AKSOWHITEPAPER · 08Technical Architecture ... “information island phenomenon" and the lack of...
Transcript of AKSOWHITEPAPER · 08Technical Architecture ... “information island phenomenon" and the lack of...
TEAM AKSO
AKSOWHITEPAPER
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01 Project Overview ............................................................................................ 3
02 Background ..................................................................................................... 4
03 Solutions ........................................................................................................ 13
04 Application Scenarios ................................................................................ 16
05 The Significance of The Project Construction ...................................................... 21
06 Team Roadmap .............................................................................................. 23
07 Governance Structure .................................................................................... 25
08 Technical Architecture .................................................................................... 30
09 Trusted data component .............................................................................. 39
10 Token Issuance and Project Profit ....................................................................... 48
11 Core Members ................................................................................................. 51
12 Competitive Outlook ...................................................................................... 55
13 Risk Tips and Disclaimer ............................................................................... 57
14 References ....................................................................................................... 60
ContentsIntroduction
Abstract
Keywords
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Introduction
Since the dawn of history, there has been a war against diseases such as
plague, cholera, Spanish flu, Asian flu, SARS, H1N1, Ebola, and the new
coronary pneumonia. Each of these infectious diseases has cost humanity
greatly.
Pandemics and infectious diseases cause tens of thousands of deaths and
may destroy cities and countries and disintegrate civilisations. However, every
time humans work to conquer infectious diseases, they also improve human
health and hygiene concepts, improve medical and health care, and reform
related systems, enhancing the ongoing well-being of the entire human race.
Although these diseases are terrible, as long as humanity continues to improve
its medical systems, it will ultimately win.
The disease is terrible, only if we continue to improve the medical system,
we will certainly win in the end. In the human history of the disease war, AKSO
is willing to try best to against disease for humans.
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disease, epidemic, modern medical treatment, human disease,blockchain technology, DPOS mechanism
AbstractIn 2020, the spread of new coronavirus around the world has sounded the alarm for the
world’ s medical industry. Seemingly adequate medical systems have fallen foul of the
“information island phenomenon" and the lack of intelligent guidance platforms, leading to
urban and rural medical assistance system chaos and other deficiencies.
The AKSO team will combine medical and block-chain technology to integrate previous
achievements. Research on the medical industry as a starting point The goal is to form a complete
medical and block-chain ecological business closed loop, to contribute current worldwide
resistance to epidemics, and to contribute to the future of modern medical construction.
Keywords
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01Project Overview
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Project Overview
The 21st century is already an era of rapid technological
development in various industries, and almost all walks of life have seen
unprecedented progress. Simultaneously, however, medical and health
work are facing huge challenges. Medical information is gradually being
transformed into a critical resource affecting multiple production factors,
while medical automation technology and medical business process
information are also subject to cumulative ongoing changes. Intelligent
transformation and the precise processing and sharing of medical
information and data have increasingly become major concerns in the
medical industry. In such an era and against this industry background,
blockchain + medical approaches have developed that show strong
practical applications.
The characteristics of circulation, decentralisation, and collaboration
within the data chain seen in blockchain technology are good
approaches for the problem of medical data islands. The use of
blockchain technology for the construction of digital healthcare to
achieve medical informatisation is thus undoubtedly a key opportunity
for the medical industry. The advantages of medical informatisation are a
reflection of this, and the existing health care system can use these
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applications to accelerate the process of medical reform, identifying
more efficient ways to develop medical and health service management.
AKSO is a self-developed public chain, which will build open data
management and operation system and integrate blockchain technology
with the medical industry.In the future, AKSO will always maintain and
develop its leading position in the medical information area. Also, it is
committed to using blockchain technology to solve the problems that
restrict the rapid development of the industry, such as the opacity of
global medical information, the non-communication of data, and the
lack of intelligence, to make the global medical information develop
rapidly and continuously.
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02Background
2.1 Context
2.2 Policy Background
2.3 Industry Focus
2.4 Industry Pain Points
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Background
2.1 Context
Epidemics are relatively common. In the 1960s, a plague outbreak
worldwide caused more than 75 million deaths; the Spanish flu in the
1920s infected one third of the world ’s population; and in the early 21st
century, cases of H1N1 exploded around the world.
Since December 2019, when a new coronavirus appeared, offline
consumption has been greatly affected. Various industries are doing
their best to help people and societies survive this catastrophe,
particularly the medical industry. Since the outbreak of this new
epidemic in December 2019, a lack of prevention and control has caused
many people to become infected, and this new coronavirus has thus
become a worldwide medical problem. The whole world is again
shrouded in fear of infectious diseases.
The simultaneous plunge in crude oil prices, the meltdown of the
Dow Jones, and general global financial turmoil have also affected
everyone on the planet. The number of people infected every day, the
increase in the number of unemployed people, and the news that all
nations seem to be affected all mean that the search for a solution to this
medical problem is urgent.
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For this new coronary pneumonia, Chinese treatment is undoubtedly
excellent. The timely prevention and control and effective isolation have
allowed the epidemic to be quickly resolved in China. We need to learn
and reflect on Chinese response to the new coronary pneumonia as for
being able to deal with it calmly when the next major medical problem
erupts.
2.2 Policy Background
Blockchain technology is sometimes considered to be the next
disruptive core technology after steam engines, electricity, and the
Internet. If the steam engine releases productivity, electricity provides
basic needs for life, and the Internet has completely changed the way
information is transmitted, then the blockchain, as a machine for
building trust, will completely change the way human society
transmitsvalue. The significance of blockchain is that it can be used to
build a more reliable Internet system and fundamentally solve the issues
of fraud and rent-seeking common in value exchange and transfer
systems. With the development of blockchain technology, the digital
economy can become increasingly authentic and credible, and economic
society can become more reasonable and transparent.
Due to the huge potential for the application of blockchain
technology, many countries have begun to design development paths
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for blockchain at a national level. In the United States, this has prompted
a national strategy, and the US government has formed a basic
consensus on attitudes towards digital currencies and blockchain to
strengthen supervision and develop blockchain technology. The World
Bank is also very interested in blockchain technology, with the hope
being that this technology can be used in developing countries to track
the flow of funds more effectively and reduce corruption in the future.
2.3 Industry Focus
The medical industry is one of the most promising application areas
for blockchain technology. As global healthcare enters the digital age,
medical data security and patient privacy protection have become
increasingly important. At present, medical data is showing explosive
growth, and according to some forecasts, by the end of 2020, global data
10volumes will reach 40 trillion GB, about 30 times higher than in 2010.
The application of blockchain provides the best solution for medical data
storage due to its high redundancy, tamper-proofing, low cost, and
ability to manage multiple signatures with complex permissions. Many
companies in the medical industry have thus begun to apply blockchain
technology to the field of medical information.
On 4 March 2016, the Estonian eHealth Foundation announced a
partnership with corporate data security to promote the use of block
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chain technology to ensure the security of 100 million patient medical
records, integrating the company's Keyless Signature Infrastructure (KSI)
with blockchain technology and a Foundation Oracle data engine to
allow relevant personnel to view patient cases in real time. On 31 May
2017, an American medical block chain solutions provider officially
opened token sales to start the first encrypted token healthcare sector.
