08 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 2012

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Thermodynamic Principles 227Heat Transfer 229Temperature and Humidity 239Steam 241Internal Combustion Engine Test Sets 243/250Gas Turbines 258Compressors 262

Thermodynamic Principles 227Heat Transfer 229Temperature and Humidity 239Steam 241Internal Combustion Engine Test Sets 243/250Gas Turbines 258Compressors 262

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Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Safe, practical, realistic

TecQuipment developed its Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer range alongsideeducationalists and students. It offers an extensive selection of high-quality, robustequipment. All products in the range have advanced educational performance to meetpractical thermodynamics experiment needs effectively and safely. TecQuipment designedthe products to reach equilibrium in the shortest possible time, allowing students tocomplete experiments in a single laboratory session. Students can test thermodynamictheories for themselves and gain first-hand experience of working thermodynamic processes.

Fundamental and applied thermodynamics

The Thermodynamics range is extremely broad, covering topics such as properties of fluids,heat and work transfer.

One of the most popular applications of thermodynamic principles is found in internalcombustion engines and gas turbines. Until “green” technologies are sufficientlydeveloped these machines will continue to dominate the way we produce power andtravel. A key goal to moving forward is to improve their performance and efficiency –making the most of our limited resources – so future engineers need to have a sound,basic understanding of the thermodynamic principles of these machines and how theywork in reality. Therefore, TecQuipment offers a range of equipment that clearlydemonstrates internal combustion engines and gas turbines that is economic, easy to useand specifically designed for student use.

Continued product development

The expansion of our Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer range has continued this yearwith the addition of five new products. These include products to show basic principles anddemonstrate heat transfer mechanisms, something which is becoming more important aswe try to reduce waste energy.

Modular fluid power

Equipment in the innovative Modular Fluid Power (MFP) machines also links in to theThermodynamics range. The Reciprocating Compressor Module (MFP104) and CentrifugalCompressor (MFP105) show thermodynamic principles, in addition to the pumps, turbinesand fans in the range. An interchangeable dynamometer drives all MFP products. Eachmachine includes all the instruments needed to measure its performance (see pages 142and 143 in the Fluid Mechanics section).

Automatic Data Acquisition

To make the best use of laboratory time, many of our thermodynamics products areavailable either with custom-made automatic data acquisition software , or arecompatible with TecQuipment’s unique Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®).

VDAS® allows our equipment to connect easily to a suitable computer to provide accuratereal-time data capture. Raw data can be transformed instantly into sophisticated graphsand tables using the VDAS® software and also easily exported to other programs. Thereare other solutions on the market, but none which offer the convenience, functionality orwide range of features.

Look out for the VDAS® logo on our product literature:

For more information visit our website at www.tecquipment.com.

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Shows the relationship betweenpressure and volume of an idealgas at a fixed temperature

• A self-contained bench-topexperiment – no power supplyneeded

• Highly visual experiment using a “liquidpiston” for reliability and accurate,repeatable results

• Simple and safe to use – needs no tools

• Includes a thermocouple and digital displayto help maintain constant temperature andshow how compression and decompressionof a gas can affect its temperature

• Supplied with hand-operated pumps tocompress or decompress the gas (air) aboveand below atmospheric pressure

• Can connect to TecQuipment’s VersatileData Acquisition System (VDAS®)

The bench-mounting equipment includes a backplate thatholds two clear-walled cylinders containing oil (supplied).Students use hand-operated pumps (supplied) to increase ordecrease the pressure in the left-hand cylinder (the reservoir)which moves a “liquid piston” of oil in the right-handcylinder (the test cylinder). This piston compresses ordecompresses a trapped column of air in the test cylinder.

The equipment uses normal, clean, dry air as it behaves as anideal gas over the range of pressures used in this equipment.

A digital indicator measures the change in height of thetrapped air column. When multiplied by the cross-sectionalarea of the column, this gives the change in volume. Amechanical pressure gauge measures the pressure of thetrapped air.

Boyle’s Law Apparatus (TD1000) Works with

A thermocouple and digital display measure the temperatureof the trapped air to make sure that students maintain aconstant air temperature during tests. They also help todemonstrate the change in air temperature duringdemonstrations.

Students maintain a constant temperature while recordingthe changes in volume with applied pressure. They then plotthe results to prove Boyle’s Law.

You can do tests with or without a computer connected.However, for quicker tests with easier recording of results,TecQuipment can supply the optional Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS®). This gives accurate real-timedata capture, monitoring and display, calculation andcharting of all the important readings on a computer(computer not included).

Note: For connection to VDAS® you need the optionalConnectivity Kit (TD1000CK). The kit includes an electronicpressure transducer, a thermocouple amplifier and a lead toconnect the digital indicator to VDAS®.

Experiments

• Demonstrations of gas temperature change duringcompression and decompression.

• Proving Boyle’s Law by experiment.

Recommended Ancillaries Page

• Versatile Data Acquisition System – 290Bench-mounted version (VDAS-B)

and

• Connectivity Kit (TD1000CK) for connection to VDAS®

Alternative Products Page

• Gay-Lussac’s Law (TD1001) 228

Screenshot of the optionalVDAS® software

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Shows the relationship betweenpressure and temperature of a fixedvolume of ideal gas

• Self-contained bench-top module

• Demonstrates Gay-Lussac’s Law relatingpressure and temperature of an ideal gas(air)

• Simple and safe – needs no tools, uses lowpressures and a thermally-insulated heater

• Includes thermocouples and a pressuresensor connected to a digital display

• Electronic controller to accurately regulatetemperature


The bench-mounting equipment includes a backplate thatholds a low-pressure vessel. The vessel holds a fixed volumeof air surrounded by an insulated heater, controlled by anelectronic temperature controller.

A hand-operated valve at the bottom of the vessel allowsstudents to normalize the air in the vessel to ambientconditions.

The equipment uses normal, clean, dry air as it behaves as anideal gas over the range of pressures used in this equipment.

A thermocouple measures the temperature of the heatersurface for the controller. Two thermocouples measure thetemperature of the air in the vessel. A pressure transducermeasures the pressure of the heated air in the vessel. Adigital display shows the absolute pressure, bothtemperatures and their average value.

Gay-Lussac’s Law (TD1001)

Students set the controller for the range of temperaturesneeded during the experiment. They then record thechanges in pressure as the temperature increases and plotthe results to prove Gay-Lussac’s Law.

The experiment can also work in reverse; students heat thevessel, open the valve to normalise the air in the vessel, thenshut the valve. They then record the pressure andtemperature drop as the vessel cools naturally. This gives adifferent starting point and results which will fall below localambient. Due to the slow nature of natural cooling, theoptional VDAS® is helpful in this test to log resultsautomatically.


Experiments

• Demonstrates change of pressure of a fixed volume of gasduring heating.

• Proving Gay-Lussac’s Law by experiment

• The principle of a vapour pressure thermometer




• Boyle’s Law Apparatus (TD1000) 227

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Heat Transfer

Shows heat transfer during differentboiling and condensing processes

• Bench-mounting apparatus that shows heattransfer during different boiling andcondensing processes

• Includes digital display of temperatures, flowrate and power

• Has a glass vessel so students can see what ishappening

• Shows nucleate, film and sub-cooled boiling

• Works with TecQuipment’s optional VersatileData Acquisition System (VDAS®) forautomatic data acquisition

• Shows condensation on different surfacefinishes

• Shows filmwise and dropwise condensation

Gives students an understanding of heat transfer duringboiling and condensing.

The equipment heats and condenses water, and includes aseparate control module with a digital display. Heating andcondensing takes place inside a partially filled glass vessel. Aheater coil heats the water. For boiling heat transferexperiments, students adjust the current in a resistant wireheater element in the water. The temperature of the wirereaches significantly higher than 100°C.

Students watch the boiling process and note the differentboiling processes. They note the free convection (beforeboiling) and the other stages (during boiling).

Boiling and CondensingHeat Transfer (TE78)

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These include:

• Sub cooled boiling – small bubbles form and rise

• Nucleate boiling – large bubbles form and rise

• Film boiling – unstable and stable, where a vapourblanket forms and heat transfer by radiation becomesimportant

For condensing heat transfer experiments, water condenseson two water-cooled, vertical cylinder specimens. Thecooling water flow rate and its temperature change at eachcylinder helps students to find the heat transfer.

To show the effect of surface finish on heat transfer, onespecimen has a gold plating and the other has an oxidisedfinish. They show clearly the difference between filmwiseand dropwise condensation.

For quick and reliable tests, TecQuipment can supply itsoptional Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®). Thisgives accurate real-time data capture, monitoring anddisplay, calculation and charting of all important readings ona suitable computer (computer not included).

