090715 Princeton_Alejandro Zaera Polo_Board 4

V=1.25x10e5SA=1.5x10e4Vsrf=6.7x10e-1TsrfRoof=1.67x10e-1Tsrf




FH

FV

TWR

SPH

friendliness_ENVIRO

frie

ndlin

ess_

ENVI

RO

varAMERICA(typ) -> varWORLD(typ)

friendliness_CULTUR

frie

ndlin

ess_

CULT

UR

partSKYLIGHT5' x 6'

sp. 15,20' OC

partDRAIN10 catch pts.

0% retain

partMEMBRN

partRF_STR50'X50' bay

1wayjoists 5'OC

partCLUMNS

part

SOFF

ITpa

rtCO

RNIC

E

50'X50' bay11" SQ. STL.

II. RELATIONS, PARTS, FRIENDLINESS

varWORLD(typ)

elemPV

elemSKYLT

elemGREEN

elemDRAIN

Global PositioningRoo�ine

avg. tempirradiance

III. ELEMENTS

PARAMETERSRATIO

annual_precipwater_availabilty

DEPLOYMENTnatural_engagement

AFFECTSpartCORNICE

PARAMETERS

RATIOsolar_potential

energy_costsDEPLOYMENT

global_coordinates

REFERENCESelemSKYLT

AFFECTSpartSOFFIT, CORNICE

AFFECTSpartSOFFIT, CORNICE

PARAMETERSRATIO + DEPLOYMENT

days_of_sun irradiancebldg_orientation latitude

catchment, #panels, orientation

coverage, panel size, orientation

spacing, size, rotation, di�erentiation

x,yz

ratio, planting type

PARAMETERSRATIO

annual_precipH,(max/mini)REFERENCES

elemDRAIN AFFECTS

partCORNICE

lat

face_sun

partSKYLT

dimy

dim

x

dimy(6' typ)

dim

x(5'

max

)

face_sun

partPV

dimy

dim

x

elemPAINT�nish, hue (shade, warm/cool)

PARAMETERSRATIO

irradianceDEPLOYMENT

bldg_heightavg_temp

AFFECTSpartSOFFIT

varWORLD(typ)V. SOFFIT CONFIGURATIONS

partSKYLT

orientation

SUN

LIG

HT

EXTE

RIO

R EN

GAG

EMEN

T

EXPE

RIEN

TIA

L CO

NTI

NU

ITY

48' TYP.

50' TYP.

PLANAR > SINGLE SURFACE > LOW-PITCH FACETED - monolithic, closed

MULTI-SLOPE > HIGHLY FACETED - multiple identities

HIGHLY CORRUGATED > SAWTOOTH - dissolution of form

Rotational Strategies

Skylight Ratio & Distribution Di�erentiation & Continuity Paint

22'15'

20'

180 ft.^2 skyltAREA

varWORLD(typ)IV. CORNICE CONFIGURATIONS

Drain

EXPL

OD

ED P

ERSP

ECTI

VEEX

PLO

DED

PER

SPEC

TIVE

F

S

F

S

F

S

F

S

F

S

F

S

1 PANEL

50-60K FT.^25-6 PTS.

2 PANELS

70-100K FT.^28-10 PTS.

3 PANELS

100-130K FT.^210-12 PTS.

4 PANELS

130-160K FT.^212-14 PTS.

5 PANELS

160-180K FT.^214-16 PTS.

8 PANELS

200-220K FT.^218-22 PTS.

SUN

latitudebldg. ht.

400

22'15'

20' SUN

180 ft.^2 skyltAREA

ALTITUDEPV ANGLE

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL ORIENTATIONTO MAJ. SUN

primarystructure

(50' oc typ.)

twin t8 strip �xt.

(12' oc typ.)

secondary structure

(5' oc typ.)

PV panel

Walmart’s typical American condition allocates separate representative and performative functions to each face. Friendliness toward a host culture is generated through the materiality of the vertical facades or in the articulation of peaks and corrugations through the parapet wall. Meanwhile, the building’s relationship to the exterior environment, both physical and meteorological, is framed primaily through the con�guration of the parking lot, plantings, and drainage areas. This duality produces a divorce between investments in environmental friendliness and those in cultural friendlinss. By embedding both of these functions in the cornice and the so�t, a more integrated solution can be achieved.