The project uses a secure closed-loop distributed ledger system to
connect parties in the healthcare ecosystem in a highly secure and
blockchain-supported healthcare information exchange platform (HIE)
to seamlessly exchange healthcare data. In August 2017, Illinois
distributed and shared block chain technology to optimise medical
certificate data and intelligence contracts and to help automate the
interstate health-related medical license workflow. In October 2017, a
Korean medical blockchain pilot project launched its personal health
management platform, focusing on safety for consumers and giving
them control over their personal health data, including, by means of
block chain technology, sharing, access, and use of personal health data.
The development of domestic medical and health data blockchains
is still in its infancy, and mature blockchain applications are still lacking,
but the broad application prospects of blockchain technology in the
medical field are supported by general consensus in the industry. In 2017,
the Augusta data interconnection system, based on blockchain
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technology, began development to achieve a real interconnection of
business data and to improve the experiences of both doctors and
patients. At present, many government agencies, research institutions,
and enterprises in various domestic medical industries have noted that
they are closely following the wave of disruptive and innovative
technologies associated with blockchain, and they have begun to
actively research and explore blockchain technology as applied in the
field of medical information and applications. The current research
hotspots for the application of blockchain technology to medical and
health industries include personal health management, medical
insurance claims, electronic medical records, clinical trials, medical claims,
and HIE medical knowledge base platforms.
2.4 Industry Pain Points
2.4.1 Health Data Security
The secure management of medical health data and effective privacy
protection are key challenges. In addition to overreliance on data
encryption technology, potential for hacker intrusions, and illegal logins,
data loss and other technical issues that endanger data security also
occur frequently. For example, in 2015, the American medical insurer
Anthem was hacked and more than80 million personal information
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records were stolen. In 2017, the Amazon database was hacked and
47GB of medical data was exposed to the public accidentally; it was
initially estimated that at least 150,000 patients were affected by this.
A network security report released by Verizon shows that, across the
world, the medical industry is the only industry where the risk of internal
threats is higher than that of external threats, however, and the leakage
of medical data by practitioners has reached an alarming level.
According to the report, there are three main reasons insiders leak
information: one is economic interests, such as tax evasion or the use of
stolen information to open credit lines (48%); the second is where
celebrities’ information is mined for curiosity or entertainment (31%);
while the third is purely because the information is available (10%). In
addition to these internal issues, however, another security risk for
medical information is hacking, and in recent years, such security
incidents have occurred all too frequently.
2.4.2 Serious Medical "Information Island" Phenomenon
There are many "information islands" within medical information
systems, and the degree of interconnection between systems is not high.
They therefore cannot meet the needs of various stakeholders, such as
government departments, insurance industries, medical institutions,
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health service providers, researchers, or patients, and the value of
medical health data cannot be fully utilised.
The extent of the problem of information islands exposed by the
process of medical development cannot be ignored. One survey showed
that more than 70% of hospitals have realised medical informatisation,
that less than 3% of hospitals have realised effective data exchange.
Medical big data is relatively scattered, and many information islands are
yet to be breached. As the same medical record can be interpreted
differently by different doctors, the fact that information between
hospitals cannot be communicated is a great loss for patients.
Information islands also bring great inconvenience to doctors and
hospital managers who use data and information regularly.
2.4.3 Lack of Regulatory Patient Privacy and Medical Data
With the continuous innovation and development of Internet
technology and the lack of related supporting legal systems, issues
related to the protection of patient privacy and data security have
become a key focus of attention. The use of medical data is not
supervised throughout the process of collection and use, and the privacy
of medical data is not effectively guaranteed. In June 2107, patient
names, addresses, health insurance numbers and other medical
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information were posted on the Internet from a British clinic, leading to
patient data exposure.
Failure to ensure the privacy of patient medical data has extremely
serious consequences. These types of data, when sold, allow criminals
access to new victims for various nefarious purposes.
2.4.4 Intelligent Guidance Platform Unsystematic
As income levels increase, health needs change from traditional
singular medical treatments to disease prevention, health management,
and health promotion. The increased demand for resource efficiency
thus continues to grow, and health management faces great
opportunities for development. A common problem in the medical
industry today is that the intelligent consultation platforms used are not
systematic enough; users who want online consultations often cannot
find reliable intelligent consultation platforms. According to relevant
statistics, in 2015, the size of the sleep medical market was around
US$254.09 billion. However, as personal medical data are scattered
across various medical institutions, commercial personal health
management services are often one-sided, unable to provide
comprehensive and qualified personal health management services.
2.4.5 Lack of Regulatory Medical Data
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Medical data usually contain sensitive information such as patient's
identity information, treatment plan, treatment cost, etc. once the data is
leaked, it is easy to cause health and property losses to patients. The
storage of medical data is in a state of scattered information island, and
due to technical limitations, the leakage and tampering of data cannot
be effectively monitored. The storage and use of supervision of medical
data have been a problem for governments all over the world.
It is difficult to form a timely and effective medical supervision, if
certain medical institutions or individual doctors conduct clinical routine
medication or examination, excessive medical treatment, lack of medical
treatment and other violations of medical safety based on certain
interests, the losses to patients are irreversible. Adhering to the
humanitarian concept, medical data supervision is of vital significance,
we have to put it on the agenda as soon as possible.
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03Solutions
3.1 Construction of AKSO Medical Blockchain
3.2 Data providers
3.3 Data Consumers
3.4 Thirdparty partners
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Solutions
3.1 Construction of AKSO Medical Blockchain
AKSO has created an open, equitable, and safe medical blockchain.
With the support of underlying blockchain technology , it can achieve
reliable storage, traceable management, tamper-proofing, and effective
medical health data privacy protection as part of an orderly and
controllable set of value utilisation within the industry ecosystem,
enabling all participants in the blockchain to create and share value.
In the AKSO, individuals can establish complete and safe personal
medical and health records based on personal authorisation. All personal
health information data can be stored in the AKSO in the form of health
files, and individuals can share all or part of their personal medical data
with medical institutions, medical health service providers, or
commercial insurance institutions according to their individual needs to
create value flow and allow the commercial development of medical
health data.
As the AKSO develops, doctors, patients, and research institutions
can all benefit from the sharing of medical and health information.
Patients can enjoy more professional and personalised medical and
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health services, as well as being able to handle medical and
health-related insurance claims more easily, saving time and increasing
the value of claims. For doctors, developing a more comprehensive
understanding of patients ’ medical files may not only can save
unnecessary time in repeated examinations but also provide more
accurate judgments on the patient's condition and treatment, allowing
the provision of accurate and high-quality medical services. For
government regulators, this sharing can achieve more orderly and
efficient supervision of the industry, while for individuals, research
institutions, or enterprises who want to study medical and health
information, they can use data provided by the platform after obtaining
authorisation, using the SDK to create various medical
information-related services and jointly promoting the development of
the medical and health industry.
3.2 Data Providers
After the user authorises it, a continuous aggregation of high- value
medical data will accrue on the blockchain. Patient data can be used for
insurance claims, health management, and personalised medical
treatment, and data and information transactions can be conducted
equitably based on patient authorisation. Anonymised data can also be
authorised for insurance disease premium analysis, drug efficacy
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analysis,disease revention and control, etc., effectively protecting patient
privacy.
3.3 Data Consumers
Government public sectors, medical institutions, health service
providers, commercial insurance institutions, other operators of the
industry, scientific researchers and patients can join the AKSO medical
blockchain to obtain corresponding information technology services.
