)

NGO

NGO NGO

NGO

NGO

NGO

NGO

(MoU)

(

)

UNDP

UNDP

UNDP

UNDP

(proposal)

NGO

, UNDP

: UNDP, UNDP and Civil Society Organizations: a Toolkit for Strengthening

Partnerships (New York: UNDP, 2006), pp. 20-21.

87) UNDP, UNDP and Civil Society Organizations: A Practice Note on Engagement, p. 12. .

NGO

70

1948

, 2

.

71 NGO

.88)

(official

relations) NGO .89) NGO

(informal

contact), (working relations) .

NGO

.

2 .

,

NGO .

NGO .

NGO , 2002 2

482 NGO (Health ProblemTreatment

Related Organizations) 224(47%), (Professional Organizations)

60(13%), 198(40%) .

NGO 210,

NGO 272.90)

88) WHO, Principles Governing Relations with Nongovernmental Organizations. .

89) , NGO , pp. 259-263.

90) .

3-

NGO

71

NGO

42 18 60

/ 118 106 224

50 148 198

210 272 482

: http://www.who.int/civilsociety/csi_statistics/en/index.html.

. NGO

(1) NGO

(World Bank Group) (International

Bank for Reconstruction and Development: IBRD)

(International Development Association: IDA),

(International Finance Corporation: IFC), (International

Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes: ICSID),

(Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency: MIGA)

. 5

(IBRD) (IDA) .91)

NGO .

NGO 20 NGO

. 1980 NGO

.

.

(Polonoroeste)

(Narmada) . NGO

91) , (: , 2006), p. 78.

NGO

72

1982 NGO-(NGO-World Bank

Committee) .92)

1990 NGO

, 1999 ,

(Comprehensive Development Framework: CDF)93)

.

.94)

1995 (James D. Wolfenson)

NGO . 2007

NGO ,

NGO .

. NGO

95)

NGO

.

NGO

. NGO

, 1973 1988

6% NGO . 1988

. NGO

1990 22% , 1998-1999

54% NGO ,

70% NGO.96)

92) Deborah A. Braeutigam and Monique Segarra, Difficult Partnerships: The World Bank, States, and NGOs, Latin America Politics and Society, Vol. 49, No 4 (Winter, 2007), p. 149.

93)

.

94) World Bank, Comprehensive Development Framework: Questions and Answers (Update, 2001), p. 11.95) World Bank, Cooperation Between the World bank and NGOs, FY97 Progress Report, NGO Unit,

Transnational Associations, Vol. 6 (1998), pp. 284-296.

96) Paul Streeten, Components of a Future Development Strategy: The Importance of Human Development, Finance and Development (December 1999), , , p. 469

3-

NGO

73

,

, .

NGO

.97)

NGO

,

.98) NGO

,

. NGO

,

NGO .

NGO

,

. NGO

. NGO

.

NGO

. NGO .99)

(2) (ADB) NGO

(Asian Development Bank, ADB) 1963 3

.

97) William Jack, Public Policy toward Nongovernmental Organizations in Developing Countries, Policy Research Working Paper, The World Bank (2001), p. 3.

98) , , p. 469.

99) , NGO , pp. 266-267.

NGO

74

19 .

1965 8

, 12

. 1966 8 15

11 32

. ,

2005 9 46, 18 64

.100)

1980 NGO

, 1987 NGO

.101)

NGO

,

.

NGO ,

NGO

.

1990 NGO

. 1998 4 NGO

, NGO

NGO(developmental NGO)

. NGO NGO(operational

NGO) NGO(advocacy NGO) , NGO

, ,

.

NGO

.102)

NGO , ,

. ,

100) , , pp. 142-143.

101) ADB. ADB-GOVERNMENT-NGO COOPERATION: A Framework for Action, 2003-2005 (May 2003), p. 2.102) .

3-

NGO

75

, NGO

. , NGO

. , NGO

. NGO

,

, , , ,

, , .

