09.1 Information System

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*IntroductionInformation system (IS)A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, and disseminate data and information, and provide feedback to meet an objectiveExamples: ATMs, airline reservation systems, course reservation systems

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Information ConceptsInformation is one of an organizations most valuable resourcesInformation is different from data


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Data, Information, and KnowledgeData: raw factsInformation: collection of facts organized in such a way that they have value beyond the facts themselvesKnowledge: awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or reach a decision


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Data, Information, and Knowledge (continued)Table 1.1: Types of Data


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition* Figure 1.1: Defining and Organizing Relationships Among Data Creates InformationData, Information, and Knowledge (continued)


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition* Figure 1.2: The Process of Transforming Data into InformationData, Information, and Knowledge (continued)


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*The Characteristics of Valuable InformationTable 1.2: Characteristics of Valuable Information


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*The Characteristics of Valuable Information (continued)Table 1.2: Characteristics of Valuable Information (continued)


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*The Value of InformationValue of information is directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve their organizations goalsFor example, value of information might be measured in:Time required to make a decisionIncreased profits to company


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*System ConceptsSystemA set of elements or components that interact to accomplish goals Components of a systemInput ProcessingOutputFeedback


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*System Concepts (continued)Figure 1.3: Components of a System


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*System Performance and StandardsEfficiency: measure of what is produced divided by what is consumedEffectiveness: extent to which system attains its goalsSystem performance standard: a specific objective of the system


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*What Is An Information System? Figure 1.5: The Components of an Information System


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Input, Processing, Output, FeedbackInput: activity of gathering and capturing raw dataProcessing: converting or transforming data into useful outputsOutput: production of useful information, usually in the form of documents and reportsFeedback: output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Manual and Computerized Information SystemsAn information system can be:ManualComputerized


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Computer-Based Information SystemsComputer-based information system (CBIS)A single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Computer-Based Information Systems (continued)Figure 1.6: The Components of a Computer-Based Information System

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Business Information SystemsMost common types of information systems used in business organizationsElectronic and mobile commerce systemsTransaction processing systemsManagement information systemsDecision support systems


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Electronic and Mobile CommerceE-commerce: any business transaction executed electronically between parties such as:Companies (business-to-business, B2B)Companies and consumers (business-to-consumer, B2C)Consumers and other consumers (consumer-to-consumer, C2C)Business and the public sectorConsumers and the public sector


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Enterprise Systems: Transaction Processing Systems and Enterprise Resource PlanningTransaction: any business-related exchange, such as payments to employees, sales to customers, and payments to suppliersTransaction processing system (TPS): an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to record completed business transactions


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Transaction Processing SystemsFigure 1.11: A Payroll Transaction Processing System

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Information and Decision Support SystemsAn effective TPS provides a number of benefits to a companyA TPS can speed business activities and reduce clerical costsData stored in TPSs is used to help managers make better decisions


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Management Information SystemsManagement information system (MIS): an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices that provides routine information to managers and decision makersPrimary focus of an MIS is operational efficiency


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Management Information Systems (continued)Figure 1.12: Management Information System

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Decision Support SystemsDecision support system (DSS): an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to support problem-specific decision makingFocus of a DSS is on decision-making effectiveness


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Decision Support Systems (continued)Figure 1.13: Essential DSS Elements

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Enterprise Resource PlanningA set of integrated programs that manages the vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organizationCan replace many applications with one unified set of programs, making the system easier to use and more effective


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Specialized Business Information Systems: Knowledge Management, Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, and Virtual RealityKnowledge management systems (KMSs): an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices to create, store, share, and use the organizations knowledge and experienceArtificial intelligence (AI): field in which the computer system takes on the characteristics of human intelligence


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Figure 1.14: The Major Elements of Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Expert SystemsGive the computer the ability to make suggestions and act like an expert in a particular fieldAllow organizations to capture and use the wisdom of experts and specialistsThe knowledge base contains the collection of data, rules, procedures, and relationships that must be followed to achieve value or the proper outcome


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Virtual RealitySimulation of a real or imagined environment that can be experienced visually in three dimensionsImmersive virtual realityApplications that are not fully immersiveCan be a powerful medium for communication, entertainment, and learning


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Information Systems in Society, Business, and IndustryInformation systems must be implemented thoughtfully and carefullyInformation systems face a variety of threats from unethical people


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Security, Privacy, and Ethical Issues in Information Systems and the InternetFigure 1.17: The Cost and Cause of Computer Attacks

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Computer and Information Systems LiteracyComputer literacy: knowledge of computer systems and equipment and the ways they functionInformation systems literacy: knowledge of how data and information are used by individuals, groups, and organizations