Under the guarantee that blockchain technology is safe and controllable
and data use is traceable, medical data is analyzed and utilized to realize
the value of data
3.4 Third Party partners
Third party partners can create app stores on the blockchain
platform. These partners can then put apps on the platform that provide
artificial intelligence analysis, personal health management, natural
language processing, document retrieval, report analysis, appointment
registration, commercial insurance rapid settlement of claims, etc. to
meet the needs of users.
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Application Scenarios
4.1 Application Case
4.2 business features of the application scenario
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Application Scenarios
4.1 Application Case
4.1.1 Health Management and Intelligent Guidance
Personal Health Management provides for health education, health
assessment, health promotion, and health tracking by performing data
analysis of personal lifestyle choices, personal medical history, personal
health check-ups, etc. Specialised health management services, such as
supervision and medical consultation are also possible. AKSO has a
distributed database that allows personal comprehensive health
information to be accessed by medical service providers and health
service providers, allowing patients to benefit from more complete, more
accurate, and safer data services, and ultimately improving quality across
the board by providing better personal health management services.
Simultaneously, the intelligent guided diagnosis platform implemented
by AKSO will allow users to assess their medical problems.
4.1.2 Medical data visualisation
Medical data is currently held "island-style" in centralised storage in
most places, making it difficult to share securely. Health
insurance-related claims are still at the stage of relying on
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paperdocuments, reducing both efficiency and accuracy. Using AKSO,
data on medical equipment, medicines, and medical personnel will be
perfectly linked to the chain; any available information will be saved to
the chain, and the best configuration will also be obtained in each case.
Medical staff and users can choose the data with the highest utilisation
value to go on the chain, connecting their medical data islands, and
promoting regional interoperability.
4.1.3 Insurance and risk control
In the current insurance business, the lack of reliable means of data
collection and storage of personal information means that disputes
between the insurance company and insured parties often occur,
particularly where the insured party provides false or incomplete
information. Where personal information is lacking, when a claim is
settled, there may be disagreement on the determination of any
exemption clauses, for example. Insurance companies face various risks
from time to time, and any regulatory agency can only take
pre-examination or post-restraint measures.
For other medical insurance institutions, AKSO can be used to assist
from the perspective of data management, effectively helping insurance
companies improve their risk management capabilities, to improve risk
management for policyholders and risk supervision for the acompanies.
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For allied medical insurance institutions, the AKSO Foundation and the
AKSO project profits will provide sufficient funds for claims settlement,
and AKSO users can enjoy the benefits of AKSO medical insurance,
including 60 to 70% of claims, unlimited borders, and prompt payment.
4.1.4 Scientific Research
The development of new drugs can be used as an example.
According to the 2016 Journal of Health Economics, it takes more than
10 years and 2.6 billion yuan for a pharmaceutical company to market a
drug, though the cost, effort and time required for drug development
are difficult to estimate. Many of these costs are exacerbated due to the
high administrative costs of distributed multi-agency administrative
supervision and clinical trial data collection. The use of AKSO can help
scientific research institutions and scientific researchers to conveniently
and reliably manage the experimental results from multiple test sites and
multiple test patients, reducing the cost of multi-centre test methods.
4.1.5 Urban and rural medical assistance
As sensitive data such as personal medical information are scattered
across various medical institutions, urban and rural medical industries in
different regions are very suitable application scenarios for blockchain
technology. The blockchain can be used to realise the circulation and
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authorisation of residents' health information so that doctors at various
levels of hospitals in various regions can quickly understand a patient's
past medical history and access medical examination information when
they are authorised to do so, avoiding unnecessary secondary
examinations and saving on medical payments. This improved access to
full medical services should thus help global medical reform. AKSO will
invest in urban and rural medical development, simplifying medical
assistance and standardising the workflow of urban and rural medical
services to improve the management of intelligent medical assistance
services.
4.2 Commercial Features of Application Scenarios
AKSO is a developer-friendly common chain with the performance
advantages of an underlying architecture based on the DPOS consensus
mechanism. It also has supporting functions such as G-ID, GVM, BaaS,
Blockcity-Pay, TEE, and Oracle Machine to facilitate the development of
various applications.
The following features of the AKSO hint at the unlimited possibilities
for commercial value within AKSO.
4.2.1 High-Performance and Scalable
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AKSO is a high-performance basic chain that has a theoretical
processing capacity of up to 100,000 transactions per second. To
facilitate the possibility of increasing business on the chain in the future,
AKSO also supports vertical and horizontal expansion to quickly increase
the transaction processing capacity per second.
4.2.2 Mass Data Provider
The Trusted Data Uplink and Trusted Data Exchange components of
AKSO support data uplink and exchange in all fields. Developers are
authorized by the data source in the Trusted Execution Environment (TEE)
to then trade and use data. All applications developed on AKSO can
access user personal data on receiving user authorisation. Based on this,
developers can provide products and services completely personalised
to these users.
4.2.3 Developer-friendly
The AKSO has rich API and IDE tools and comprehensive
multi-language development documents, as well as a developer portal
that gathers all resources together to facilitate the entire process for
developers from entry and release to commercial use.
4.2.4 Low-cost, high-availability BaaS storage service
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AKSO provides additional support such as storage and verification
blockchain as a service (BaaS) interfaces, based on the addition of
multiple parties to the AKSO Account contract, as well as data storage
and certificate storage services within a self-built high-availability IPFS
service. The latter perfectly combines the efficient access capacity of IPFS
with the efficient accounting capacity of AKSO to ensure that any data
storage in the chain has permanent traceability. Developers can thus
develop blockchain applications full of practical value based on the
BaaS-API, data transaction API, and native API.
4.2.5 Dynamic global parameter adjustment
AKSO can dynamically adjust global system parameters without
forking.
This function is called Dynamic Global Property (DGP). The
governing board on the chain can initiate a proposal, such as a vote on
the block size, and dynamic adjustment of global parameters such as
block speed and transfer fee can be done immediately.
Examples include adjusting block generation speed from 3 seconds
to 1 second; adjusting the block size from 2M to 8M; and adjusting the
transfer fee from 0.05 AKSO to 0.01 AKSO.
4.2.6 Extremely fast and convenient digital asset issue
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AKSO has very simple digital asset issuance processes and standards
(GUIA, AKSO UserIssuedAssets), allowing developers to freely issue and
circulate data based on AKSO digital assets.
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The Significance of The Project Construction
5.1 Government and Medical Institutions
5.2 patients
5.3 Research Institutions
5.4 Insurance Institutions
5.5 Pharmacy Dealers
5.6 Third Party Cooperation
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The Significance of The Project Construction
5.1 Government and Medical Institutions
The authorized users who join the AKSO blockchain node can
quickly query the past cases and physical examination information of
users when they are authorized, so as to propose more targeted
treatment plans. Government agencies can strengthen regional health
and health supervision and management through the analysis of medical
big data on the blockchain.
5.2 patients
Patients have their own complete medical and health history records,
which can authorize other medical institutions, insurance institutions,
research institutions to access their own data from big data of AKSO
blockchain. it will become a more complete treatment plan, more
appropriate insurance products, and solve more complex problems.