NGO

.

, NGO

.103)

, (Pilot

and Demonstration Activities to Help Improve Water Services), ,

(Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction), ,

NGO (NGO Partnerships for Poverty Reduction) .

2002 , NGO

12

5 . 2000 5

9 ,104)

NGO (CSO)

.

, (CARE)

(gender sensitive)

.

NGO (Technical Assistance: TA) NGO

, 2003

2005 NGO 70

.

103) .

104) 3 6 , 2 2,400 .

(Japan Social Development

Fund) . .

NGO

76

4 NGO

NGO

NGO

78

NGO

1. NGO

NGO ,

.

NGO (advocacy), (lobbying), (awareness-

raising), (campaigning) .

NGO . NGO

,

. , , ,

, .

NGO

.105)

1940 NGO

. NGO ,

NGO . NGO

,

. NGO

. NGO

. NGO

, (International Criminal

105) James A. Paul, NGOs, Civil Society and Global Policy Making.

4-

NGO

79

Court) ,

.

1980 NGO NGO

. 1980 1990

NGO

. 1990

NGO

. NGO

.

2000 NGO ,

, .

, ,

NGO .

.

2000(Jubilee 2000)

1996 . 2000

NGO , 50 (

, )

.

2000 4 69

.

1987 (Debt Crisis Network) , 1990

. 5 (Martin Dent) (Gill Peters)

2000 . 1996

2 ,

NGO

80

4 (Christian Aid), (CAFOD), (Tearfund)

(World Development Movement: WDM)

2000 .106)

2000 2,400

, 1998 G-8 7

, 1999 G-8

1 .

2000 3

. 2000

.

. 2000

.

.

.107)

2000 , 3

, ,

, ,

. .108)

.

.

.

,

.

.

106) JUBILEE 2000 COALITION, The world will never be the same again (December 2000).107) , , : (:

, 2004), p. 154.

108) , p. 74.

4-

NGO

81

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

, .

G8 (Heavily

Indebted Poor Conutries: HIPC) 41 ,

,

. 2000

,

. 2000

,

.

2000

,

.

.109)

109) , (the Jubilee South) , (2000, 8). .

NGO

82

. (Make Trade Fare)110)

NGO

.

,

.

,

.

2001 550 ,

6 3

10 . 6.5

, .

10 ,

.

,

3 .

.

.

.

.

.

110) Oxfam International, Harnessing Trade for Development (Oxfam Briefing Paper 1, August 2001), pp. 12-13.

4-

NGO

83

.

(dumping),

(Market Access) , (Forced Liberalization),

(Labour Rights) , (Regional Trade Agreements)

5 .

.

WTO .

.

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

. (Global Call to Action against

Poverty: GCAP)

2003 9 (Graca

Machel)111)

(Maputo) NGO

. GCAP

(CIVICUS)112)

111) .

112) (CIVICUS) 1993 110 450

. .

NGO

84

. GCAP 70 900

.

2005 1 27, (World Social Forum)

NGO

. GCAP 21 58

.

,

.

2005 74 NGO

GCAP , 1 5 GCAP

. 2000 UN

2015

.

GCAP 8

,

.

GCAP NGO 2007

3 . NGO

, , ,

. , ,

NGO

.

4-

NGO

85

2. NGO

.

.

. 90%

, 5 .

, 1990 1960

7 .

.113)

1991 12 46

. 12 (guiding principles)

,

(Prevention), (Preparedness), (Stand-by Capacity),

(Consolidated Appeals), (Coordination, Cooperation

and Leadership) (Continuum from Relief to

Rehabilitation and Development) 6 .114)

.115)

. , ,

113) , , pp. 14-17 .

114) UN General Assembly Resolution 46/182.

115) 1988 1 8 (A/RES/43/131) 1990 12 14

(A/RES/45/100) .

NGO

86

(national unity of States) (3),

(5) ,

(4, 6, 7) .

1. .2. , , .3. , , .