Experiments

• Boiling heat transfer

• Condensing heat transfer



Screenshot of theoptional VDAS®software

Heat Transfer

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The Natural Convection and Radiation equipment allows thestudy of heat transfer at different pressures and vacuum. Itshows the differences between radiation and natural ‘free’convection. It allows students to find the emissivity of asurface and verify the Stefan-Boltzman equation. It also givesstudents an understanding of the non-dimensionalcharacteristics using Nusselt, Grasof, Prandtl and Knudsennumbers.

A small heated element hangs in the centre of a pressurevessel. The heater has a matt black surface. Attached to itssurface is a thermocouple to measure the temperature.

The vessel’s inside is also black, and it has a thermocouplefitted to its wall to measure the temperature in the vessel.The vessel may be charged with compressed air up to 1 bar (gauge) or evacuated down to about 5 Pa (absolute).Students can extrapolate the results down to a total vacuum(no convection). This allows them to isolate the heat transferby radiation.

Shows students how differenttypes of heat can transfer over arange of pressures

• A self-contained, mobile, compactunit for ease of use and storage

• Helps students to understandnatural ‘free’ convection,radiation, emissivity and theStefan-Boltzman equation

• Includes a pressure vessel toallow tests above and belowatmospheric pressure

• All instruments and vacuumpump included

• Can connect to TecQuipment’s optionalVersatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®)for automatic data acquisition

• Test results are accurate enough to allowextrapolation down to a complete vacuum

Natural Convection and Radiation (TE85) Works with


Instruments and a digital display measure and display thetemperatures, pressures and power to the element. To giveaccurate measurements of pressure and vacuum, theequipment has two different pressure transducers – one forpressures above atmospheric and one for pressures belowatmospheric.

The equipment also includes a socket for connection toTecQuipment’s Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®).Included is a vacuum pump, and a regulator for an externalcompressed air supply (up to 10 bar). The system includes apressure-relief valve to protect the equipment and the user.

The equipment works with TecQuipment’s Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS-B, not included). VDAS® allowsaccurate real-time data capture, monitoring, display,calculation and charting of all the important readings on acomputer (computer not supplied).

Experiments

• Determination of emissivity

• Verification of the Stefan-Boltzmann constant




• Thermal Conductivity Experiment (TE19) 231

• Free and Forced Convection (TD1005) 235

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• Bench-mounting apparatus whichdemonstrates heat conduction along metaltest specimens

• Uses low temperatures to reduce heat lossesfor accurate results

• Test area pressure can be reduced to avacuum for accurate results (needs optionalvacuum pump)

• Supplied with selection of different metalspecimens

• Specimens are reusable and easily changed

• Connects to TecQuipment’s optionalVersatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®)for automatic data acquisition

The Thermal Conductivity Experiment is in two parts:

• Base unit with a Peltier cooler, a vacuum gauge and amoulded glass dome (vacuum vessel).

• Separate control module, with heater and cooler controlsand a multi-line display. It also includes a connection forTecQuipment’s optional VDAS® and a suitable computer(not supplied) for automatic data acquisition.

Included with the equipment are specimens of differentmetals. Each specimen has a small resistive heater at oneend; the other end clamps to the cooler of the base unit. Theheater at one end and the cooler at the other give acontrolled heat flow along the specimen. Attached to thespecimen are two thermocouples at a precise distance apart,

near to each end. Students use the temperature differencebetween the thermocouples to find the thermal conductivityof the material. They then compare it with other materialsand with given values.

The glass dome covers the area around the specimen. Thestudents use a suitable vacuum pump (RE19, availableseparately) to remove the air inside the dome. This reducesheat loss due to convection to give more accurate results.

For quick and reliable tests, TecQuipment can supply itsoptional Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®). Thisgives accurate real-time data capture, monitoring anddisplay, calculation and charting of all important readings ona suitable computer (computer not included).

Experiments

• Thermal conductivity of different metals

Essential Ancillaries Page

• Laboratory Vacuum Pump (RE19) 293




• Natural Convection and Radiation (TE85) 230

• Heat Transfer Experiments (TD1002) 233

Shows heat conduction in differentmetals at ambient temperature

Thermal Conductivity Experiment(TE19)

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Screenshot of the optional VDAS®software

Heat Transfer

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• Constant-speed fanwith variable flow-control valve forbetter flow control

• Heater interlock forsafety

• Includes Pitot tubetraverse for velocityprofile measurements,and traversingthermocouple to measuretemperature distribution acrossthe test pipe

• Includes thermocouples alongthe test pipe to measure heattransfer

• Accurate digital display oftemperatures

• Includes manometers and an orifice tomeasure pressures and air flow rate

A basic knowledge of forced convection heat transfer theoryis valuable in many engineering fields, especially heat-exchanger design. TecQuipment’s Forced Convection HeatTransfer apparatus allows students to examine the theory andassociated formulae related to forced convection in pipes.

The TD1 is a frame holding a motor-driven fan, piping andinstrumentation panel. It also has a large work surface forstudent convenience.

The fan runs at a constant speed and draws air through acontrol valve. The air then moves into a U-shaped pipe. Anorifice plate in the pipe connects to a manometer on theinstrumentation panel to measure the air flow rate. A largermanometer on the instrumentation panel measures the fanpressure drop.

The U-shaped pipe connects to a smaller diameter, insulatedand electrically heated copper ‘test pipe’. Students controlthe power input to the test pipe heater using a variabletransformer, while noting the power using instrumentationon the panel. The test pipe discharges to atmosphere.

Pressure tappings at each end of the test pipe connect to amanometer on the instrument panel to measure test lengthpressure drop. A thermometer measures the air temperature

at the inlet to the test pipe. Thermocouples measure thetemperature at various points along the test pipe wall.Further thermocouples measure temperature at variouspoints within the test pipe insulation. Students use a digitalindicator on the instrumentation panel to displaythermocouple temperature readings.

To avoid overheating, a motor starter, isolator and safetyinterlock prevent the heater working unless there is a suitableflow of air.

The instrument panel also includes a manometer whichconnects to a Pitot tube traverse assembly to measure thevelocity profile across the test pipe.

Experiments

• Derivation of the value of Nusselt number (Nu) andcomparison with empirical formula

• Calculation of the local heat transfer coefficient (h)

• Determination of the Stanton number (St)

• Calculation of the friction factor (f) and comparison withexperimental value

• Determination of the validity of the Reynolds analogyfor air

Alternative Products

• Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger (TE93) 238


Shows forcedconvection in pipesand heat transfertheory

Forced ConvectionHeat Transfer (TD1)

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• A self-contained bench-top base unit withthree optional experiments

• Available experiments include the two mostcommon heat conduction studies – linearand radial heat conduction

• Simple and safe to use – foolproof fittingsallow students to change and connect theoptional experiments quickly and easily –needs no tools

• Base unit has clear digital displays of allreadings – you do not need a computer towork it or take readings

• Optional linear heat conduction experimentincludes different metal sections to allowmore experiments

• The experiments each have a bedplate witha clear schematic diagram to show studentshow they connect, and the measuring pointpositions


Base Unit (TD1002)

The base unit is the core of the TD1002 range. It providescold water and heater power to the optional experiments andall the instruments needed to measure their performance.

The base unit’s water system connects to a suitable coldwater supply and drain. It includes a hand-operated valve tohelp give a controllable water flow and a simple return pipe,both colour-coded.

The water connections to the optional experiments are self-sealing quick connectors – for safety and simplicity. The inletand outlet fluid streams have different colours to reduceerrors. Changing an experiment takes less than a minute.

The base unit provides a variable and measured electricalcurrent to the heater in each experiment and works with asafety switch to stop the heater from becoming too hot. Italso includes sockets for the thermocouples built into eachoptional experiment.

Clear, multiline digital displays on the base unit show thetemperatures and heater power of each experiment.

A spare area to the right of the base unit frame allows you tofit the optional VDAS-F hardware.

Each optional experiment is on a bedplate that has a clearschematic diagram showing the connections and measuringpoint positions. The bedplate fixes to the base unit withthumbscrews (students need no tools).

Note: You need at least one of the optional experiments.You cannot do experiments with just the base unit.


Heat Transfer Experiments (TD1002) Works with


Base unit shown fitted with the optionalVDAS-F and the optional Linear HeatConduction Experiment (TD1002a)

Continued on next page

A range of optional experiments thatstudy different methods of heat transfer

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Linear Heat Conduction Experiment (TD1002a)

A solid brass bar of circular cross-section, made in twosections with an interchangeable middle section. The firstbrass section includes three thermocouples and the electricheater (heat source). The second brass section includes asmall water-cooled chamber (heat sink) and three morethermocouples. The interchangeable middle sections(supplied) are made of different metals:

• Brass – so the bar becomes effectively one length of brass

• Aluminium

• Stainless steel

• Copper

Each middle section has a thermocouple fitted.

