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The role of community experts in development: community-based public finance Since the time of Jane Jacobs, there has been a progressive focus on community-level participation, action, and organizing that has opened up one of the most dynamic areas of the urban and regional planning discipline. This focus has varied from, for example, the `ladder of participation' (Arnstein, 1969) to `culture-based epistemologies' (Umemoto, 2001). However, it has usually emphasized the negotiated aspects of local and national state agencies/planners working with the informal and semiformal local entities that influence the implementation of policies and plans. This sizable literature anchored one of the central subfields of the field, providing a counterbalance to the field's historical focus on rational and top-down approaches to planning. Roy and Al Sayyad (2004), for example, explore a wide range of cases from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia, arguing that new forms of local political power and social empowerment have become possible with global urbanization. Beard et al (2008) take a global perspective, using the issue of decentralization, intergovern- mental relations, and the growing role of public ^ private partnerships in the `global South' to explore the ways in which civil society, and local and informal institutions challenge planners and development practitioners, reshaping and revising plans `on the ground', in cases ranging from Buenos Aires to South Africa toThailand, for example. The efforts of these informal and semiformal groups can take constructive forms, as in the case of Mumbai (Mukhija, 2003), where self-help groups take on the respon- sibility for developing housing in the absence of state support, or in the form of reinterpreting `science' to fit local and activist environmental justice needs (Corburn, 2005). Others document and interpret community environmental activism as an emerg- ing form of community-based regulation where national and provincial agencies are unable or unwilling to perform this role. The documentation and analysis of such detailed cases provide an empirical base from which to see local communities not as passive consumers and subjects of technical `experise' but, rather, as active consumers of scientific expertise, whether it be in engineering and housing construction, scientific research, or environmental pollution. Periurbanization, public finance, and local governance of the environment: lessons from small-scale water suppliers in Gresik, Indonesia James H (Jim) Spencer, Craig Guzinsky Globalization Research Center, Urban and Regional Planning, Political Science, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received 25 September 2009; in revised form 8 March 2010 Environment and Planning A 2010, volume 42, pages 2131 ^ 2146 Abstract. As cities in the developing world transition from agricultural to industrial societies, periurban settlement has placed tremendous burdens on the state to provide adequate water infra- structure and to regulate environmental pollution. In the absence of formal municipal systems, community-level forms of water supply have proliferated in periurban areas. The case of Indonesia illustrates the extent of such organizations, and in particular the capacities that neighborhood-level organizations have for financing public infrastructures and managing such investments for community development. The findings suggest that such informal institutions may form the backbone of a broader understanding of development alternatives in periurban areas. doi:10.1068/a42387

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