I. RELATIVE VALUE

By examining surface area and volumes in proportionally related exemplars of each type, we can see that the roof is the dominant face of the FH (Flat Horizontal) type, as it comprises at least 41% of the surface area of any Walmart store. Dominant faces of other typologies are highlted in red and grey, their values having been highlighted as well.

The drainage strategies outlined to the left produce solutions embedded with latent biases with regard to a store’s site-inclusiveness, which one may desire to either mitigate or amplify, depending upon local-cultural micro-climates or more general societal attitudes. The techniques employed toward these ends may also be modi�ed to respond to di�ering rainfall amounts in a given location and also may be combined with variations upon the techniques of curvature and faceting shown below in order to form more explicit relationships with the stores’ surroundings.

One of the major upshots of the large spaces required by big-box retailers like Walmart is the sense that the interior becomes a sort of environment-unto-itself with no apparent relationship to environ-mental conditions or exterior space. For retail purposes, this disorientation is sometimes preferable, while at other times this lack of experiential continuity between itnerior and exterior is detrimen-tal. As the so�t is the only continuously available (visually) plane of reference from the interior of the store, the sizing, orientation, and distribution of the skylights takes on a great deal of importance with regard to orientation as well as to interior illuminance. A typical bay con�guration for a revised temperate American Walmart is shown below.

By always using PV panels as skylight shading devices and orienting the entire assembly to take advantage of dominant sun direction, the interior is ‘localized’ with regard its global coordinates while environmental gains are also achieved.

NEW JERSEY160K FT^240˚ N. LAT.0˚ ROTATION

22’ BLDG. HT

STOCKHOLM130K FT^260˚ N. LAT.15˚ ROTATION

20’ BLDG. HT

CAIRO60K FT^230˚ N. LAT.90˚ ROTATION

16’ BLDG. HT

RIO DE JANEIRO200K FT^220˚ N. LAT.30˚ ROTATION

24’ BLDG. HT

store sizeprecipitation

based on local irradiance and illuminance levels to mitigate e�ects of extreme temperatres,light levels and building heights

con�gurations to produce, mitigate discontinuity of interior/exterior experience

RAIN

FALL

RAIN

FALL

RAIN

FALL

17.5'

24'

SUN180 ft.^2 skyltAREA

22'

INTERIOR


22'

17.5'

24'


22'

17.5'

24'


22'

17.5'

24'

INTERIOR

Irr: 104 W/m^2ExIll: 10.4 kLuxInIll: 2.15 kLux%Covr: 13.5%

%Re�: 20%0,0,0,5

%Re�: 0%15, 0, 0, 40

%Re�: 10%2,0,0,5

%Re�: 80%0,0,5,9

59 dy120 W/m^2

Irr: 2.5 KwH/m^2Day

Irr: 188 W/m^2Irr: 4.5 kwH/m^2-day

ExIll: 18.7 kLuxInIll: 2.15 kLux

151 dy188 W/m^2

151 dy188 W/m^2

151 dy188 W/m^2

%Covr: 7.5%

300 dy210 W/m^2

Irr: 5.25 KwH/m^2DayIrr: 219 W/m^2ExIll: 21.8 kLuxInIll: 2.15 kLux

%Covr: 6.2%

Irr: 292 W/m^2ExIll: 29.1 kLuxInIll: 2.15 kLux

%Covr: 4.8%

330 dy292 W/m^2

Irr: 7 KwH/m^2Day

dim_skylt (1) (3',5')bldg_ht 22'

spacing_skylt (24',15')

xtra-hi solar


spacing_skylt (24',17.5')

hi solar



med solar



low solar

INTERIOR

INTERIOR

xtra-hi solar

Floor Area (In Thousands of Ft.^2)

Low Precip.

Med. Precip.

Hi Precip.

Dra

inag

e Po

ints

50 90 110 130 150 170 190 210

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

1

Flat Horizontal: WalmartWalmart has utterly dominated the American retail sales market since its inception in 1962. However, its domestic dominance has not always translated to success in international arenas. While Walmart maintains a presence in over a dozen countries, the majority of its statistially signi�cant international sales have been in neghboring Mexico and Canada. Walmart is slowly on its way to approaching what apperas to be complete market saturation in the U.S., and, if the future holds true to present form, it will need to confront its inability to gain market share overseas in order to retain its current status at the top of the retail market.

Many of Walmart’s problems may be attributed to an in�exibility of its stores with regard to previaling local conditions. For all of ruthelss e�ciencies in almost every area, however, Walmart has yet to develop a systematic way of responding to local cultural and environmental conditions in a way that makes these variations readily apparent and thus e�ective in�ectors of experience or branding tools. It is the production of a guide to such a system of expressive e�ciency that is PEG’s goal.