.

4. . , , , 1 .

5. . . . NGO .

6. . , , .

7. .

8. .9. , , .

. .

10. . . . .

11. .

12. . 1971 12 14 2816 1990 12 14 45/100 , . . . .

: UN General Assembly Resolution 46/182.

4-

NGO

87

NGO .

.

.

NGO

, 1994

(NGO) ( (

) NGO ) .116)

10 ,

12 .

() NGO

.

NGO

. 1997 3

2000 (Sphere Handbook) .

, , , ,

5 .

1990 , ,

. ,

NGO

, , NGO

.

NGO 2005 6 ,

, , NGO (Code of Conduct

for NGOs engaged in Humanitarian Action, Reconstruction, and

116) The Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations(NGOs) in Disaster Relief .

NGO

88

Development in Afghanistan).117) 1995

, 3

.

.

,

. , HIV/AIDS

. 2004

HIV/AIDS NGO (Code of Good Practice

for NGOs Responding to HIV/AIDS). ()

12 NGO

. , ,

, HIV/AIDS

NGO .118)

NGO (NGO Code of

Conduct for Health Systems Strengthening) .119)

NGO

. NGO

, (InterAction), (British

Overseas NGOs for Development: BOND),

(Australian Council for Overseas Aid: ACFOA),

( ) ,

.

NGO

117) 2,500 NGO

. NGO

(monitor) .

.

118) Julia Cabassi, Renewing Our VOICE (Geneva: The NGO HIV/AIDS Code of Practice Project, 2004).

119) .

4-

NGO

89

.

NGO , NGO

.

NGO ()

NGO ,

.

.

(1) (NGO)

() ,

. 1965 () 7

, (Humanity), (Impartiality),

(Neutrality), (Independence), (Voluntary Service),

(Unity), (Universality).120)

, , 3

() , ,

, , .

.121)

() NGO

. 1991

3 1994

. (Caritas Internationalis),

(CRS), (IFRC), ,

(Lutheran World Federation), ,

(World Council of Churches: WCC), (ICRC) 8

120) , (: , 2002), pp. 169-170,121) , , (: , 2005), p. 17.

NGO

90

, 2008 10 14 452 NGO

.122)

() NGO 10 3

( , ,

) . 10 ,

, , ,

. 10

.123)

() NGO 10

1. .

2. , , ,

. .

3. .

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. .

8.

.

9. .

10.

.

() NGO 3 .

122) .

123) (NGO) .

4-

NGO

91

:

1. 124)

.

2.

.

3. .

4. .

5.

:

1.

.

2. .

3.

.

:

1.

.

2. ,

.

3.

.

4.

.

(2) (The Sphere Project)

NGO () 1997

.125)

, , ,

124) (NGHAs: Non Governmental Humanitarian Agencies)

, NGO .

NGO .

125) The Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum standards in Disaster Response (Geneva: Sphere Project, 2004), pp. 5-6.

NGO

92

5 .

2000 .

.

,

,

(NGO) .126)

,

.

.

.

,

.

.

, .

. 80

400

.

.

,

.

126) .

4-

NGO

93

1. : (assessment), , , ,

.

2 : ,

,

.

3 (response):

,

.

4 :

.

5. : ,

.

6. : ,

.

7. :

, .

8. , , :

.

: Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum standards in Disaster Response,

2004 edition (Geneva: Sphere Project, 2004), pp. 28-42.

3.

. NGO

1995 8 23 (UNDHA)

, (WHO)

(UNICEF) 5 .127)

,

(UNDAC) .

.

127) , 1995 8 30.

NGO

94

, 1995 10

.

4 . , ,

, , NGO, , .

.

(WHO),

(WFP), (UNDP), (FAO),

(UNICEF), (UNFPA), (UNOCHA) 7

, NGO

(WFP/FALU) . 2005

,

. NGO

.

/.

.

,128)

,

, /

.

, /

.