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Information Systems in the Functional Areas of BusinessFinance and accountingSales and marketingManufacturingHuman resource managementLegal information systems


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Information Systems in IndustryAirline industryInvestment firmsBanksTransportation industryPublishing companies


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Information Systems in Industry (continued)Healthcare organizationsRetail companiesPower management and utility companiesProfessional services


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Global Challenges in Information SystemsCultural challengesLanguage challengesTime and distance challengesInfrastructure challengesCurrency challenges


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Global Challenges in Information Systems (continued)Product and service challengesTechnology transfer issuesState, regional, and national lawsTrade agreements


Kendall & Kendall1-*Information System TypesTransaction Processing Systems (TPS)Office Automation Systems (OAS)Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)Management Information Systems (MIS)Decision Support Systems (DSS)Expert Systems (ES)Executive Support Systems (ESS)Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)Computer-Supported Collaborative Work Systems (CSCWS)

Kendall & Kendall1-*Strategic LevelOperational LevelKnowledge LevelHigher LevelA systems analyst may be involved with any or all of these systems at each organization level

Kendall & Kendall1-*Operational LevelTransaction Processing System (TPS)Process large amounts of data for routine business transactionsBoundary-spanningSupport the day-to-day operations of the companyExamples: Payroll Processing, Inventory Management

Kendall & Kendall1-*Knowledge LevelOffice Automation System (OAS)Supports data workers who share information, but do not usually create new knowledgeExamples: Word processing, Spreadsheets, Desktop publishing, Electronic scheduling, Communication through voice mail, Email, Video conferencingKnowledge Work System (KWS)Supports professional workers such as scientists, engineers, and doctorsExamples: computer-aided design systems, virtual reality systems, investment workstations

Kendall & Kendall1-*Higher LevelManagement Information System (MIS)Support a broad spectrum of organizational tasks including decision analysis and decision makingExamples: profit margin by sales region, expenses vs. budgetsDecision Support System (DSS)Aids decision makers in the making of decisionsExamples: financial planning with what-if analysis, budgeting with modelingExpert System (ES)Captures and uses the knowledge of an expert for solving a particular problem which leads to a conclusion or recommendationExamples: MYCIN, XCON

Kendall & Kendall1-*Strategic LevelExecutive Support System (ESS)Helps executives to make unstructured strategic decisions in an informed wayExamples: drill-down analysis, status accessGroup Decision Support System (GDSS)Permit group members to interact with electronic supportExamples: email, Lotus NotesComputer-Supported Collaborative Work System (CSCWS)CDCWS is a more general term of GDSSMay include software support called groupware for team collaboration via network computersExample: video conferencing, Web survey system

Kendall & Kendall1-*Integrating New Technologies into Traditional Systems Ecommerce and Web SystemsEnterprise Resource Planning SystemsWireless SystemsOpen Source SoftwareNeed for Systems Analysis and Design

Kendall & Kendall1-*Figure 1.2 Systems analysts need to be aware that integrating technologies affects all types of systems

Kendall & Kendall1-*Ecommerce and Web SystemsBenefitsIncreasing user awareness of the availability of a service, product, industry, person, or groupThe possibility of 24-hour access for usersImproving the usefulness and usability of interface designCreating a system that can extend globally rather than remain local, thus reaching people in remote locations without worry of the time zone in which they are located

Kendall & Kendall1-*Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP)Performs integration of many information systems existing on different management levels and within different functionsExample: SAP, Oracle

Kendall & Kendall1-*Wireless SystemsSystem analyst may be asked to design standard or wireless communication networks that integrate voice, video and email into organizational intranets or industry extranetsSystem analyst may also be asked to develop intelligent agentsExample: Microsoft's new software based on Bayesian statistics Wireless communication is referred as m-commerce (mobile commerce)

Kendall & Kendall1-*Open Source SoftwareAn alternative of traditional software development where proprietary code is hidden from the usersOpen source software is free to distribute, share and modifyCharacterized as a philosophy rather than simply the process of creating new softwareExample: Linux Operating System, Apache Web Server, Mozilla Firefox Web browser

Kendall & Kendall1-*Need for Systems Analysis and DesignInstalling a system without proper planning leads to great user dissatisfaction and frequently causes the system to fall into disuseLends structure to the analysis and design of information systemsA series of processes systematically undertaken to improve a business through the use of computerized information systems

Kendall & Kendall1-*Roles of the Systems AnalystThe analyst must be able to work with people of all descriptions and be experienced in working with computersThree primary roles:ConsultantSupporting ExpertAgent of change