In researching Walmart and its links to the broader Flat Horizontal type, we have focused our attentions on the roof, as it comprises the greatest part of Walmart’s surface area and engagement with the environment while also acting as the dominant face of the building inside the store. While the roof is generally treated as only a performative menbrane in current Walmart stores, incarnations produced by the PEG guide seek capitalize upon the dormant expressive capacities of the roof as evidenced in the so�t and cornice, speci�cally. The PEG guide partitions the roof further into a set of elements and provides a series of techniques for linking each element’s responses to performative mandates to types of experiential e�ects while also implementing several new performative criteria. As a whole, the responses to performative criteria provided by the PEG guide are meant, by making each building’s relationship to the environment explicit through the treatment of the roof, to induce a sense of locality or local speci�city to each Walmart, localizing each store with regard to global systems of sun and weather.

The speci�c responses to these conditions suggested by the guide generate, in turn, discrete ranges of a�ective experience produced by the cornice and the so�t with regard to the relationship of the building’s massing to its surroundings and the relationship between the space of the interior and that of the exterior of the store. While each range produced by climactic variables is necessarily limited, the guide also provides techniques for working within a given range that would allow each building to be even more speci�cally tailored to local conditions. This �exibility points to the broader disciplinaryvalue of such a study, for while many of these problems may be speci�c to Walmart, the methods for generating potential solutions and the ways in which these solutions are evaluated are quite �exible, and can in most cases be applied to any other incarnation of the Flat Horizontal type.

Your World,Your Local Walmart

1

2

3

3 4

44

3

4

4

4 5

5

5

6 6 6

6

6

6

7

7 7 7

7

7 7

8 8

6

5 5

54

2

3

3

2

3

22

2

22

2

22

2

(#PANELS)

(#PA

NEL

S)

STRIATED

17.5'

24'

INTERIOR

12.25'

25'

INTERIOR

DIAGONAL BIAS

DIAGONAL BIAS, DIM. DIFF.

INTERIOR

INTERIOR

DIAGONAL BIAS, DIM. DIFF.

17.5'

12'13'

17.5'

12'13'

12.5'

0° DIFFERENCE

1° DIFFERENCE

2° DIFFERENCE

3° DIFFERENCE

BUILDING HEIGHTK-VALUE

SOLAR IRRADIANCEFLATNESS

< Y

-VAL

UE

C-VA

LUE

>

AVG

TEM

P. -

AVG

TEM

P +

.1˚

-4˚

7˚10

˚13

˚16

˚19

˚22

˚25

˚

FINISH

HUE SELECTIONnumbers refer to components of CMYK values

REFLECTIVITY

80

80%

2.5 7.06.55.854.543.5

65% 50% 25% 15% 10% 5% 0%

60 40 20 15 10 8.5 5 010’ 12’ 14’ 16’ 18’ 20’ 22’ 24’ 26’+

PARAMETERS

DRAIN PANELDRAIN POINT

store sizerainfall

FRONT PARAPET

Current Supercenter Con�g.

Base Con�gurations(drawings not to scale)

Standard Con�gurationTypical Structural Bay

180 ft.^2 Skylight Area / Bay

Standard Con�gurationTypical American Store

Measurements taken in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Texas

INTE

RIO

R PE

RSPE

CTI

VEIN

TERI

OR

PERS

PEC

TIVE

INTE

RIO

R PE

RSPE

CTI

VEIN

TERI

OR

PERS

PEC

TIVE

DIM. DIFF. SHIFT

While di�culties in re-creating the same sorts of responsive supply chains found in the States in emerging economies comprise part of the problem, failures and lackluster sales in developed countries such as Japan and Germany point to Walmart’s localization policies as the main roadblock

PEG / Flat Horizontal Walmart Worldwide

Insolation (kwH/m^2-day): 1-2.5 2.5-32.5-3 3-4.53 4.5-6 6-7.5 7.5+ Annual Precipitation (mm/yr): 0-100 100-200 200-400 400-600 600-1000 1000-1500 1500-2000 2000-3000 Cultural Protectionism

Hi Lo Hi LoValues from combination of surveys from 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project

Economic Freedom2008 Values from Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal Hi Lo

Anti-GlobalisationSurvey from 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project

090715 Princeton_Alejandro Zaera Polo_Board 4

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