NGO ,

10 NGO .

128) /, ,

. /

,

NGO .

4-

NGO

95

NGO (ADRA),

(AFMAL), (CESVI)129)

, (Campus fuer Christus: CFC)130)

,

(Concern Worldwide), (GAA),

(Handicap International)131), (PMU Interlife)

132),

(Premiere Urgence: PU)133)

, ,

(Triangle Generation Humanitaire: TGH)134)

.

6 NGO

, ,

(European Union Programme Support Unit: EUPS)

.

(SDC, Swiss Agency for Development

and Cooperation), (EU Food Security Unit),

(EU/ECHO), (The Development

Cooperation Office of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs) 4

.

129) 1985 30

NGO. , NGO , , NGO (: , 2005), p. 197.

130) NGO 120 (Campus

Crusade for Christ) . , p. 196.

131) 1982

. 45 . , p. 199.

132) NGO 1965 49

. , p. 200.

133) 1992 NGO

. , p. 200.

134) 1994 NGO 15 .

, p. 200.

NGO

96

(UNICEF) (UNDP)

(WHO) (WFP)

(WHO) (UNFPA)

(UNOCHA)

(SDC)

NGO

(ADRA) (AFMAL)

(CESVI) (Campus fuer Christus)

(Concern Worldwide) (GAA)

(Handicap International)

(PMU Interlife)

(Premiere Urgence)

(Save the Children)

(TGF)

/(IFRC)

(ICFC)

.

.

.

24 , NGO, 1998

11 (humanitarian principles)

.135)

135) InterAction DPRK Working Group, International NGO Conference on Humanitarian Assistance to the DPRK: Past, Present, and Future (May 3-5, 1999), (Conference Proceedings), pp. 11-12.

4-

NGO

97

1. () (assessed needs)

2.

3. , , ( )

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

1999 4

, 2001

,

.136)

. ,

.

.

. ,

, ,

.

(CARE) NGO .

NGO,

.

136) .

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NGO 150180

, 2000 2006 NGO

500 . 2005, 2006

2006

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. , NGO , p. 287.

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NGO . 1970

NGO 63,

. 1975

NGO 2030 .

1975 NGO

.141)

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.

, 1978 12

1979

. NGO NGO

, 1986 NGO

.

NGO 1980

. 1986 () ,

1989 .

, NGO

.

1994 , 1995

,142)

NGO

. NGO 1995 33, 1996

141) Anu Ala-Rantala, International NGOs in Vietnam: Promoters of democracy? (Masters Thesis in Public Administration, Goteborg University, 2002), p. 28.

142) 1994 , 1995 1

, 7 . ,

: (: , 1998), p. 49.

NGO

106

106 1 .

1996 NGO 1995 3

15 .

NGO

1989 70 , 1994 210

, 2004 560 .143)

NGO

NGO

.144)

NGO

, 1994 6,000

2004 1 4,000 .

NGO

NGO

1976-1978 50-70 3,000

1979-1988 70 8001,000

1989 70 1,300

1994 210 6,000

1995 250 7,000

1996 400 - 106 NGO

2002 514 8,500

2003 540 1 200

2004 560 1 4,000

2005 1 7,500

2006 600 2 1,600 60 NGO

: PACCOM-JICA, Report on the New Year Meeting, p. 1; COMINGO, Briefing

on Foreign Non-Governmental Organization Affair (January 2007), p. 2:

.

143) 2004 560 NGO 200,

200, 100, 60. PACCOM-JICA, Report on the New Year Meeting: NGO Desk-JICA Plaza and PACCOM (24th January 2005), pp. 1-2.

144) 2006 NGO , , 26.

. NGO 2004

30 (Peoples Aid Co-ordinating Committee, PACCOM) . PACCOM-JICA, Report on the New Year Meeting, p. 2.

5-

NGO

107

. NGO

NGO

. 1989 6

(Vietnam Union of Friendship Organization: VUFO)

(Peoples Aid Co-ordinating Committee: PACCOM) .