Kendall & Kendall1-*Qualities of the Systems AnalystProblem solverCommunicatorStrong personal and professional ethicsSelf-disciplined and self-motivated

Kendall & Kendall1-*Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)The systems development life cycle is a phased approach to solving business problemsDeveloped through the use of a specific cycle of analyst and user activitiesEach phase has unique user activities

Kendall & Kendall1-*Figure 1.3 The seven phases of the systems development life cycle

Kendall & Kendall1-*Incorporating Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) ConsiderationsThe demand for analysts who are capable of incorporating HCI into the systems development process keeps increasing, as companies begin to realize that the quality of systems and the quality of work life can be improved by taking a human-centered approach at the outset of a project

Kendall & Kendall1-*Identifying Problems, Opportunities, and ObjectivesActivity:Interviewing user managementSummarizing the knowledge obtainedEstimating the scope of the projectDocumenting the resultsOutput: Feasibility report containing problem definition and objective summaries from which management can make a decision on whether to proceed with the proposed project

Kendall & Kendall1-*Determining Human Information RequirementsActivity:InterviewingSampling and investing hard dataQuestionnairesObserve the decision makers behavior and environmentPrototypingLearn the who, what, where, when, how, and why of the current systemOutput: Analyst understands how users accomplish their work when interacting with a computer; and begin to know how to make the new system more useful and usable. The analyst should also know the business functions and have complete information on the people, goals, data and procedure involved

Kendall & Kendall1-*Analyzing System NeedsActivity:Create data flow diagrams Complete the data dictionaryAnalyze the structured decisions madePrepare and present the system proposalOutput: Recommendation on what, if anything, should be done

Kendall & Kendall1-*Designing the Recommended SystemActivity:Design procedures for data entryDesign the human-computer interfaceDesign system controlsDesign files and/or databaseDesign backup proceduresOutputModel of the actual system

Kendall & Kendall1-*Developing and Documenting SoftwareActivity:System analyst works with programmers to develop any original softwareWorks with users to develop effective documentationProgrammers design, code, and remove syntactical errors from computer programsDocument software with help files, procedure manuals, and Web sites with Frequently Asked QuestionsOutput:Computer programsSystem documentation

Kendall & Kendall1-*Testing and Maintaining the SystemActivity:Test the information systemSystem maintenance Maintenance documentationOutput:Problems, if anyUpdated programsDocumentation

Kendall & Kendall1-*Implementing and Evaluating the SystemActivity:Train usersAnalyst plans smooth conversion from old system to new systemReview and evaluate systemOutput:Trained personnelInstalled system

Kendall & Kendall1-*Figure 1.4 Some researchers estimate that the amount of time spent on systems maintenance may be as much as 60 percent of the total time spent on systems projects

Kendall & Kendall1-*The Impact of MaintenanceMaintenance is performed for two reasons Removing software errors, andEnhancing existing softwareOver time the cost of continued maintenance will be greater than that of creating an entirely new system. At that point it becomes more feasible to perform a new systems study

Kendall & Kendall1-*Figure 1.5 Resource consumption over the system life

Kendall & Kendall1-*Approaches to Structured Analysis and Design and to the Systems Development Life CycleTraditional systems development life cycleCASE systems development life cycle Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design

Kendall & Kendall1-*Case ToolsCASE tools are productivity tools for systems analysts that have been created explicitly to improve their routine work through the use of automated supportReasons for using CASE toolsIncreasing Analyst ProductivityImproving Analyst-User CommunicationIntegrating Life Cycle ActivitiesAccurately Assessing Maintenance Changes

Kendall & Kendall1-*Case Tool ClassificationsUpper CASE tools perform analysis and designLower CASE tools generate programs from CASE designIntegrated CASE tools perform both upper and lower CASE functions

Kendall & Kendall1-*Upper CASE ToolsCreate and modify the system designHelp in modeling organizational requirements and defining system boundariesCan also support prototyping of screen and report designs

Kendall & Kendall1-*Lower CASE ToolsLower CASE tools generate computer source code from the CASE designSource code is usually generated in several languages

CASE RepositoryKendall & Kendall1-*

Kendall & Kendall1-*Figure 1.7 Traditional versus CASE systems development life cycle

Agile Modelling Development ProcessKendall & Kendall1-*

OOSAD DiagramKendall & Kendall1-*

Which Development Method to Use?Kendall & Kendall1-*

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*SummaryData: raw factsInformation: collection of facts organized in such a way that they have value beyond the facts themselvesSystem: a set of elements that interact to accomplish a goalComponents of an information system: input, processing, output, and feedback


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Summary (continued)Computer-based information system (CBIS): a single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into informationTransaction processing system (TPS): an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to record completed business transactions


Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition*Summary (continued)Management information system (MIS): an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices that provides routine information to managers and decision makersDecision support system (DSS): an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to support problem-specific decision makingSystems development: creating or modifying existing business systems


Kendall & Kendall1-*SummaryInformation is a key resourceSystems analysts deal with many types of information systemsIntegration of traditional systems with new technologiesRoles and qualities of the systems analystThe systems Development Life CycleCASE toolsAlternatives to structured analysis and design and to the SDLC

************************************Information systems are developed for different purposes, depending on the needs of the business.