5.3 Research Institutions
Medical researchers and big data research institutions conduct
in-depth research on a wide range of medical data of AKSO medical
institutions to achieve accurate medicine and evidence-based research,
and the cost is lower than traditional research and experiment.
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5.4 Insurance Institutions
AKSO blockchain platform shares real-time medical insurance data
with insurance companies to improve the efficiency of settlement. It can
also provide flexible and personalized health insurance products for
patients, to reduce the dependence on medical insurance to a certain
extent and provide better health insurance for residents.
5.5 Pharmacy Dealers
Users can utilize the blockchain to help scientific research
institutions and researchers realize the evaluation and management of
test results from multiple test sites and patients and reduce the cost and
time of multi-center test. By using the blockchain to store information
about multi-party medical data, pharmaceutical companies can find
problems in drug use in time and trace them.
5.6 Third Party Cooperation
Create an application store on the blockchain platform. Third-party
partners make full use of the data authorized by the platform to provide
data analysis and business application services, such as personal health
management, artificial intelligence, and big data health analysis
applications.
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Team Roadmap6.1 2019
6.2 2020
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Team Roadmap
2019
In October 2019, the key members of AKSO's team were announced.
In November 2019, AKSO PROJECT TEAM PUBLIC CHAIN R & D
program was officially launched.
In December 2019, a collaboration agreement was reached with the
Global Smart Health System Development Platform to jointly develop a
data visualization system with blockchain technology at its core.
2020
In January 2020, AKSO launched the global community consensus
building initiative.
In February 2020, AKSO announced that he would join the urban and
rural health care informatization initiative, providing a common set of
technology outputs and application scenarios.
In March 2020, AKSO released his project roadmap.
In April 2020, the AKSO project token went on sale around the world.
In September 2020, AKSO's test network was launched and the
developer program was launched.
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In September 2020, the founder of AKSO led a global summit on
blockchain + healthcare
In October 2020, the official launch of the Main Network, DAPP R &
D officially launched.
In November 2020, the first version of the self-developed intelligent
guidance system officially launched, the project began the first leg of the
global city tour in Beijing, China.
In December 2020, AKSO DAPP was launched and ecological
construction was gradually completed. The project will tour the world
cities in Italy and South Korea, and promote 30 top three hospitals,
serving 3 million users.
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Governance Structure
7.1 governance structures and mechanisms
7.2 Governance on the chain -- Council of AKS and the AKSO node
7.3 AKSO board and AKSO node
7.4 AKSO node election rules
7.5 Node Revenue
7.6 Governance Under the Chain -- The Harvard Foundation
07
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Governance structure
7.1 Governance structure and mechanism
Governance is the core proposition of a public chain, and only a
decentralised governance public chain will have sufficient vitality.
Through a combination of on-chain and off-chain governance, AKSO
introduces both people and code into the complex governance system
of the public chain, thereby ensuring the decentralisation of governance
while ensuring its effectiveness. Every AKSO asset holder has the right to
participate in this decentralised governance, and the operation and
development direction of the public chain ecology will be decided by all
AKSO holders through consultation and voting. The AKSO's on-chain
governance structure is composed of the Council and Trust Nodes. The
on-chain council is composed of 11 members and can propose
modification of the dynamic global parameters of AKSO. The AKSO node
group is composed of 21 node members and is responsible for
transaction accounting, transaction verification, block packaging, and
confirmation of the AKSO network. The Council: equivalent to a board of
directors on the chain, this is responsible for global parameters such as
AKSO blocks, transactions, and handling fees. It consists of 11 members,
and each member must be one of the AKSO node miners responsible for
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AKSO transaction accounting, transaction verification, block packaging
and confirmation. AKSO node: there will be at least 21 nodes, but the
first 11 AKSO nodes automatically become members of the AKSO
Foundation: a non-profit organisation, registered in Singapore, which is
composed of seven departments including a decision-making
committee, an advisory committee, an executive committee, and an
ecological construction committee. They are responsible for the major
decisions on AKSO, technology development, global promotion,
financial management, and conference organisation.
7.2 On-Chain Governance: the AKSO council and
AKSO module nodes
Chain governance of AKSO is achieved through the AKSO council
and the use of AKSO module nodes. AKSO holders can easily and quickly
exercise their governance rights in AKSO through these nodes. There are
21 AKSO nodes in the AKSO ecology, each providing AKSO with network,
storage, and computing infrastructure. AKSO encourages each AKSO
node to build its own community, so that each AKSO node community
can develop in mutual competition and strengthen the AKSO ecosystem.
Eleven nodes of the AKSO are elected as members of the AKSO Council,
the core chain governance organization of the AKSO community.
7.3 The AKSO Council and AKSO module nodes
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There are three roles in the AKSO governance ecosystem:
1) Currency holders: individuals or institutions holding any number
of AKSO.
2) AKSO nodes: Individuals or institutions are voted for by all AKSO
holders, with votes counted every hour, to form a total of 21 AKSO nodes.
In node election voting, the top 21 candidates are AKSO nodes. A AKSO
node is responsible for AKSO network transaction verification,
transaction accounting, block packaging and confirmation, and the
successful packaging of a block will receive the corresponding reward.
The nodes of the AKSO are thus supervised by the AKSO community.
3) AKSO Council: Eleven nodes of the AKSO are elected as members
of the AKSO Council, based on votes. The AKSO Council is the
governance organisation of the core chain of the AKSO community. Its
main responsibility is to set reasonable global parameters for the public
chain to promote the long-term healthy development of AKSO.
These include
1) Modifying the dynamic parameters of the blockchain, such as
block size and block interval;
2) Creating block rewards for AKSO nodes, and determining the
number of nodes and the number of active board members;
3) Transferring and issuing assets and setting various transaction
fees; and
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4) Creating smart contract and call rates.
7.4 Election Rules for AKSO Nodes
Every AKSO holder can become a candidate for a AKSO node.
Candidates need to mortgage 10,000 AKSO to the system (or a specific
amount decided by council vote) that can be retrieved after 30 days
(system dynamic parameters can also be adjusted by council vote) on
exiting the election; however, if the node performs illicit operations, the
mortgaged AKSO can be voted by the council. In order to ensure the
efficient conduct of node elections, AKSO has formulated a series of
standards and rules for nodule node candidates. The Ecological
Construction Committee of the AKSO Foundation will review the
candidate nodes according to these standards and rules. Candidates for
the AKSO module node must meet the following basic conditions:
It must
1) Have a legally established organisational body and an official
website and public social media platform account;
2) Have a node for community members to test;
3) Have a server that can run the node, including both operation and
maintenance;
4) Mortgage a certain amount of AKSO to create a AKSO node;
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if the mortgaged AKSO is retrieved, it is considered to have
withdrawn from the campaign;
5) Have budget support, technical solutions, and hardware
expansions formulated for the next three years, along with a community
support plan; and
6) Have an adequate user community
7.5 Revenue nodes
AKSO mainly operates via block reward, and the amount of block
reward is decided by a council vote. After each block is packaged, the
matching AKSO node will receive the corresponding block reward. The
block generation reward pool consists of two parts: transfer fees and
foundation donation node rewards. In order to incentivise positive
contributions from the nodes in the AKSO ecosystem, the AKSO
Foundation will donate 4 million pieces. The AKSO injection system
capital pool will then be used as a node block reward. The reward will be
distributed over eight years, with 500,000 pieces released each
year.Voting for the nodes of the AKSO is such that each AKSO is
regarded as one vote, which can vote for multiple candidate nodes. The
AKSO participating in the voting for a node of the AKSO will be pledged
from users’ wallets; if these assets are transferred out, the vote will be
deemed to be withdrawn. The top 20 nodes with the highest cumulative
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votes are automatically elected as AKSO nodes, and the 21st node is
randomly generated from the remaining candidate nodes. The main
voting channel is thus exchange voting. If the user's AKSO is in their
exchange wallet, and the exchange supports the AKSO's node oting, they
can use this method to vote.