1996 5 NGO

.145)

NGO

. NGO

1996 NGO (Committee for NGO

Affairs) , 2001

NGO (Committee for Foreign NGO Affairs:

COMINGO) . NGO

.

(1) NGO

1990 NGO

. 1991 3 NGO

, 1992 9 NGO

.146)

(American Friends Service Committee:

AFSC), (ActionAid), (CARE), (Oxfam)

NGO .147)

1996

5 NGO ( NGO

) . NGO

145) 1996 NGO 23 50

. ADB, A Study of NGOs: Vietnam (April 1999), p. 13.146) Nguyen Kim Ha, Lessons Learned from a Decade of Experience: A strategic analysis of INGO

methods and activities in Vietnam, 1990-1999, VUFO-NGO Resource Centre (Ha Noi, January 2001), p. 93.

147) Ibid., p. 13.

NGO

108

.

NGO 4 20 , NGO

, NGO

.148)

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, (Permit for Operation),

(Permit for Establishment of Project Office),

(Permit for Representative Office) .(1)

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, 30 ,

60 , 90

.(8)

148) Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Regulations on the Operation of Foreign Non-Governmental Organizations in Vietnam, Promulgated in accordance with Decision No. 340/TTg dated 24 May, 1996 of the Prime Minister.

5-

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4

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(60 )

(90 )

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)

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: Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Regulations on the Operation of Foreign Non- Governmental Organizations in Vietnam, Promulgated in accordance with Decision No. 340/TTg dated 24 May, 1996 of the Prime Minister.

(2) NGO

NGO 1989 6


NGO

110

(Peoples Aid Co-ordinating Committee: PACCOM)

.149)

, NGO

, , NGO

NGO , , NGO

, , NGO

.150)

NGO

NGO

. , ,

4 (, , , ) ,

600 NGO .

1990 NGO

, (Vietnam Union of Friendship Organization:

VUFO) 1996 NGO (Committee for NGO

Affairs) . NGO NGO

1996 5 24 ,

NGO .

NGO 2001 4 NGO

(Committee for Foreign NGO Affairs: COMINGO)

. NGO ( ),

( ), ( ) 7 .

NGO , NGO

, , NGO , ,

, , NGO , , NGO

. NGO

.

149) Nguyen Kim Ha, Lessons Learned from a Decade of Experience, p. 13.150) Ibid., p. 13.

5-

NGO

111

NGO

NGO

(Committee for Foreign NGO Affairs: COMINGO)

:

: (VUFO)

: , ,

, ,


(People's Aid Coordinating Committee: PACCOM)

, , 4

(3) -NGO (VUFO-NGO Resource Center)

1990 NGO

.

NGO 1993 4 NGO

(NGO Resource Centre) .151)

NGO .

1998 (VUFO) NGO

, -NGO

( -NGO ) .

151) VUFO-NGO Resource Centre, "The VUFO-NGO Resource Centre: 10 Years of Partnership between Vietnam

and International NGOs," .

NGO

112

, -NGO

NGO 5 5 10

. , ,

, , 1

.152)

-NGO 160

NGO .

-NGO ,

20 . 1999

(Peoples Participation Working

Group), , NGO ,

.

. NGO

NGO NGO , , ,

, 5 . ,

1 , (Reproductive Health), , HIV/

AIDS, (Nutrition), , .

, (Inclusive Education), , ,

, . , ,

, , , (Natural Resource

Education) . , ,

, , , ,

. , , ,

, , ( ),

(gender), , .153)

.

152) .

153) .

5-

NGO

113

NGO

1 HIV/AIDS

NGO , ,

, NGO 64 , (19),

(18), (15). NGO .

NGO

NGO

200(36%) 43%

200(36%) 39%

100(17%) 18%

60(11%) -

: PACCOM-JICA, Report on the New Year Meeting

.

NGO

114

2. NGO

. NGO

1978 (UNDP)

.154)

, .