The electric heater and thermocouples connect to sockets onthe base unit, which also supplies the cold water feed anddrain for the heat sink.

Students turn on the cooling water flow and adjust the heaterpower until the experiment reaches equilibrium and thenrecord the temperatures as the heat conducts along the bar.

Insulation around the bar reduces heat loss by convectionand radiation, so that the results should match the theory forsimple linear conduction only.

Radial Heat Conduction Experiment (TD1002b)

A solid brass discwith an electricheater (heatsource) at itscentre and acircular cross-section coolingtube (heat sink)around its circumference.

Students turn on the cooling water flow and adjust theheater power until the experiment reaches equilibrium.

At equally spaced radii on the disc, seven thermocouplesmeasure the temperature as the heat conducts radiallyoutwards from the heater.

Insulation around the disc reduces heat loss by convectionand radiation, so that the results should match the theory forsimple radial conduction only.

Extended Surface Heat Transfer Experiment(TD1002c)

A solid bar with anelectric heater (heatsource) at one end. Thebar has a matt blackcoating for a consistentand predictableemissivity value.

Heat conducts alongthe bar and transfers to the local surroundings by naturalconvection and radiation. Thermocouples measure thetemperature along the surface of the bar at equally spacedintervals.

Students use initial test results to predict the temperaturesand heat flow along the bar.

Conductivity of Liquids and GassesExperiment (TD1002d)

This experiment hasthree concentriccylinders. The innercylinder contains aheater (the heatsource). The test liquidor gas forms a second,thin cylinder aroundthe heat source. The third cylinder surrounds them both. Itconnects to the cooling water supply from the base unit andforms the heat sink. Heat passes by conduction from theheat source, through the test liquid or gas, to the heat sink.Thermocouples measure the temperature on the inside andoutside edges of the cylinder of test liquid or gas.

Caps of thermally-insulating material at the ends of thecylinders reduce heat loss, but students do an initialexperiment to calibrate the equipment to allow for heatlosses and improve experiment accuracy.

Students turn on the cooling water and the heater andmeasure the temperatures at each side of the test gas orliquid. They then compare their results with those predictedfrom theory for conduction in liquids and gasses.

Note: The TD1002d equipment is made of brass, aluminium,tufnol, nylon and nickel-plated parts. For safety reasons andto avoid damage to the equipment, only use test fluids thatwill not damage or react with the materials used to make theTD1002d. TecQuipment does not supply and cannot be heldresponsible for the test fluids that you use.

Suitable test fluids include:

• Normal, dry air

• Carbon dioxide

• Castor oil

Experiments

• Demonstration and calculations of linear heat conduction

• Demonstration and calculations of radial heat conduction

• Demonstration and calculations of surface heat transfer(conduction, convection and radiation)

• Demonstration and calculations of heat conductionthrough liquids and gasses

• Calculation of the thermal conductivity (k value)

• Demonstration of the effectiveness of thermal paste

• Demonstration and calculations of thermal resistances(R value) in series

• Demonstration of “thermal lag”

Essential Ancillaries

• Linear Heat Conduction Experiment (TD1002a)

• Radial Heat Conduction Experiment (TD1002b)

• Extended Surface Heat Transfer Experiment (TD1002c)

• Conductivity of Liquids and Gasses Experiment (TD1004d)


• Frame-mounted version of the Versatile Data 290Acquisition System (VDAS-F)


• Thermal Conductivity Experiment (TE19) 231


• Self-contained, bench-top mounting

• Includes three of the most commonheat transfer surfaces – flat plate,pinned and finned

• Simple and safe to use

• Thermocouples and a sensitiveanemometer measure temperaturesand air velocity – shown on a digital display

• Additional hand-held thermocouple probeincluded – to measure temperatures alongthe length of the pins and fins of two heattransfer surfaces

• Variable-speed fan and variable-power heatsource for a range of tests


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Free and Forced Convection (TD1005) Works with

Shows free and forced convection fromdifferent heat transfer surfaces

The bench-top equipment includes a vertical duct that holdsthe chosen heat transfer surface and all instruments needed.

TecQuipment include three different common heat transfersurfaces with the equipment:

• A flat plate

• A pinned surface – similar to a tubular heat exchanger

• A finned surface – similar to the fins on air-cooled enginesor electrical heat sinks

Each surface has its own built-in variable-power electricheater. Students choose which surface they need to test andfit it to the duct using simple fixings.

For free convection tests, the heated air rises from thesurface and up the duct. For forced convection tests, avariable-speed fan draws air up through the duct and acrossthe surface. Thermocouples measure the air temperatureupstream and downstream of the surface and thetemperature at the heat transfer surface. The downstreamprobe moves in a traverse mechanism to measure thetemperature distribution across the duct, allowingcalculation of the bulk outlet temperature. An additionalprobe allows students to measure the temperature

distribution along the extended surfaces of the pinned andfinned heater transfer surfaces. A sensitive anemometermeasures the air velocity.

Two controls allow students to set different air velocities andheater power for a full range of tests.

A digital display shows the heater power, air velocity and thetemperatures measured by the thermocouples.


Experiments

• Comparing free and forced convection for different surfaces

• Comparison of free convection from vertical andhorizontal (finned) surfaces

• Comparison of heat transfer surface efficiency

• Comparing the coefficient of heat transfer and NusseltNumber for forced and free convection

• Temperature distribution along finned and pinned surfaces


• Bench-mounted version of the Versatile Data 290Acquisition System (VDAS-F)


• Forced Convection Heat Transfer (TD1) 232

• Heat Transfer Experiments (TD1002) 233

• Natural Convection and Radiation (TE85) 230


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Heat Transfer

Bench-top Heat Exchangers (TD360)

Examines and compares small-scaleheat exchangers to help studentsunderstand how they work

• A bench-top service module withoptional small-scale demonstrationheat exchangers – designed forteaching

• Optional heat exchangers includethe most common types used inindustry (tubular, plate, shell andtube, and a jacketed vessel withcoil and stirrer)

• Simple and safe to use –foolproof fittings allow students tochange and connect the optionalheat exchangers quickly and easily– needs no tools

• The service module has clear digital displaysof all readings – you do not need acomputer to work it or take readings

• Optional heat exchangers have clear outsidecasings, so students can see their construction

• Heat-exchangers each have a bedplate witha clear schematic diagram to help studentsunderstand how to connect it


Works with

The Service Module (TD360) is the core of the bench-topheat exchangers range. It provides hot and cold water to theheat exchangers and all the instruments needed to measuretheir performance.

All fluid connections to the optional heat exchangers are self-sealing quick connectors – for safety and simplicity. The hotand cold fluid streams have different connectors to reduceerrors. Changing a heat exchanger takes less than one minute.

The service module’s hot water system includes a tank with aPID-controlled electric heater, a pump and tank levelindicators. An electrically operated valve opens to let waterin to fill the tank. The tank has protection in case of over-temperature, low water level and over-filling.

The hot water system gives stable flow rates andtemperatures. The service module’s cold water circuit has aflow regulator and connection for an external mains watersupply. Both the cold and hot water system have precisionneedle valves and turbine flow meters to control andmeasure the flow rates. Thermocouples at the connectorsmeasure hot and cold inlet and outlet fluid streamtemperatures. Some of the heat exchangers also have built-in thermocouples for extra temperature measurements.

Clear, multi-line digital displays show the temperatures andflow rates of the fluid streams.

All optional heat exchangers have the same nominal heattransfer area and wall thickness, so students can comparethem directly. Each heat exchanger is on a bedplate that hasa clear schematic diagram showing the connections. Thebedplate fixes to the service module with thumbscrews(students need no tools).

Note: You need at least one of the optional heat exchangersto do experiments. TecQuipment recommends that you buythe Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a) first, becauseit has extra temperature measuring points. You can do testswith or without a computer connected. However, for quickertests with easier recording of results, TecQuipment cansupply the optional Versatile Data Acquisition System(VDAS®). This gives accurate real-time data capture,monitoring and display, calculation and charting of all theimportant readings on a computer (computer not included).

Service Module (TD360) shown fitted with one of the optionalheat exchangers and optional VDAS-F Interface


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Heat Transfer

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360c)

This heat exchanger is one of the most common types usedin industry. This is because it is compact but can work athigher pressures than other designs. It is a large tube (shell)which surrounds several smaller tubes (a bundle). One fluidpasses through the shell, and the other fluid passes throughthe tube bundle, therefore transferring heat. Baffles aroundthe bundle help to create a turbulent mixed flow.

Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer(TD360d)

This heat exchanger mimics those used in the processindustry. It can show heat transfer by using the outer skin (or‘jacket’) of the vessel, or by a coil inside the vessel. You canset a continuous feed to the vessel for heating, or you set afixed batch for heating. The unit has an extra thermocoupleto measure the batch temperature. It also has a motorisedstirrer to show how stirring affects heat transfer.

Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a)

This is the simplest heat exchanger. It has two tubes, oneinside the other. One tube carries hot fluid, the other carriescold fluid. Heat transfers between them. TecQuipment’s heatexchanger is in two equal parts joined by intermediate pipes.This allows two extra measurement points at the midpoint(plus the standard four points at the connectors). This givesmore useful experiment results, to show more clearly howthe fluid temperatures change during heat transfer.

Plate Heat Exchanger (TD360b)

This heat exchanger is a set of metal plates separated byspacers (gaskets). The plates and gaskets have holes thatmake the hot and cold flow run on alternate sides of theplates, therefore transferring heat. The metal plates haveflow disturbers on their sides to help improve the heattransfer. Plate heat exchangers are compact and thereforegood for applications with limited space. It is also easy toalter their design to change their capacity – you simply addor remove plates and spacers.

Experiments (with optional heat exchangers)

• Demonstration of heat transfer from one fluid to anotherthrough a solid wall

• Energy balance and efficiency calculations

• Comparison of different types of heat exchanger in termsof performance, size and relative cost

• Demonstration of parallel-flow and counter-flowoperation of the heat exchangers

• Measurement of the heat transfer coefficient, and theeffect of fluid flow rates and the driving force(temperature differential) upon it

• Introduction to the logarithmic mean temperaturedifference in heat exchangers

• Flow-through and batch heating, with or without stirring,using a heating jacket or coil (TD360d only)


• Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a)

• Plate Heat Exchanger (TD360b)

• Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360c)

• Jacketed Vessel with Coil and Stirrer (TD360d)


• Versatile Data Acquisition System – 290Frame-mounted version (VDAS-F)



• For fullunderstandingof heatexchange byforcedconvection andmeasurementof heat transfer

• Enables rapid assessment of heat transfer rates

• Robust, bench-mounting product

• Consists of wind tunnel with fully controllableair flow and heat-exchanger rod matrix

• Separate pre-heated element with built-inthermocouple can take the place of any heatexchanger rod

• Includes comprehensive, accurate and easy-to-read digital instrumentation on separateinstrumentation unit

• Instrumentation unit also includes controlledheat source to pre-heat element

• Fully compatible with TecQuipment’sVersatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®)and software

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For comprehensive studies into the principles andperformance of heat exchangers. The equipment enablesstudents to rapidly assess heat transfer rates by forcedconvection. This is by monitoring the rate of cooling of abody of known thermal capacity in an air flow.

The apparatus is bench mounting. It consists of a horizontalwind tunnel with a contraction cone, a working section, adiffuser, a constant speed fan, and an exhaust with silencer.A shutter controls the air flow.

The working section includes a series of rods arranged in amatrix and at right-angles to the direction of air flow. Toperform experiments, students can remove any one of theserods and replace it with a cylindrical copper element. Thecopper element is of known thermal capacity and includes abuilt-in thermocouple. Students insert the element, which hasbeen pre-heated to a specific temperature, into the workingsection at a known air velocity. They measure the time taken forthe temperature to drop and determine the heat transfer rate.

A second thermocouple at the inlet to the wind tunnelmeasures the temperature of air entering the heat exchanger.The base of the working section includes two static pressuretappings: one before the rods and one afterwards. Theseenable students to measure the static pressure difference acrossthe rods. A Pitot traverse can measure air velocity at any verticalpoint in the working section, either before or after the rods.

The equipment includes a separate instrumentation unit. Theinstrumentation unit has two inputs for the thermocouples,and two pairs of quick-release couplings for connection tothe pressure tappings. It also includes a controlled heatsource for the copper element.

A digital display on the front of the instrumentation unitallows students to view all experimental data. In addition,the equipment is fully compatible with TecQuipment’sVersatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®) and can quicklyand conveniently connect to a bench-mounting interfaceunit (VDAS-B, not included). Using VDAS® enables accuratereal-time data capture, monitoring, display, calculation andcharting of all relevant parameters on a suitable computer(computer not included).

Experiments

• Derivation of the value of Nusselt number (Nu) andcomparison with empirical formula

• Calculation of the local heat transfer coefficient (h)

• Determination of the Stanton number (St)

• Calculation of the friction factor (f) and comparison withexperimental value

• Determination of the validity of the Reynolds analogyfor air




• Forced Convection Heat Transfer (TD1) 232

• Bench-top Heat Exchangers (TD360) 236


For studies into the principlesand performance of heatexchangers

Cross-Flow HeatExchanger (TE93)

Works with


Heat Transfer

• Self-contained bench-mountingunit for experiments with eightdifferent popular temperaturemeasuring devices

• Uses a platinum resistance thermometer as areference to accurately calibrate the otherdevices

• Shows how electrical resistance devices andthermocouples work, their characteristicsand how to connect them correctly toreduce measurement errors

• Includes liquid-in-glass thermometers withsafe non-toxic liquid – no mercury

• Built-in water heater tank with protectiveguard and drain tap for safe experiments

• Built-in pressure sensor (barometer) withdisplay of local water boiling temperature


Temperature and Humidity

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Works with

The Temperature Measurement and Calibration apparatus(TD400) fits on a desk or bench top. It includes eightdifferent temperature measurement devices and shows theircharacteristics and how to calibrate them against a standard.

The built-in precision reference sensor works as an accuratetemperature reference. A display shows the temperaturefrom the reference sensor and the local (barometric)pressure from the built-in pressure sensor. The display alsocalculates the local boiling point of water based on thebarometric pressure.

Students add crushed ice (not supplied) to the insulatedicebox and clean water to the fully guarded water heatertank. A carefully rated immersion heater in the tank heats thewater steadily up to boiling, giving time to take accurateresults. The water heater tank includes a water level floatswitch and a safety temperature cut-out switch to turn off the

heater in case of low water level. The water heater tank has adrain tap for connection to a suitable container or local waterdrain. This helps students to change the heated water safelyand quickly, reducing experiment time. As an extra reference,a liquid crystal temperature indicator strip on the front of theheater tank shows its temperature during experiments.

The equipment includes a thermowell that works with thegas (vapour) thermometer to show temperature lag. Socketson the front panel connect to electronic circuits and a multi-line display that work with the electrical resistance andthermocouple devices. The sockets include resistances tosimulate a resistance device and show the problems ofadding resistances (for example, long wires) to yourmeasuring circuits.

The electronic circuits also include:

• an amplifier to increase the output of the thermocouplesfor more useful voltage measurement;

• constant current and voltage sources, and a resistivebridge.

These show the problems with different measurementcircuits and power sources for electrical temperaturemeasurement devices.

This equipment connects to TecQuipment’s Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS®).

Experiments

• Simulation of two, three and four wire connection of aplatinum resistance thermometer (PRT)

• Constant current and voltage sources

• Calibration and linearity of temperature measurementdevices and temperature lag

• Thermocouples in series, parallel and the Seebeck effect

• Resistance in thermocouple circuits



Temperature Measurementand Calibration (TD400)

Screenshot ofthe optionalVDAS®software

Studies the accuracy, linearity andimportant characteristics of populartemperature measuring devices

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Temperature and Humidity

The Humidity Measurement Bench allows students tocompare different methods of humidity measurement. Itshows the differences in accuracy between instruments andtheir ease of use. It also includes a fan to show the effects ofair flow on the different instruments.

A mobile frame holds a stainless-steel duct and an electricfan. The main part is the stainless-steel duct that contains aselection of instruments to measure humidity andtemperature. A removable plastic window in the duct givesaccess for students to take readings and change instruments.A fan mounted underneath the duct supplies the duct with aflow of air. This allows students to study the effect of air flowon the instruments. A slide valve on the fan controls the airflow rate. An orifice plate and manometer measure the flow

Shows the principles of humiditymeasurement and comparesdifferent methods of measurement

• Shows how to measure and calculaterelative humidity (moisture content)of air

• Allows students to compare differenthumidity-measuring instruments

• Includes air filter to reduce effects ofair particles

• Includes mechanical and electronicinstruments to measure temperatureand humidity

• Variable flow-rate fan to show theeffect of air flow on humiditymeasurement

• Compact unit on mobile frame forease of use and storage

rate. An air filter in the air flow path stops dirt or otherparticles affecting the instruments.

The duct includes an extra port. It allows students tointroduce low-pressure steam into the duct, to increase therange of experiments (steam generator not included).