7.6 Off-chain governance
The AKSO Foundation will be formally established in Singapore in
May 2020. It aims to promote and maintain the foundation and ensure
the development and health of the AKSO ecosystem through the
imposition of scientific, reasonable, and effective governance
mechanisms. It will provide AKSO holders with appropriate protection
and rights and build efficient communication channels between various
stakeholders such as AKSO holders, communities, nodes, and app
developers. The AKSO Foundation will disclose the current development,
operation, and use of AKSO to the community every year, as well as
inviting a third-party audit agency to supervise the financial operation of
the project. The audit report will be announced as part of the annual
information disclosure.
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08Technical Architecture
8.1 Data Layer
8.2 Network Layer
8.3 Consensus Layer
8.4 Incentive layer
8.5 Contract layer
8.6 Smart Contracts
8.7 Application Layer
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Technical Architecture
Above, AKSO technical architecture
8.1 Data Layer
The data layer is the bottom layer of blockchain model, which
describes the blockchain structure. In addition, Graphene introduces the
design of a multi-signature account model, which is stored in memory in
the form of an object. On the basis of account model, AKSO introduces
the concept of digital identity, that is, each account on AKSO can be
mapped to a unique digital identity (we call it G-ID); block, account and
digital identity constitute AKSO Data layer.
8.2 Network Layer
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AKSO network is a distributed topology network composed of all
nodes. Each node in the network relates to each other in a point-to-point
way, and each node is equal. Each node can independently verify all
blocks and transactions, and there is no unique and special node. Peer to
Peer network is an important infrastructure in the data layer of the
blockchain; the network layer realizes the underlying mechanism of
nodes discovering, connecting and communicating with each other in
the network, which supports the efficient and stable operation of the
AKSO blockchain system.
8.3 Consensus Layer
AKSO USES DPOS to implement a consensus mechanism for
blockchain accounting and data exchange. The DPOS
(DelegatedProofofStake) mechanism is derived from Graphene, which is
also called the trustee mechanism. The principle is convening the whole
network token holders to vote, resulting in at least 21 representatives as
the block producers of the system. We can understand it as 21 (infinitely
explore) supernodes or mining pools, and the rights of these 21
supernodes are completely equal to each other. In a way, Dpos is a bit
like a parliamentary system or a people's Congress system. Only one
representative of AKSO has the right to produce blocks at any block time.
If the representative fails to perform their duties (fails to generate blocks
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within a predetermined period of time), they will be removed from the
list and the network will select a new AKSO node to replace them.
The main consensus mechanisms of existing blockchain projects are
pow (proof of work) and POS (proof of stock). A few projects adopt the
consensus mechanism of modified BFT (Byzantine fault tolerance),
Bitcoin is the most successful cryptocurrency under the pow
mechanism. Although the pow mechanism has successfully proved its
long-term stability and relative fairness, its efficiency is relatively low, For
example, bitcoin can only process about six transactions per second, and
it also needs a lot of energy consumption, which does not meet the
high-performance requirements of becoming a basic chain; The more
mature digital currency under POS mechanism is peer-coin. Compared
with pow, the concept of "currency day" is introduced to participate in
the random operation, as there may be a small number of large
households holding most tokens in the whole network, the whole
network may tend to be more centralized with the increase of operation
time. Although POS mechanism saves energy, it does not improve
performance and security very well.
In order to improve the performance based on security and
decentralization, Dpos mechanism came out. Dpos mechanism requires
that before the next block is generated, it must verify that the previous
block has been signed by the trusted node.
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Compared with the "mining by the whole people" of POS, Dpos uses
a system like "Congress" to directly select trusted nodes. These trusted
nodes (i.e. witnesses) are used to exercise power instead of other holders.
The witness nodes require long-term online, thus solving a series of
problems such as block delay caused by the fact that the signing
blockers for POS are not often online.
Dpos mechanism usually can achieve the transaction speed of 10000
times per second and can reach 100000 times per second when the
network delay is low, which is very suitable for enterprise applications.
Because AKSO needs to serve the medical data economy, it requires a
high level of data exchange and calculation in a trusted environment and
long-term stability, therefore Dpos is an outstanding choice.
8.4 Incentive layer
Incentive layer is a very important setting of the public chain ecology.
It is mainly responsible for the issuance system and distribution system
of incentives. Compared to the mining of the whole people, the Dpos
consensus mechanism pays more attention to the cooperation and
interaction between the nodes that produce blocks supervision, the
mechanism enables the incentive layer more efficient. The incentive
layer of AKSO achieves a unique on-chain governance and incentive
allocation system:
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a. The foundation trusts a budget in a global contract and controls
the allocation of budgets through linear algorithms;
b. In the first stage, an 8-year budget (4,000,000 AKSO) is invested at
one time, and each time an AKSO node produces a block correctly, it can
receive a revenue from this budget;
c. The opportunity for each AKSO node is equally, AKSO nodes need to
be honest and efficiently promote the operation of the network.
8.5 Contract layer
AKSO includes more than 70 built-in contracts, smart contracts and
oracles. On this basis, cross-chain relay is implemented, so that AKSO can
be reliable cross-chain interactions between heterogeneous chains.
8.6 Smart Contracts
GVM uses WebAssembly (WASM) to execute smart contracts.
WebAssembly enables developers to write smart contracts in their
familiar programming language, and currently supports C ++. In order to
help the developers to write smart contracts, AKSO will support more
programming languages in the future.
Using the compilation tool provided by AKSO, you can compile
high-level language code such as C ++ into bytecode in WASM format,
and call the contract deployment interface to deploy the code on the
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chain. A smart contract is successfully deployed, and create a smart
contract account on the blockchain. The account's bytecode and the
corresponding ABI (Application Binary Interface) are stored in the
account. Compared to ordinary AKSO accounts, contract accounts and
assets are controlled by contract codes and have no private keys. Users
calling smart contracts need to specify the contract account name and
contract method, and use ABI to interact with the smart contract. ABI is
generated by the AKSO compilation tool and contains information such as
contract interfaces, interface parameters, and persistent storage
structures. Smart contract's persistent storage is stored in memory in the
form of objects. The storage fields and types of objects are customized
by developers according to business needs.
In order to reasonably use blockchain resources, each call of a
smart contract needs to burn a certain amount of miner fees. The fee
consists of three parts: the basic fee (fixed), the memory fee (charged
based on persistent storage usage), and the CPU fee (based on the
amount CPU time occupied by each call is billed), the price of the three
fees and the CPU limit of the calling contract can be dynamically
adjusted by the council. Smart contract fee calculation rules:
contract deployment fee:
benchmark fee + transaction message size * unit KB fee
deploy_fee = basic_fee + transaction_size * price_per_kb
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contract call fee:
benchmark fee + memory usage + cpu usage
transaction_fee = basic_fee + ram_usage * price_per_kb + cpu_usage
* price_per_ms
8.6.1 Built-in Contract
AKSO enables the protocol layer and highly versatile 70 kinds of
contracts are written contract built, very rich, these contracts are
hardCode in the chain, developers can call according to the contract's
interface parameters, and will directly refuse to call for requests that do
not meet the interface requirements. Although the HardCode contract
loses some flexibility, it improves security and stability.