1980

, 200 .

1970 1980

(Committee on Scholarly Communication with China), -

(National Committee on United-China Relations),

(US-China Business Council) NGO , , ,

, .155)

1979 ,

, (China Medical Board),

(Lingnan Foundation)

.156)

NGO .

NGO NGO

. (Jude Howel) 1995

(UNICEF) 15 NGO

. (MSF),

(US Peace Corps), (Oxfam Hong Kong)

.157)

154) Renee Yuen-JanLynn Hsia and Lynn T. White, Working Amid Corporatism and Confusion: Foreign NGOs in China, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 3 (September 2002), p. 333.

155) ZHANG Ye, China's Emerging Civil Society (June 2003), p. 16.156) 1979 , 1988

. Ibid., p. 16.

157) Renee Yuen-JanLynn Hsia and Lynn T. White, Working Amid Corporatism and Confusion: Foreign NGOs in China, p. 334.

5-

NGO

115

NGO

(, China Development Brief) 50

NGO , 150

NGO

.158)

2000 70 , 70 , 200

, 150

,159)

NGO 3,000

.160)

NGO , 1990

NGO .

NGO

NGO . NGO

,

.

NGO

.

NGO

. NGO

. NGO

. 1998

2,500 6

, (MSF)

NGO .161)

2008 NGO

158) Ibid., pp. 334-335.

159) Carol Lee Hamrin, Chinas Invisible Social Revolution and Sino-American Cultural Relations, in conference volume (forthcoming), from President's Forum: US-China Relations in the 21st Century (Baylor University, October 2002), ZHANG Ye, Chinas Emerging Civil Society, p. 16 .

160) , , The 3rd Korea-Japan Civil Society Forum 2005, p. 31.161) Renee Yuen-JanLynn Hsia and Lynn T. White, Working Amid Corporatism and Confusion: Foreign

NGOs in China, p. 335.

NGO

116

. NGO

, 5 14

() NGO Heart to heart()

.162)

NGO ,

NGO .

. NGO

NGO

, NGO

. NGO

.

NGO

NGO .

(), (

), () .163)

, 1989

() 1998

(), 2004

() .164)

.

, (foundation)

.165)

NGO

162) Heart To Heart() , .

163) , (: , 2007), p. 48.164) , NGO , 2008 7 16 .165) . 6 4

. 13

, , , , . 14

5-

NGO

117

,

.

NGO

. NGO

. NGO

(Ministry of Civil Affairs: MoCA) , ()

(local Civil Affairs Bureaus: CABs) .

NGO (Ministry of Foreign

Trade and Economic co-operation)166)

, 1996

NGO (Provincial

International Non-Governmental Societies: PINGOS)

NGO . NGO

NGO (PINGOS)

(parent bureaucracies)

.167)

NGO ,

(no recognition, yet no prohibition)

.168)

NGO .

, ,

(Memoranda of Understanding: MOU) , NGO

, .

NGO

,

. 46

, , ,

. .

166) , 2003

(Ministry of Commerce)

.

167) Renee Yuen-JanLynn Hsia and Lynn T. White, Working Amid Corporatism and Confusion: Foreign NGOs in China, p. 340.

168) Ibid., p. 338.

NGO

118

.169)

. NGO

, .

.

NGO NGO

. NGO NGO

. NGO NGO

NGO ,

.170)

NGO

, NGO .

1989 (

) , NGO

,

. , , ,

NGO , ,

.171)

NGO,

NGO

. , ,

,

.

169) NGO .

(Greenpeace) 2 . Andreas Edele,

Non-governmental Organizations in China, Report of Programme on NGOs & Civil Society (May 2005, Geneva), p. 17.

170) NGO 70% NGO . , , p. 31.

171) Andreas Edele, Non-governmental Organizations in China, p. 17.

5-

NGO

119

. NGO

() NGO

18 .