Experiments

• Measurement of air flow rate in a duct

• Measurement of relative humidity using different types ofinstrumentation

• Comparison of measurement methods for accuracy andease of use

Humidity Measurement Bench (TE6)

CHECKED andRECHECKED for quality

100% of all of the products we manufacture andprocesses we use are checked, tested and audited toensure they are of the highest quality.

Steam

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The Marcet Boiler is a simple experiment to show therelationship between pressure and temperature for saturated(wet) steam for comparison with published results.

The apparatus consists of a rigid frame containing aninsulated pressure vessel (boiler) and an instrumentation andcontrol unit. The frame also has extra space for the optionalVDAS® interface.

The electrically-heated boiler holds water. As the watertemperature increases, so does the pressure in the boiler. A transducer and a thermocouple measure the boilerpressure and temperature. A digital display shows the valuesin both SI and traditional units (including absolute values).

Shows the pressure and temperaturerelationship for saturated steam

• Compact, bench-top unit

• Based on the classic Marcet boilerexperiment

• Stainless steel vessel (boiler) for long life andease of maintenance

• Proves the Antoine Equation for saturatedsteam

• Vessel (boiler) has viewing window to seethe boiling process and the water level

• Simple and safe to use – includestemperature cut-out switches and apressure-relief valve

• Electronic sensors measure boilertemperature and pressure – shown on adigital display in both SI and traditional units(including absolute values)


The boiler includes a special-purpose glass window. It allowsstudents to see the internal construction of the vessel, to seethe boiling process and to check the water level.

For sound engineering practice, a mechanical Bourdon-typegauge also displays the pressure. It works independent of theelectrical supply so the user can always see the pressure inthe vessel.

The electrical heater has a thermostat to limit the maximumheater temperature. A pressure-relief valve limits themaximum boiler pressure. For safety, the equipment includeshigh-temperature pipe to direct any vented steam awayfrom the working area to a suitable drain.

The design includes all possible safety and low-maintenancefeatures, specially for educational use. TecQuipment haschecked the corrosion-resistant, high-grade stainless steelboiler against the latest European safety standards.


Experiments

• Variation of saturated steam pressure with temperature

• Confirmation of the Antoine Equation




• Steam Motor and Conversion Test Set (TD1050) 242

Marcet Boiler (TD1006) Works with

Typical screenshot of the optionalVDAS® software

Steam

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A mobile laboratory-scale steam plant for experiments inthermodynamic principles. It helps students to understand:

• Thermodynamic laws of energy conservation

• Steady flow energy equation

• Thermal efficiency and the control surface

• Rankine cycle analysis

• The Willans line

A mobile frame contains all the parts of the test set. Anelectric pump draws from a reservoir (included) to deliverwater to an electrically heated boiler. The boiler includes asafety valve, water level gauge and ‘blow-down cock’. Theboiler produces steam to turn a two-cylinder steam motor.The used steam from the motor outlet passes through amains water-cooled condenser, then down to a waste tankor to a measuring vessel (supplied). TecQuipment supplies astopwatch and thermometer to allow accurate measurementof the flow and temperature of the condensate (steam flow).

The equipment includes all instruments needed for theexperiments. These include a band-brake dynamometer with

A laboratory-scalesteam plant thatshows fundamentalthermodynamicprinciples of energyconversion andmechanical powermeasurement

• Ideal for students to gain insight into thefirst and second laws of thermodynamics

• Introduces students to industry-standardmethods of analysing steam plantperformance, including Rankine cycleanalysis and using the Willans line

• Uses a simple two-cylinder steam motor andan electrically heated boiler for easyunderstanding of the main parts of a steamplant

• Self-contained in a mobile frame thatincludes all instruments needed forexperiments

• Allows students to copy the Marcet boilerexperiment to prove the pressure-temperature relationship for saturated steam

• Connects to TecQuipment’s optionalVersatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®)

a digital torque and speed display, to measure and displaymotor speed, torque and power. Thermocouples connect toa digital temperature display to measure and displaytemperatures at key points in the test set. A throttlingcalorimeter allows students to measure the dryness fractionof the steam.

Two mechanical gauges show the boiler and engine inletpressures. A meter shows the electrical power supplied to theheaters in the boiler.

For quicker tests with easier recording of results,TecQuipment can supply the optional Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS®). This gives accurate real-timedata capture, monitoring and display, calculation andcharting of all the important readings on a computer(computer not included).

Experiments

• Steam plant performance, including the Rankine cycleanalysis and the Willans line

• Marcet boiler experiment on saturated steam (pressuretemperature relationship)




• Marcet Boiler (TD1006) 241

Steam Motor and EnergyConversion Test Set (TD1050)

Works with


Internal Combustion Engine Test Sets

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Versatile engine test bed andinstrumentation forinvestigations into thefundamental features ofinternal combustion engines

• Enables wide range of investigations into thecharacteristics of four-stroke, single-cylinderpetrol and diesel engines

• Four-stroke diesel and four-stroke petrolengines available separately

• Includes comprehensive instrumentation

• Optional ancillaries available to extend rangeof study even further

• Test bed trolley mounted for mobility

• Quick, convenient and accurate enginemounting and changeover

Small Engine Test Set(TD200)

Works with


• Robust, simple hydraulic dynamometer

• No need for large electrical supplies

• Instrumentation and test bed are separate toavoid vibration being transmitted tomeasuring devices

• Self-sealing couplings enable quick andefficient connection and disconnection of fuellines with minimum loss or spillage of fuel


Continued on next page


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A versatile hydraulic engine test bed with comprehensiveinstrumentation. The equipment requires minimum services,installation and outlay. When used with one ofTecQuipment’s optional single-cylinder engines, it safely andeffectively enables study and demonstrations of the mostimportant features of the engine. In addition, optionalancillaries are available to extend the range of study,demonstrations and investigations even further.

The equipment is fully compatible with TecQuipment’soptional Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®). Thisenables accurate real-time data capture, monitoring anddisplay, calculation and charting of all relevant parameterson a suitable computer (computer not included) makingtests quick and reliable.

The main components of the test set are a:

• heavy fabricated portable bed, and

• a bench-mounted instrumentation frame.

The bed sits on a trolley for portability. It includes a robust,precision-machined, trunnion-mounted hydraulicdynamometer. A significant advantage of using a hydraulicdynamometer is that no large electrical supplies are requiredas the engine power is dissipated into the water used to loadthe dynamometer.

The dynamometer applies load according to the flow rateand level of water in the casing. An accurate needle valvecontrols the flow rate and level. An electronic load cellmeasures torque. The engines (available separately) aresupplied pre-mounted on a sturdy precision base plate.When the engine is initially mounted onto the test bed orexchanged with an alternative engine, dowels and slotslocate the engine quickly, accurately and reliably. To enablestudents to measure air flow, an air box and orifice plate arelocated underneath the engine bed on the trolley.

The instrumentation is mounted in a sturdy frame. The framehas a single power inlet and several power outlets to supplythe various display units (either those provided as standard orthose provided as optional extras). The instrumentation andtest bed are separate in order to avoid vibration beingtransmitted from the engine to the measuring devices.

The engines (available separately) include an exhaustthermocouple, dynamometer coupling, hoses and fittings.TecQuipment can also supply the engines with pre-modifiedcylinder heads and cranks for connection to TecQuipment’sEngine Cycle Analyser (ECA100, available separately). Eachengine includes a colour-coded fuel tank with self-sealing

couplings. The couplings ensure the engines can beconnected and disconnected quickly and efficiently withminimum loss or spillage of fuel. For convenience and safety,the fuel tank can be removed for filling or for storage in afuel locker when not in use. Removing the fuel tank alsoprevents unauthorised use of the equipment.

Experiments

A comprehensive range of investigations into the features ofsingle-cylinder, four-stroke petrol and diesel enginesincluding:

• Torque, speed and power relationship

• Brake mean effective pressure

• Engine performance curves

• Air and fuel consumption

• Volumetric and thermal efficiencies

• Willans line for a diesel engine

By using the recommended ancillaries and engine choicesstudents can investigate more features including:

• Plotting p-θ and p-V diagrams

• Engine cycle analysis

• Indicated mean effective pressure

• Indicated power

• Comparison of brake and indicated mean effectivepressures

• Mechanical efficiency of the engine


• Four-Stoke Petrol Engine (TD201 or TD211) 246 /248

• Four-Stroke Diesel Engine (TD202 or TD212) 247 /249

With either:

• Manual Volumetric Fuel Gauge (AVF1) or 255

• Automatic Volumetric Fuel Gauge with Digital 256Read-Out (DVF1)



• Engine Cycle Analyser (ECA100) with Cylinder 257Head Pressure Transducer (ECA101) and Crank Angle Encoder (ECA102). For use with modified engines only (TD211 and TD212).