8.6.2 Oracle Machine
The Oracle Machine provides reliable and secured input of off-chain
data to AKSO, which provides great convenience for the calculation of
smart contracts and DApps.
8.6.3 Cross-chain layer
The cross-chain layer implements the basic logic of asset custody
and inter-chain interaction through smart contracts. AKSO nodes
implement out-of-chain state input through oracles; AKSO can be
implemented through the relay layer. AKSO and parachain, application
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chain, decentralized business alliance, isomorphic and heterogeneous
chains.
AKSO cross-chain relay layer has the following characteristics:
1) AKSO nodes are relays: AKSO nodes serve as trusted nodes for fair
elections across the entire network, except for transaction verification of
the entire network In addition to block production, it can also participate
in the datafeed service of the relay layer, and realize the input of external
status through the oracle;
2) Margin / reward and punishment mechanism: AKSO nodes of AKSO
will mortgage certain assets in the following contract, to provide security
and exchange services, all other participants can jointly act as
supervisors to supervise the behavior of the AKSO node. Once the AKSO
node is found to be evil and the proof is successful, the supervisor will
receive a certain share of proof reward ;
3) Data validation multi oracle: in addition to incentive mechanisms
and deposit, in order to further improve the credibility oracle external
input parameters, a AKSO is achieved by way of multiple data verification
participatory;
4) AKSO Nodes have no fees: The traditional relay mode needs to
initiate a large number of broadcasts on the chain, which consumes a lot
of fees, and AKSO has designed a unique scheme to ensure When the
AKSO node calls the oracle to input external parameters, there is no need
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to pay a commission fee. Such a scheme is jointly guaranteed by the AKSO
node, which is a relay, a deposit / reward and punishment mechanism,
and multi-party data verification method.
8.7 Application Layer
The application layer is the same as the application layer in the
traditional OSI model. The application layer of AKSO provides an interface
for application software. It also provides multi-language client packages
to simplify the calling process. The application layer mainly contains The
following parts:
1) AKS-Olient: Built-in contract, smart contract, oracle and
cross-chain interaction components, supply application calls
2) DES-SDK: Trusted data exchange interaction components, supply
application calls
3) BaaS-SDK: Trusted data storage interaction component, supply
application calls
4) CLI-Wallet: Command-line wallet that encapsulates the main chain
interaction API
5) GXX: AKSO smart contract compilation tool, which can compile
smart contracts into Webassembly bytes Through the simplified
cross-chain interaction component provided by the application layer,
wasm can implement AKSO and Para-chain, App-chain and
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DistributedBusiness alliance chain (ConsortiumChain). Inter-chain
communication.
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09Trusted data component
9.1 Trusted General Digital Identity
9.2 Trusted data on-chain
9.3 Trusted Data Storage
9.4 Trusted Data Exchange
9.5 Trusted Data Computing
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Trusted Data Components
9.1 Trusted Universal Digital Identity
A trusted universal digital identity is the passport of the blockchain
world, opening up all blockchain applications, and allowing users to
proceed unimpeded in the blockchain world. Decentralised and
tamper-proof blockchain is the best solution to strengthening trust
between entities, and thus the influence of digital identity is huge. It not
only affects issues covered by currency but also facilitates the
collaborative consensus of everyone in the world. Behind any digital
identity lie issues of asset ownership, personal information, personal
background, credit history, and social relationships, and thus these
require strong trust, like currency.
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The AKSO G-ID Application
G-ID (GeneralIdentity) refers to a trusted universal digital identity on
the AKSO. Each user will get a unique G-ID on the chain after passing
KYC ID. G-ID has functions including, but not limited to, the following :
G-ID helps users record their personal data on the chain;
G-ID helps users record their behaviours and credits on the chain;
G-ID helps users exchange data and assets exchanged across the
chain;
G-ID helps users to achieve fast login between various apps.
9.2 Trusted data on-chain
Blockchain, as a distributed, tamper-proof, trusted ledger, provides a
good means of value storage. However, blockchain technology itself
only prevents modification of data on the chain, with no effect on how
data reaches the chain. How to ensure the credibility of this process is
thus one of the important issues to solved to ensure a trusted data
component.
Discussing the credibility of the data itself can be achieved by
identifying credible verification parties. For the verification of personal
identity, a two-element (name + ID number) verification interface
provided by public security or bank card information that needs to be
verified through a bank's interface may be used. This confirms that
centralised trust institutions such as banks and public security are
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irreplaceable to some extent. The emergence of blockchain technology
does not subvert such trust mechanisms, but seeks to supplement such
mechanisms with more security while providing efficient solutions:
1) Digital signature technology: If a third party has confirmed their
identity, they are considered a trusted third party. Through digital
signature technology, a trusted third party can sign verified data The
signature not only ensures that the data cannot be tampered with after
verification but also contains the identity information of the trusted third
party, allowing anyone to verify the identity of this public signature.
2) Source data credible verification: AKSO will provide standard data
on-chain components, data exchange protocols, and agent accounting
contracts. After the source data is confirmed by the data owner (whether
an individual or enterprise), their private key is used to encrypt the data
and sign the dataSign (I confirm). The application then uses the data and
generates a checksum (data verification) for the content, before calling
the agent accounting contract and binding the data to the G-ID of the
data owner. The use of data on the chain then requires the authorisation
of the data owner, and the validity of the data owner is verified by means
of the dataSign and checksum.
9.3 Trusted Data Storage
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A natural distributed trusted ledger may not seem to need trusted
data storage, yet this is not a contradiction, but rather an attempt to
address a practical pain point: Redundant storage of blockchain is very
expensive, and two solutions to solve this pain point are available:
1) Distributed storage: Distributed storage is not a new concept.
Private and public storage solutions such as HDFS and IPFS provide for
such needs in different scenarios, and by storing data outside the chain
in a distributed manner, not only can the main chain storage resources
be used reasonably but also data can be selected for private storage and
public access.
2) Verifiable data storage: The most important thing for trusted data
storage based on blockchain is to utilise the advantages of the
distributed ledger nature of blockchain to ensure that data cannot be
tampered with. Verifiable data storage is essential. Using cryptographic
methods such as digital signatures or file hashing, a verifiable file index
and hash that stores data outside the chain and records the data on the
main chain ledger must thus be implemented.
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The figure above shows the trusted data storage design for
AKSO. The user's DBlock (personal data block) will be mapped and
bound to the G-ID, and each DBlock is connected in series, based on the
data version. The main data structure of DBlock includes a txid
(accounting transaction id) and a CID (IPFS document hash). IPFS
guarantees that each document can generate a unique CID in multiple
formats, and the CID is irreversibly stored on AKSO, ensuring that the
data written on the chain (whether main chain or side chain) cannot be
tampered with. The DBlock data stored on the IPFS side chain also
contains dataSign and checksum figures, which help ensure the
authenticity and verifiability of DBlock data.