Operational TPSKnowledge LevelOASKWSHigher LevelMISDSSESStrategic LevelESSGDSSCSCWS*As we move from the bottom to the top, each level represents a higher level of decision support. The bottom level or organizational level supported by TPS provides very structured decision support while the top level or strategic level supported by ESS, GDSS and CSCWS provides semi-structured and unstructured decision support. *Eliminates the tedium of necessary operational transactions and reduces the time once required to perform them manually.

TPS are boundary-spanning systems that permit the organization to interact with external environments.

It is essential to the day-to-day operations of business that Transaction processing systems function smoothly and without interruption.*OAS support data workers, who do not usually create new knowledge but rather analyze information so as to transform data or manipulate it in some way before sharing it with, or formally disseminating it throughout, the organization and, sometimes beyond.

KWS support professional workers such as scientists, engineers, and doctors by aiding them in their efforts to create new knowledge and by allowing them to contribute it to the organization or to society at large.

(CAD) Computer Aided Design - Automates creation, revision of products, and servicesVirtual Reality - Interactive software creates simulations of real world activitiesInvestment workstations - Special work station to access and manipulate massive amounts of financial data

*MIS Support management functions of organization. Transaction processing systems are a subset of management information systems. MIS includes a wider spectrum which includes decision analysis and decision making.Management information systems use a database which contains both data and models that help the user interpret and apply the data. The product produced by Management information systems is that used in decision making.

DSS Much like an MIS except that it emphasizes the support of decision making in all its phases, although the actual decision is still left up to the decision maker. Closely tailored to the person or group using them.

ES Uses the approaches of AI reasoning to solve the problems put to them by business and other users. These systems select the best solution to a problem or a specific class of problems.Expert systems consist of: knowledge base inference engine connects the user with the system by processing requests user interface

*ESS Help executives to make decisions at the strategic level by providing graphics and communication support technologies in accessible places. They help executives address unstructured decision problems by creating an environment which helps them think about strategic problems in an informed way.

GDSS aids in group collaboration permitting group members to interact with electronic support such as polling, questionnaires, brainstorming, and scenario creation. Can be used to minimize negative group behaviors lack of participation, domination by vocal group members, and group think decision making.

CSCWS This is the more general term for group decision support systems.*As new technologies are adopted they will need to be integrated with traditional systems. Systems analyst will be using these new technologies in helping people work to integrate ecommerce applications into traditional businesses or as they begin entirely new ebusinesses.*The systems covered can have much greater functionality if they are migrated to the World Wide Web or if they are originally conceived and implemented as Web-based technologies.*Instituting ERP requires enormous commitment and organizational change.Generally systems analysts server as consultants to ERP endeavors that use proprietary software.To properly design, install, maintain, update, and use a ERP package, analysts as well as some users require vendor training, support, and maintenance.*Analysts are being called to design a plethora of new systems and applications.May be asked to develop under the standard called Bluetooth.Intelligent agents are software that can assist users with tasks in which the software learns preferences from of users over time and then acts on those preferences.Microsoft is developing software based on Bayesian statistics and decision making theory in combination with monitoring a users behavior concerning the handling of incoming information. Referred to as notification manager software that also places a dollar value on each piece of incoming information.*A movement to create, distribute, share and modify software which is not proprietary.Its not a monolithic movement instead it has been categorized into four community types:Ad hocStandardizedOrganizedCommercialThe four communities in turn differ from each other on six key dimensions:General structureEnvironmentGoalsMethodsUser communityLicensing