• Regenerative Engine Test Set (TD300) 250

EQUIPMENT TRAINING

We can offer a comprehensive equipment trainingprogramme that includes start-up, operation, shut-down, safety and maintenance procedures. Trainingprogrammes can be delivered at your premises or ourmanufacturing facility in the UK.

Small Engine Test Set (TD200)Continued from previous page

In-house precision machining of theTecQuipment TD200 Dynamometer housing

Internal Combustion Engine Test Set Ancillaries (TD200)

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• For safe and effective studies anddemonstrations of a four-stroke, single-cylinder petrol engine

• For use with TecQuipment’s small engine testset (TD200)

• High-quality yet cost-effective enginespecially modified for educational use

• Wide range of investigations possible

• Quickly and accurately mounts on the test bed

• Includes colour-coded fuel tank with quick-release couplings

High-quality and cost-effective four-stroke, single-cylinderpetrol engine for use with TecQuipment’s Small Engine TestSet (TD200). Adapted specially for education to enableeffective laboratory testing and demonstrations, the engineincludes an exhaust thermocouple, a half-coupling to link tothe test set dynamometer and all essential hoses and fittings.In addition, each engine includes a colour-coded fuel tankwith self-sealing couplings. The couplings ensure the enginecan be connected and disconnected quickly and efficientlywith minimum loss or spillage of fuel. For convenience andsafety, the fuel tank can be removed for filling or for storagein a fuel locker when not in use. Removing the fuel tank alsoprevents unauthorised use of the equipment.

The engine is mounted on a sturdy precision bed plate. Thebed plate has dowels and slots which align and locate itaccurately with the dynamometer test set. This minimisesthe time spent replacing one engine with another.

Experiments

When used with TecQuipment’s Small Engine Test Set(TD200), investigations into the performance andcharacteristics of a four-stroke petrol engine, including:







• Four-Stroke Diesel Engine (TD202) 247

• Modified Four-Stroke Petrol Engine (TD211) 248

• Modified Four-Stroke Diesel Engine (TD212) 249

• Four-Stroke Petrol Engine (TD301) 252


A four-stroke, single-cylinder petrol enginefor use with TecQuipment’s Small EngineTest Set (TD200)

Four-Stroke Petrol Engine (TD201)

TALK to our EXPERTS

Our dedicated Sales team can help you choosethe equipment best suited for your needs, answeryour questions and progress your order.


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• For safe and effective studies anddemonstrations of a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine

• For use with TecQuipment’s Small EngineTest Set (TD200)

• High-quality yet cost-effective enginespecially modified for educational use




High-quality, cost-effective four-stroke, single-cylinder dieselengine for use with TecQuipment’s Small Engine Test Set(TD200). Adapted specially for education to enable effectivelaboratory testing and demonstrations, the engine includesan exhaust thermocouple, a half-coupling to link to the testbed dynamometer and all essential hoses and fittings.

In addition, each engine includes a colour-coded fuel tankwith self-sealing couplings. The couplings ensure the enginecan be connected and disconnected quickly and efficientlywith minimum loss or spillage of fuel. For convenience andsafety, the fuel tank can be removed for filling or for storagein a fuel locker when not in use. Removing the fuel tank alsoprevents unauthorised use of the equipment.


Experiments

When used with TecQuipment’s Small Engine Test Set(TD200), investigations into the performance andcharacteristics of a four-stroke diesel engine, including:






• Willans line







A four-stroke, single-cylinder dieselengine for use with TecQuipment’sSmall Engine Test Set (TD200)

Four-Stroke Diesel Engine (TD202)

STANDARD FEATURES for all our products are:• Supplied with comprehensive user guide

• Two-year warranty

• Manufactured in accordance with the latest European Union directives


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• For safe and effective studies anddemonstrations of a four-stroke, single-cylinder petrol engine


• Modified for use with optional Pressure(ECA101) and Crank Angle (ECA102)Transducers and Engine Cycle Analyser(ECA100)




High-quality and cost-effective four-stroke, single-cylinderpetrol engine for use with TecQuipment’s Small Engine TestSet (TD200). Adapted specially for education to enableeffective laboratory testing and demonstrations, the engineincludes an exhaust thermocouple, a half-coupling to link tothe test set dynamometer and all essential hoses and fittings.In addition, each engine includes a colour-coded fuel tankwith self-sealing couplings. The couplings ensure the enginescan be connected and disconnected quickly and efficientlywith minimum loss or spillage of fuel. For convenience andsafety, the fuel tank can be removed for filling or for storagein a fuel locker when not in use. Removing the fuel tank alsoprevents unauthorised use of the equipment.

The engine has a modified cylinder head and crank. Theseallow use with the Cylinder Head Pressure Transducer(ECA101, available separately) and the Crank Angle Encoder(ECA102, available separately). These can then connect tothe Engine Cycle Analyser (ECA100, available separately) toextend the range of experiments possible.


Experiments

When used with TecQuipment’s Small Engine Test Set(TD200), investigations into the performance andcharacteristics of a four-stroke petrol engine, including:






When used with TecQuipment’s Small Engine Test Set(TD200), Cylinder Head Pressure Transducer (ECA101),Crank Angle Encoder (ECA102) and Engine Cycle Analyser(ECA100), students can investigate further featuresincluding:



• Indicated power









A four-stroke, single-cylinder petrolengine with modified cylinder head andcrank, for use with TecQuipment’s SmallEngine Test Set (TD200)

Modified Four-Stroke Petrol Engine (TD211)


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Modified Four-Stroke Diesel Engine (TD212)

A four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel enginewith modified cylinder head and crank, foruse with TecQuipment’s Small Engine TestSet (TD200)







High-quality and cost-effective four-stroke, single-cylinderdiesel engine for use with TecQuipment’s Small Engine TestSet (TD200). Adapted specially for education to enableeffective laboratory testing and demonstrations, the engineincludes an exhaust thermocouple, a half-coupling to link tothe test bed dynamometer and all essential hoses andfittings. In addition, each engine includes a colour-codedfuel tank with self-sealing couplings. The couplings ensurethe engine can be connected and disconnected quickly andefficiently with minimum loss or spillage of fuel. Forconvenience and safety, the fuel tank can be removed forfilling or for storage in a fuel locker when not in use.Removing the fuel tank also prevents unauthorised use of theequipment.

The engine has a modified cylinder head and crank. Theseallow use with the Cylinder Head Pressure Transducer(ECA101 available separately) and the Crank Angle Encoder(EA102 available separately). These can then connect to theEngine Cycle Analyser (ECA100 available separately) toextend the range of experiments possible.


Experiments

When used with TecQuipment’s Small Engine Test Set(TD200), investigations into the performance andcharacteristics of a four-stroke diesel engine, including:






• Willans line

When used with TecQuipment’s Small Engine Test Set(TD200), Cylinder Head Pressure Transducer (ECA101),Crank Angle Encoder (ECA102) and Engine Cycle Analyser(ECA100), students can investigate further featuresincluding:



• Indicated power










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Regenerative Engine Test Set (TD300) Works with


Versatile engine test bed withinstrumentation for comprehensiveinvestigations into the features andoperating characteristics of internalcombustion engines

• Enables wide range of investigations into thecharacteristics of four-stroke single-cylinderpetrol and diesel engines

• For use with engines up to 10 kW: four-stroke diesel and four-stroke petrol engines(available separately)

• Ideal for group demonstrations and studentprojects

• Includes comprehensive control console andinstrumentation

• Optional ancillaries available to extend rangeof study even further

• Quick, convenient and accurate enginemounting and changeover

• Test bed includes anti-vibration mounts

• Uses four-quadrant drive to start and loadthe engine, giving excellent stability

• Self-sealing couplings enable quick andefficient connection and disconnection offuel lines with minimum loss or spillageof fuel


Shown fitted with one ofthe optional engines


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A versatile regenerative engine test set with comprehensivecontrols and instrumentation. When used with one ofTecQuipment’s optional single-cylinder engines (rated up to10 kW), it safely and effectively enables study anddemonstrations of the features and characteristics of theengine. In addition, optional ancillaries are available toextend the range of study, demonstrations andinvestigations even further.

The equipment is fully compatible with TecQuipment’soptional Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®). Thisenables accurate real-time data capture, monitoring anddisplay, calculation and charting of all relevant parameterson a suitable computer (computer not included) makingtests quick and reliable.

The main components of the system are a:

• heavy fabricated floor-mounting bed,

• control console with instrumentation frame, and a

• frame which supports the fuel tank and fuel gauge.