,

NGO . (

, HIV/AIDS, ) 67 , 45 ,

(, ) 44 .172)

NGO

NGO NGO

13 11

9 3

38 NGO 18

45 1

29 41

6 9

32 4

HIV/AIDS 26 ( ) 21

6 8

: . http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.com/dingo/ .

NGO

NGO.

NGO , , , ,

.

. 1988 1

2001 9 1 2,800 ,173)

172) ( ) NGO 200 , 320 . .

NGO

120

, , , , ,

.

, , , (WTO)

.

NGO .

3.

NGO .

NGO

NGO

. NGO

. NGO

. NGO ,

NGO (COMINGO) ,

(VUFO) (PACCOM)

.

NGO NGO

(PINGOS) .

NGO

NGO

NGO

NGO

NGO

NGO

NGO

173) Andreas Edele, Non-governmental Organizations in China, p. 19.

5-

NGO

121

NGO

NGO .

-NGO (VUFO-NGO Resource Center)

NGO .

(PACCOM)

( NGO )

. NGO

,

NGO .

NGO

,

NGO .

NGO

, NGO

.

NGO

NGO .

1994 210 NGO 6,000

2002 514 8,500 , 2006 600 2 1,600

.

NGO

. NGO

.

, NGO

.

NGO

.

NGO .

NGO

NGO

122

. NGO

.

.

, ,

NGO

, , NGO

, , NGO

(Community Based

Organization: CBO) .

5-

NGO

123

6

NGO

NGO

124

NGO

NPO, CSO . NGO

NPO CSO , CSO ,

NGO ,

.

NGO CSO NGO

, CSO .

.

NGO

. NGO

NGO .

NGO NGO NGO ,

NGO . NGO,

NGO, NGO, NGO, NGO, NGO, NGO,

NGO . NGO

NGO . NGO NGO

(INGO), (PVO), (VO), (NGDO)

,

. NGO

NGO NGO .

(David C. Korten) NGO 4 ,

1 .

,

6-

125

NGO .

NGO NGO .

NGO .

NGO 2000 100 , 2000

140 .

NGO 2004

230 , 30%

. 6 NGO

.

NGO

NGO . NGO 1990

2000

, 2000

. NGO

.

NGO

.

(MDGs), (PRSP),

(SWAP), (RBM), (GG),

(RBA) 6 .

NGO

.

,

. 1991 12

46

.

NGO

126

NGO .

.

.

NGO

, 1994

(NGO) ( (

) NGO ) .

.

1997 3 2000

(Sphere Handbook) . ,

, , , 5

.

NGO

. NGO

NGO .

1995 NGO

.

.

.

24 , NGO, 1998 11

9 (humanitarian principles)

.

NGO

. NGO 20

,

. 10

2007 , 2008 3 14

6-

127

6 12 . 1

NGO ,

11 .

NGO

NGO .

,

NGO

.

NGO

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. NGO

, NGO

. NGO

, NGO

.

, ,

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, , NGO

(Community Based

Organization: CBO) .

,

, , NGO

NGO

, , NGO NGO

, ,

.

NGO

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. NGO . : , 2000.

. . : , 2002.

P, & A, . . :

. : , 2007.

. NGO . : , 2006.

. NGO . : , 2003.

. . : , 2007.

. . : , 2006.

. :

. : , 1998.

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. : . : , 1998.

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.

.

.

.

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.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

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134

(NGOs)

.

NGOs()

,

.

.

,

. 3

,

.

NGOs: NGOs()

.

NGHAs: ,

(NGHAs) .

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. UN

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Disasters: ,

.

135

1. .

. ,

.

.

.

,

.

2. ,

.

.

,

.

, .

. ()

.

.

.

,

NGO

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.

3. .

, . NGHAs

.

,

.

4. .

NGHAs .

.

, ,

.

.

.

.

.

5. .

.

137

6. .

.

. NGHAs

.

.

UN

.

7. .

.

, .

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8.

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9.

.

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NGO

138

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