9.4 Trusted Data Exchange
Data is the most important production resource of the future, and
also the most important hidden asset (HiddenAssets). This is a huge
source of wealth accumulated by each person and enterprise throughout
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their existence. How to allow these hidden assets to circulate efficiently,
reasonably and safely is thus one of the key problems to be addressed by
trusted data components. In the previous sections, some solutions to
issues with the credibility of the data chain process and the credibility of
data storage were discussed. It is also important to think about how to
make the data circulation process credible, and how to achieve
credibility in data exchange. The focus of trusted data exchange is the
problem of privacy leakage during data transmission and storage. From
a business perspective, it is possible to isolate the environment in which
the data is used by means of off-chain computing, or to use data
desensitization and other means to ensure that the data can be used
without affecting privacy, while from a technical perspective, several
different scenarios emerge:
1) Asymmetric encryption and decryption:
Asymmetric encryption and decryption technology ensures that only
two parties holding a private key can decrypt content during a
transmission process, thus ensuring that a third party cannot intercept
and access the content. AKSO uses the ECC public-private key algorithm,
allowing a shared key between two pairs of public and private keys to be
calculated, thereby realising private data transmission between the two
accounts.
2) Safe Multiparty Computing (MPC):
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Safe Multiparty Computing (MPC) was officially proposed by Yao
Qizhi in 1982. It mainly focuses on ensuring that participants can each
input information to calculate a predetermined function, and while
ensuring the accuracy of the calculation, does not disclose the
participants' input data. Specifically, for n participants, each participant, i,
knows their own input, xi; they want to collaboratively calculate a given
function f (x1, ..., xn) = y; thus, by each participant contributing their
specific xi, all participants can get the final result, y, but the input data of
other parties is not shared with them.
3) Homomorphic encryption (HE):
Homomorphic encryption is an encryption method that allows
calculation of ciphertext. In addition to the original components of a
traditional encryption scheme, another calculation algorithm, that takes
the objective function F, is included with the encrypted data as input.
Homomorphic encryption then generates an encrypted result. On
decrypting this result, the obtained message requires performing F on
the plaintext of the encrypted data. A cryptosystem that supports
arbitrary calculations on ciphertext is called full homomorphic
encryption (FHE).
9.5 Trusted Data Computing
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Trusted data exchange focuses on privacy protection during data
transmission and storage processes, while trusted data computing
focuses on the security of data usage and processing. Off-chain
computing, data desensitisation, secure multi-party computing, and
homomorphic encryption are all important technical means of enabling
trusted data computing. Although Secure Multi-Party Computing (MPC)
and Homomorphic Encryption (HE) are theoretically feasible, the former
requires a lot of interaction and the latter requires a great deal of
calculation, reducing performance and efficiency such that there is no
way to scale application. From the perspective of current technology
maturity, a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) is a more feasible
solution. TEE technology provides three functions:
1) Security: TEE is an isolated area where unauthorised devices or
operating systems cannot operate.
2) Confidentiality: Programs running in the TEE are encrypted, so
unauthorised devices or operating systems cannot view them.
3) Verifiable: While maintaining confidentiality, code running on TEE
can receive external verification.
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10Token Issuance and Project Profit
10.1 Total Issue Amount
10.2 Token distribution
10.3 Project Profit
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Token Issuance and Project Profit
10.1 Total Issue Amount
The total issue amount is two billion, and the amount is constant,
and no additional issue will ever be made. Initially issued based on ERC20.
In the future, it will develop its own main chain, ERC20 tokens and
mainnet tokens are mapped in a 1: 1 ratio.
10.2 Token distribution
node Dpos mining output: 1 billionunsold
ICO part: 500 million,part will be completely destroyed. The
team reserves: 500 million. The
reserved part of the team is allocated as follows:
Foundation 10%: reserved to support the fund And provide
necessary funds for the healthy development of AKSO, such as auditing,
consulting, legal and other third-party fees and other administrative
costs
30% for technical development: Includes costs, expenses and
expenses directly attributable to release development, including funding
hackathons, rewarding volunteers and training program
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Marketing 15% :including business development, community planning
and outreach, related needs survey and analysis, marketing agency
formulation, implementation, and other marketing expenses
10% of public relations: including public opinion monitoring,
investor relationship maintenance, media relationship maintenance, and
public relations handling of emergency crises
17% of team operation: Including the expenses of daily work to
maintain the daily good development of the project
8% of R & D sponsorship: Including conferences, research plans and
university outreach
Private placement 10%: Early investors invest
10.3 Project Profit
Firstly, with AKSO online, AKSO medical ecological construction will
also start. AKSO will carry out in-depth cooperation with other medical
or other industry companies, for example, sharing medical data between
medical institutions. This will be a move for the benefit of patients. After
the medical system is improved, patients will receive more timely and
effective treatment, thereby improving Hospital reputation and increase
revenue. 30% of the profit of this part of the project will be used to pay
for the AKSO ecological construction staff, and the other 70% will be
used to repurchase AKSO tokens on the market, and all of them will be
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transferred to black hole addresses, helping tokens become an absolute
deflationary market.
Secondly, Aker will unite medical institutions and personnel to form
a cross-institutional and industry-wide blockchain alliance to study and
formulate the blockchain industry standards and protocol framework in
the medical field. All users who join this "medical + blockchain" big
alliance need to pay alliance agreement fee. This part of the cost will be
used to repurchase AKSO tokens on the market, as a reward and gift, in
addition to the necessary maintenance of the alliance. AKSO users.
Finally, the data of AKSO's entire platform is real-time, credible,
storable and traceable. Consumers can be used as nodes to join the IoT
blockchain platform to achieve transparency in the production process
and increase the product's premium capabilities. Form efficient
interaction between businesses and consumers! Increase consumer
spending frequency, enhance consumer quality and consumer
experience! Realize a win-win situation for enterprises and consumers! 3.
AKSO will be the industry leader in medical + blockchain, integrating
existing medical resources and leading the healthy development of the
global medical industry. AKSO will use the profits gained in the future of
the medical IoT platform to help the AKSO token market run smoothly
and smoothly.
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11Core Members
11.1 Chinese research and development team
11.2 The Overseas Member
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11.1 Chinese research and development team
Professor, chief physician, doctoral supervisor. Doctor
of Medicine, Essen University, Germany, Postdoctoral Fellow,
Northwestern University. He is a member of the Chinese
Medical Association Hepatology Branch and a member of
the Infectious Branch of the Hubei Medical Association.
Blockchain enthusiasts and participants.
Professor, former director of Department of Infectious
Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital
Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, National Youth
Commissioner of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases
Society of Chinese Medical Association, Standing Member of
Wuhan Infectious Diseases and Parasites Society , Standing
Editor of the Journal of Public Health and Clinical Medicine.
Zhonglei Xu
Shengsong He
Xin Zheng
Full-stack engineer, familiar with various front-end
technologies, cross-terminal front-end development
capabilities, and experience in data visualization product
design and development, proficient in PHP, Node, and
Python. Core front-end development engineer for Real Estate
Sales.
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He has two years experience in the field of distributed
ledger technology and cryptocurrencies. He has participated
in due diligence and studied more than 100 blockchain
projects. He has worked in the transformation of scientific
research results, market evaluation, patentability evaluation,
and business development in American universities.