The bed is held on anti-vibration mounts. It includes a robusttrunnion-mounted d.c. machine. An electronic load cellconnected to the machine measures the driving torque ofthe test engine. The engines (available separately) aresupplied pre-mounted on a sturdy precision base plate.When the engine is initially mounted onto the test bed orexchanged with an alternative engine, dowels and slotslocate the engine quickly, accurately and reliably.

Each engine includes a colour-coded fuel tank with self-sealing couplings. The couplings ensure the engines can beconnected and disconnected quickly and efficiently withminimum loss or spillage of fuel. For convenience and safety,the fuel tank can be removed for filling or for storage in afuel locker when not in use. Removing the fuel tank alsoprevents unauthorised use of the equipment.

The control console has an electrical cabinet which houses afour-quadrant drive to start and load the engine. The motorcan also be used to drive the engine while the fuel andignition are off, so students can establish frictional losses.The control console includes an air box and orifice plate toenable students to measure air flow. The instrumentationand display units are mounted on a sturdy frame, which ispart of the control console. The control console also includesa convenient work top for use as a writing desk, or forpositioning other equipment such as a computer (computernot included).

The control console and test bed are separate in order toavoid vibration being transmitted from the engine to themeasuring devices. In addition, it allows the instrumentationto be thermally and acoustically screened from the test bed,using suitable shielding or a wall. The engines (availableseparately) include an exhaust thermocouple, dynamometercoupling, colour-coded fuel tank, hoses and fittings. Theyalso have modified cylinder heads and cranks for connectionto TecQuipment’s Engine Cycle Analyser (ECA100, availableseparately). An Exhaust Gas Calorimeter (TD300a) is alsoavailable separately to enable students to measure energylost through exhaust gases and to determine the energybalance of the engine.

Experiments

A comprehensive range of investigations into the features ofsingle-cylinder, four-stroke petrol and diesel enginesincluding:






By using the recommended ancillaries and enginechoices,students can investigate more features including:




• Indicated power




• Four-stroke petrol engine (TD301) 252

• Four-stroke diesel engine (TD302) 253

With either:

• Manual Volumetric Fuel Gauge (AVF1) 255

or

• Automatic Volumetric Fuel Gauge with 256Digital Read-out (DVF1)



• Exhaust Gas Calorimeter (TD300a) 254

• Engine Cycle Analyser (ECA100) 257

with

• Cylinder Head Pressure Transducer (ECA101) 257

and

• Crank Angle Encoder (ECA102) 257


• Small Engine Test Set (TD200) 243


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• For safe and effective studies anddemonstrations of a four-stroke,single-cylinder petrol engine

• For use with TecQuipment’sRegenerative Engine Test Set (TD300)

• Modified for use with optionalPressure (ECA101) and Crank Angle(ECA102) Transducers and EngineCycle Analyser (ECA100)




High-quality and cost-effective four-stroke, single-cylinderpetrol engine for use with TecQuipment’s RegenerativeEngine Test Set (TD300).

Adapted specially for education to enable effectivelaboratory testing and demonstrations, the engine includesan exhaust thermocouple, a half-coupling to link to the testset dynamometer and all essential hoses and fittings. Inaddition, each engine includes a colour-coded fuel tank withself-sealing couplings. The couplings ensure the engine canbe connected and disconnected quickly and efficiently withminimum loss or spillage of fuel. For convenience and safety,the fuel tank can be removed for filling or for storage in afuel locker when not in use. Removing the fuel tank alsoprevents unauthorised use of the equipment.


The engine is mounted on a sturdy precision bed plate. Thebed plate has dowels and slots which align and locate itaccurately with the dynamometer. This minimises the timespent replacing one engine with another.

If a mains power failure or emergency stop occurs,interlocking relays on the engine immediately cut the ignition.In addition, to prevent transmission of accidentally ignitedflames or explosions, the air inlet includes a flame arrestor.

Experiments

When used with TecQuipment’s Regenerative Engine Test Set(TD300), investigations into the performance andcharacteristics of a four-stroke petrol engine, including:






When used with TecQuipment’s Regenerative Engine Test Set(TD300), Cylinder Head Pressure Transducer (ECA101), CrankAngle Encoder (ECA102) and Engine Cycle Analyser(ECA100), students can investigate further features including:


• The thermodynamic cycle of an internal combustionengine


• Indicated power









A four-stroke, single-cylinder petrolengine with modified cylinder headand crank, for use with TecQuipment’sRegenerative Engine Test Set (TD300)

Four-Stroke Petrol Engine (TD301)


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• For use with TecQuipment’s RegenerativeEngine Test Set (TD300)





High-quality and cost-effective four-stroke, single-cylinderdiesel engine for use with TecQuipment’s RegenerativeEngine Test Set (TD300). Adapted specially for education toenable effective laboratory testing and demonstrations, theengine includes an exhaust thermocouple, a half-coupling tolink to the test bed dynamometer, and all essential hoses andfittings. In addition, each engine includes a colour-codedfuel tank with self-sealing couplings.

The couplings ensure the engine can be connected anddisconnected quickly and efficiently with minimum loss orspillage of fuel. For convenience and safety, the fuel tank canbe removed for filling or for storage in a fuel locker when notin use. Removing the fuel tank also prevents unauthoriseduse of the equipment.



If a mains power failure or emergency stop occurs, interlockingrelays on the engine immediately cut the fuel supply. Inaddition, to prevent transmission of accidentally ignited flamesor explosions, the air inlet includes a flame arrestor.

Experiments

When used with TecQuipment’s Regenerative Engine Test Set(TD300), investigations into the performance andcharacteristics of a four-stroke diesel engine, including:






When used with TecQuipment’s Regenerative Engine Test Set(TD300), Cylinder Head Pressure Transducer (ECA101),Crank Angle Encoder (ECA102) and Engine Cycle Analyser(ECA100) students can investigate further features including:




• Indicated power









A four-stroke, single-cylinder dieselengine with modified cylinder headand crank, for use with TecQuipment’sRegenerative Engine Test Set (TD300)

Four-Stroke Diesel Engine (TD302)

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• Safely and effectively measures theheat content of TecQuipment’stest engine exhaust gases

• For use with TecQuipment’sRegenerative Engine Test Set(TD300) and Test Engines (TD301and TD302)

• Specially designed for educational use


• Uses electronic transducers and a digitaldisplay for ease of use and accuracy

• Separate instrumentation unit convenientlymounts on test set console frame


An exhaust gas calorimeter for use with TecQuipment’sRegenerative Engine Test Set (TD300). The equipmentmeasures the heat content of exhaust gases and enablesstudents to determine the energy lost to exhaust in theenergy balance for single-cylinder, four-stroke petrol (TD301,available separately) and diesel (TD302, available separately)engines.

The main components of the Exhaust Gas Calorimeter are:

• Gas-to-water shell and multi-tube heat exchanger

• Control valve

• Instrumentation unit

The heat exchanger is mounted on a sturdy base plate.Exhaust gases from the test engine mounted on the test setflow through the tubes. A jacket of constantly flowingcooling water surrounds the tubes, and the heat content ofthe gases is assessed by measuring the cooling water flowrate and the inlet and outlet temperatures.

A hand-operated valve, which mounts on the controlconsole of the test set, controls the flow of cooling waterthrough the heat-exchanger jacket. Thermocouples measurethe temperature of gas and water at the inlet and outlet. Aturbine flow meter measures the flow rate. For safety, theheat exchanger also includes a pressure-relief valve in caseinsufficient cooling water is flowing.

The instrumentation consists of a digital, four-channeltemperature and flow display unit. This unit mounts on theinstrumentation rail of the test set console frame and allowseasy and accurate display and monitoring of data. Inaddition, the Exhaust Gas Calorimeter is fully compatiblewith TecQuipment’s optional Versatile Data AcquisitionSystem (VDAS®).

VDAS® enables accurate real-time data capture, monitoringand display, calculation and charting of all relevantparameters on a suitable computer (computer not included)making tests quick and reliable.

Experiments

When used with TecQuipment’s Regenerative Engine Test Set(TD300), the Exhaust Gas Calorimeter enables students toassess the heat lost to exhaust in the energy balance forsingle-cylinder, four-stroke petrol (TD301) and diesel(TD302) engines.

For use with TecQuipment’s RegenerativeEngine Test Set (TD300) to measure the heatcontent of engine exhaust gases

Exhaust Gas Calorimeter(TD300a)

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Internal Combustion Engine Test Set Ancillaries (TD200 and TD300)

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• Volumetric fuel gauge for use withTecQuipment’s Small Engine Test Set(TD200) and Regenerative Engine Test Set(TD300) and engines

• Convenient and accurate measurement offuel consumption

• Easy to install and use


An easy-to-use, accurate volumetric fuel gauge for use withTecQuipment’s engine test sets and engines (TD200 andTD300 series).