*User involvement throughout the systems project is critical to the successful development of computerized information systems.New technologies are also driving the need for systems analysis. Ajax and Ruby on Rails are two examples.*The systems analyst systematically assesses how users interact with technology and business function by examining the inputting of information with the intend of improving organizational processes.The analyst needs to play many roles, balancing several at the same time.Consultant: Advantage can bring with them a fresh perspective that other people in an organization do not possess.Disadvantage true organizational structure can never be known to an outsider.Supporting expert:Draws on professional expertise concerning computer hardware and software and their uses in the business.Serves as a resource for those who are working on and managing other projectsAgent of change:A person who serves as a catalyst for change, develops a plan for change, and works with others in facilitating that change.*The successful systems analyst must possess a wide range of qualities.Problem solver views the analysis of problems as a challenge and enjoys devising workable solutions.Communicator capable of relating meaningfully to other people over extended periods over time. Need enough computer experience to program, to understand the capabilities of computers, glean information requirements from users, and communicate what is needed to programmers.Strong personal and professional ethics they need to shape their client relationshipsSelf-disciplined and self-motivated must be able to coordinate other people as well as innumerable project resources.*Analysts disagree on exactly how many phases there are in the SDLC. Each phase consists of activities which overlap into other phases and then taper off, rather then done in separate steps.*HCI is that aspect of a computer that enables communications and interactions between human and computer. Implementing HCI into SDLC implies emphasizing people rather than the work to be done or the IT that is involved.Adopting HCI principles examines a variety of user needs:physical or ergonomic factorsusability factorspleasing, aesthetic and enjoyable aspectsbehavioral aspectsHCI can be thought of as a human-centered approach that puts people ahead of organizational structure *Critical to the success of the rest of the project, because no one wants to waste time addressing the wrong problem.Problems generally the reason the analyst was called in in the first place.Opportunities situations that the analyst believes can be improved through the use of computerized information systems.Objectives how can the business reach its objectives by addressing specific problems or opportunities.*Determining human needs of the users involved.Uses activities to pose and answer questions concerning human-computer interaction:What are the users strengths and limitations?Trying to understand what information users need to perform their jobs.

Who the people who are involvedWhat the business activityWhere the environment in which the work takes placeWhen the timingHow how the current procedures are performedWhy why the system uses the current system

*Data Flow Diagrams chart the input, processes, and output of the businesss functions in a structured graphical form.Data dictionary lists all the data items used in the system, as well as their specifications.Structured decisions made those for which the conditions, condition alternatives, actions, and action rules can be determined.Structure decision methods:structures Englishdecision tablesdecision treesSystem proposal summarizes what has been foundabout usersusability and usefulness of current systemprovides cost/benefit analysis of alternativesmakes recommendations on what (if anything) should be doneThe recommendation or solution is based on the analysts individual qualities and professional training and their interaction with users.

*Uses the information collected earlier to accomplish the logical design of the information system:designs procedures for users to help them accurately enter dataprovides for users to complete effective input to the information systemdevises the human-computer interfacedesigns files or databases that will store the data needed by decision makersdesigns output (onscreen or printed)designs controls and backup procedures*The analyst uses structure charts and pseudocode to communicate to the programmer what needs to be programmed.Documentation includes:procedure manualsonline helpWeb sitesRead Me filesBecause users are involved from the beginning, the documentation should address the questions they have raised and solved jointly with the analyst.

*Testing should take place first with sample data and then with actual data.Testing is done by both the programmers and the analyst

The maintenance started here is carried out routinely through the life of the system. updates may be performed via a vendor site on the Web.

*Training users to handle the system.System conversion converting files from old formats to new ones, or building a database, installing equipment, and bringing the new system into production.

Actually evaluation takes place during every phase.

*Computer programs must be modified and kept up to date.Reasons for enhancing existing software users request additional featuresbusiness changes over timehardware and software change

*Area under the curve represents the total dollar amount.Eventually maintenance exceeds the cost of a creating a new system. At that point a new systems study should be untaken.

*Increasing analyst productivity automates the drawing and modifying of diagramsautomates the sharing of work thus reducing the time to collaborate with group membersfacilitates interaction among team members by making diagramming a dynamic, interactive process.Improving Analyst-User Communication CASE tools foster greater, more meaningful communication among users and analysts.Integrating Life Cycle Activities integration of activities through the underlying use of technologies makes it easier for users to understand how all the life cycle phases are interrelated and interdependent.Accurately Assessing Maintenance Changes enable users to analyze and assess the impact of maintenance changes.*Upper CASE support analyst and designers

Lower CASE support programmers and workers who must implement the systems design via Upper CASE.*All the information about the project is stored in the CASE repository. From the CASE repository analysis reports can be produced to show where the design is incomplete or contains errors.The repository is a collection of records, elements, diagrams, screens, reports, and other information.By modeling organizational requirements and defining system boundaries the analyst can visualize how the project meshes with other parts of the organization.

*CASE code generation has several advantages:1. Quicker than writing computer programs.2. Time spent on maintenance decreases.3. Code can be generated in more than one computer language.4. Cost-effective for tailoring systems purchased from third-party vendors.5. Generated code is free from computer program errors.***

09.1 Information System

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