Shuang Guo
Bachelor of Mathematics and Master of Computer, 6
years of software development experience, Graphene
community code contributor, familiar with the underlying
technology development of the blockchain, rich experience
in P2P network development, proficient in C / C ++, Python,
formerly worked at Vobile As a senior development engineer.
Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Chief Physician and
Doctoral Supervisor of the University of Leuven, Belgium.
Department and Position: Director of Infectious Diseases.
He is also a member of the National Committee of
Infectious Diseases of the Chinese Medical Association, a
member of the National Standing Committee of the Chinese
Society of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western
Medicine and the Deputy Chairman of the Hubei Infectious
Diseases Society.
Zuojiong Gong
Chengxing Zhu
Professor, Chief Physician, Tutor for Postgraduates.
Professor, Chief Physician, Postgraduate Supervisor, Doctor
of Medicine, Postdoctoral Fellow of Harvard Medical School,
Member and Secretary of Wuhan Society of Infectious
Diseases.
Lei Zhao
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Shenan Peng
Lihua Yang
Professor, chief physician, professor. He graduated from
Tongji Medical University with a bachelor's degree in 1985
and has engaged in infectious diseases for more than 20
years. He has published dozens of theses. Good at
diagnosis and treatment of difficult diseases.
Associate Professor, Chief Physician, Master Tutor. He
is also a member of the Standing Committee of the Society
of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases of the Chinese
Medical Association of Hubei Province and the editor of the
Journal of Clinical Internal Medicine. Scientific research
results: Published 20 papers, edited 1 monograph, and
edited 4 books.
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11.2 The Overseas Member
Elmer SweetinMember of the Massachusetts Medical International
Organization. He has ten years of experience in the
traditional medical market. He has a professional and
unique knowledge of the medical industry. He is also a
blockchain enthusiast and is sensitive to the digital financial
market.
Louie Devito6 years of marketing experience. He has been the
head of Simei Media and Google Marketing. He has been
responsible for a large number of products and brand
communications and marketing activities in various
industries. He has extensive experience in Internet
marketing and brand strategy.
Lane Solomon
has held management positions in Chuangzhi
Software, Guoxun International, and other listed IT
companies. He has established a number of technology
companies and has received investment from IDG and
other institutions. Experience in security and other
industries, in-depth blockchain researcher.
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Cherie SoloFounder of JCI Medical Consulting, has 15 years of
experience in the medical industry, has a thorough
understanding of the medical industry, and is committed to
solving the pain points of the medical industry. She is also a
deep researcher on the blockchain and has her own
opinions on the blockchain. .
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Competitive Outlook
12
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Competitive Outlook
Based on the contribution of AKSO to the fight against the new
coronary pneumonia, the project has been noted by multiple capital
investors, as well as approaching several large investors. In order to
avoid a situation where the premiums are too severe, AKSO has already
rejected multiple capital investment requests.
In the future, the new AKSO medical + blockchain system will solidify
the basic transaction rules of the existing financial system as part of its
underlying protocol, promoting the standardisation and automation of
the underlying logic, and allowing the distribution of high-level business
applications. Realising the safe transfer of decentralised medical data
can greatly reduce risk management complexity and control costs within
the medical industry, thereby effectively improving operating efficiency
and lowering the industry's entry barriers. As blockchain can provide
decentralisation, tamper-proofing, safety, and reliability, all future
medical treatment can benefit from blockchain technology.
In the future, the development direction of AKSO will focus on the
following points:
1. Developing in-depth cooperation with other medical or similar
industry companies to address the "pain points" of various business
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processes. This might include cooperation with banks and medical
technology companies, including project cooperation, strategic
investment, and the establishment of joint venture companies.
2. The development of a blockchain alliance across institutions and
industries to study and formulate standards and protocol frameworks to
allow progression of the blockchain industry in the medical field.
3. For AKSO to serve as the industry leader in medical + blockchain
developments, integrating existing medical resources to lead the
development of the global medical industry.
4. To build a hospital without borders to serve users and
governments in all countries in the world, to truly achieve global medical
integration.
The data on AKSO's entire platform is real-time, reliable, storable,
and traceable. Consumers can be used as nodes in the Internet of Things
blockchain platform to achieve transparency in the production process
and improve the capacity of products, as well as forming efficient
interaction between businesses and consumers, increasing frequency of
consumption, improving consumption quality, and developing better
consumption experiences. These factors allow the development of a
win-win situation for enterprises and consumers.
In the future, the blockchain technology and markets will gradually
mature, allowing better integration of various application scenarios that
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may recreate the medical blockchain ecology. The era of blockchain has
come, and AKSO will continue to explore and innovate to improve
blockchain technology to bring convenience to all medical-related
people and industries. AKSO aims to stand at the forefront of
development and move forward bravely.
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13Risk Tips and Disclaimer
13.1 Risk Tips
13.2 Project Risk
13.3 Disclaimer
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Risk Tips and Disclaimer
13.1 Risk Tips
As a new investment model, digital asset investment has various
risks. Potential investors must carefully evaluate these investment risks
and their own risk tolerance. This document a guide to the progress of
the AKSO project. It is only intended to convey information and does not
constitute the relevant opinions of a buyer of AKSO. The above
information or analysis does not constitute an investment decision, and
this document does not constitute any form of investment advice,
investment intention, or abetment investment. This document does not
constitute, nor can it be understood as
providing, any trading behaviour or any invitation to buy or sell any
form of virtual assets, nor is it any form of contract or commitment.
Relevant interested users must clearly understand the risks of the AKSO
project. Once investors participate in the investment, they affirm that
they understand and accept the risks of the project and are willing to
personally bear all corresponding results or consequences of this. The
project team is not responsible for any asset losses caused by
participating in the AKSO project. It is forbidden to use AKSO to engage
in illegal transactions or activities such as money laundering, smuggling,
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commercial bribery, and violation of national laws. Any losses thus
incurred will be borne by users.
13.2 Project Risk
Policy Risk: blockchain technology is at an early stage, and many
countries have unclear regulatory policies on blockchain projects; the
project may thus undergo changes in operating entities and operations
management.
Fluctuation risk: the digital assets issued are not legal tender, and
the price will fluctuate greatly, requiring investors to have a certain
psychological capacity; the transaction of digital assets has extremely
high risks (swells and falls, market manipulation, team dissolution,
technical defects, etc.), as all virtual digital currencies are traded 24 hours
a day globally, and there is no limit to fluctuations. The price is also
subject to large fluctuations due to the influences of speculators and
global governments. It is strongly recommended that all investors
participate in virtual currency transactions within the risk range they
deem appropriate.
Technical risk: due to the constantly developing nature of blockchain
technology, there is no guaranteed way to avoid technical vulnerabilities
and hacker attacks during project operation. Team risk: there is no
guarantee against stress, physical, personal and other factors affecting
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staff involved in the development of AKSO. The remaining core staff, on
receiving any resignation, must ensure replacement within the team to
make the project more stable.
13.3 Disclaimer
This article is solely for the purpose of conveying information and
does not constitute advice on buying and selling digital currencies. The
above information or analysis does not constitute any investment advice.
Where investors participate in an investment, they affirm that they
understand and accept the risks of the project, and that they are willing
to bear the corresponding investment consequences.
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References
14
1
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