The fuel gauge consists of a precision-calibrated two-bulbpipette and control valves. It mounts on the instrumentationframe of the test set and connects between the fuel tank andthe engine under test. All connections are made using self-sealing couplings. The couplings ensure the fuel gauge canbe connected and disconnected quickly and efficiently withminimum loss or spillage of fuel.

Convenient and accurate fuel gauge for usewith TecQuipment engine test sets

Manual Volumetric Fuel Gauge (AVF1)

Fuel enters the pipette from the tank. The fuel supply fromthe tank is then cut off via a valve so that the engine drawsfuel from the pipette only. Students record the time taken toconsume a set volume of fuel, from which they canaccurately calculate the flow rate.

Suitable for use with petrol or diesel.


• Stopwatch (SW1) 288

INSTALLATION andCOMMISSIONING

TecQuipment is pleased to offer a world-class installationand commissioning service for all of our equipment. Ourskilled engineers can professionally and safely installyour new equipment to the highest standard.


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• Automatic volumetric fuel gauge

• For use with TecQuipment’s Small EngineTest Set (TD200) and Regenerative EngineTest Set (TD300)

• Accurately and automatically calculates fuelconsumption

• Directly displays fuel consumption on digitalread-out

• Can cycle continuously or run once only



An automatic volumetric fuel gauge for use withTecQuipment’s Small Engine Test Set (TD200) andRegenerative Engine Test Set (TD300). The gauge accuratelycalculates fuel consumption and displays it directly on adigital read-out.

The Automatic Volumetric Fuel Gauge consists of a:

• precision two-bulb pipette with sensors;

• digital read-out unit which displays fuel consumption andallows data to be transferred to a suitable computer(computer not included) via TecQuipment’s Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS®).

The gauge mounts on the instrumentation frame of the testset and connects between the fuel tank and the engineunder test. Fuel enters the pipette from the tank. A solenoidvalve automatically shuts off the fuel supply from the tank sothat the engine draws the fuel from the pipette. Sensorsarranged on the pipette record the time taken to consume aset volume of fuel, and the instrumentation unitautomatically calculates the fuel consumption. The solenoidvalve then opens and the pipette re-fills. The unit can be setto continuously cycle in this manner or cycle once only.

All connections are made using self-sealing couplings. Thecouplings ensure the fuel gauge can be connected anddisconnected quickly and efficiently with minimum loss orspillage of fuel.

Suitable for use with petrol or diesel.

Automatic fuel gauge for use withTecQuipment’s Engine Test Sets (TD200 andTD300 series)

Automatic Volumetric Fuel Gaugewith Digital Read-Out (DVF1)

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Always here to HELP YOU

Whether you have a technical enquiry, need spareparts or support material you can contact ourCustomer Care team at:[email protected]


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• Significantly enhances practicalinvestigations, demonstrations andstudies of internal combustionengines

• For use with TecQuipment’s SmallEngine Test Set (TD200) andRegenerative Engine Test Set(TD300) and engines

• Can also be used with other engines fittedwith suitable cylinder head transducers andcrank angle encoders

• Includes powerful Windows®-based softwarespecially designed for educational use

• Automatic calculation and real-time displayof p-θ plots and p-V plots and otherimportant parameters

• Snap-shot, replay and animation functions

• Accurate, clear animations of crank, piston,inlet and exhaust valve positions helpstudents visualise the engine cycle

• Students can export data for further analysis

Ideal for student experiments, laboratory demonstrations orproject work, TecQuipment’s Engine Cycle Analyser enablesstudents to investigate a variety of engine performancecharacteristics.

The versatile equipment consists of both hardware andsoftware specially designed for educational use. It enablesstudents to investigate the relationship between crank angle orvolume and the cylinder pressure in an internal combustionengine. The equipment is primarily for use with TecQuipment’sengine test sets and engines (TD200 and TD300 series) but itcan also be used with other engines fitted with compatiblecylinder head transducers and crank angle encoders.

The equipment consists of a hardware unit with connectorand leads, plus Windows®-based data acquisition andanalysis software. The hardware consists of a microprocessor-based signal conditioning unit with high-speed PC interface,housed in a rugged, protective enclosure. It accepts andconditions signals from the Cylinder Head PressureTransducer (ECA101, available separately) and Crank AngleEncoder (ECA102, available separately). The cylinderpressure input includes a precision charge amplifier with adigital thumb-wheel for calibration. As well as crank angleposition, the signal from the Crank Angle Encoder is alsoused to determine engine speed.

The output from the hardware unit connects to a suitablecomputer (computer not included) running the Engine CycleAnalyser software. The hardware unit includes LED indicatorsto show the processor readiness, encoder top dead-centreposition and PC communication status.

The software provides real-time display of pressure versuscrank angle (p-θ) and pressure versus volume (p-V) plots. Itperforms calculations on the data to accurately displayindicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and indicatedpower for comparison with brake mean effective pressure(BMEP), and brake power to determine the mechanicalefficiency of the test engine.

The software has useful snap-shot, replay and animationfunctions to help students visualise and better understandthe engine cycle. The snap-shot and replay allow students tocapture several engine cycles and study them using ananimation showing the relative position of the crank, piston,inlet and exhaust valves. The software also allows students tocreate and recall engine configuration files for conveniententry of test engine data needed for calculations such ascrank radius and engine swept volume. Data can also beexported to other software for further analysis.

Experiments

Investigations into a variety of internal combustion enginecharacteristics, including:


• Calculation of indicated mean effective pressure andindicated power

• Comparison of indicated mean effective pressure andbrake mean effective pressure

• Mechanical efficiency of the test engine

• Further work using exported data such as combustionanalysis


• Cylinder Head Pressure Transducer (ECA101)

• Crank Angle Encoder (ECA102)

• Suitable computer

Note: For engine test sets or engines other thanTecQuipment’s TD200 or TD300 series, please contactTecQuipment or your local agent.

Hardware and software to measureinternal combustion engine cylinderpressure and crank angle

Engine Cycle Analyser (ECA100)

Gas Turbines

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A self-contained, fully instrumented, educational single-shaftgas turbine. Powered by kerosene, the experimental abilitiesof this high-quality apparatus enable comprehensive,practical investigations into the principles and performanceof single-shaft gas turbines.

It consists of a steel frame that holds a gas generator,combustion chamber, oil and fuel tanks, pumps, ancillariesand guards. Above these is an instrumentation and controlpanel with schematic diagram. The clearly labelled frontpanel with mimic diagram includes the instrument displays,controls and warning lights.

Air passes into an air box, into a compressor, then into thecombustion chamber. A pump transfers fuel from the fueltank to spray through a special nozzle into the combustionchamber. A high-energy spark ignites the air and fuelmixture which flows to a radial flow turbine, then a variablearea propelling nozzle. The exhaust gases then discharge toa suitable exhaust system.

The combustion chamber gives excellent combustion, lowpressure loss and good flame stability over a wide range ofconditions. A fuel flow-control valve on the instrumentationand control panel regulates the speed. This design reducesthe possibility of over-speed. The equipment has an oilingsystem including filters and water-cooled oil.

Allows detailedexperiments thatshow how asingle-shaft gasturbojet works,and tests itsperformance

• Uses industrial parts, powered by kerosenefor realistic tests and results

• Fully interlocked starting procedure andautomatic shut-down

• Automatic data acquisition (ADA) included(supplied with software)

• Supplied with ‘Gas Turbine Theory’ textbook

• Full schematic coloured instrumentationpanel diagram shows students what eachpart does

• Well-proven design – versions installed inuniversities, technical colleges and militarytraining establishments in 30 countriesworldwide

Starting is semi-automatic and fully interlocked, controlledby a start-up and shut-down logic system. For protection ofthe equipment and user, it shuts down the turbine if the usermakes an error. Digital indicators show shaft speed,pressures, temperatures and fuel flow. Analogue indicatorsshow fuel level, fuel pressure, oil temperature, oil pressureand hours run.

This equipment connects to a suitable computer (computernot included) and includes dedicated, user-friendly dataacquisition software. This allows students to display, graphand analyse all relevant variables, and save their results forlater analysis. The data acquisition system includes adaptorsand leads, and the software is supplied on CD-ROM.

Supplied with the equipment is a detailed textbook thatcovers the theory and use of gas turbines.

Experiments

Various investigations into single-shaft turbine thrust jetperformance, including:

• Effect on thrust generation by variation in rotationalspeed and propelling nozzle area

• Isentropic, polytropic and mechanical efficiencies ofcompressor, combustion chamber and turbine

• Pressure ratios of turbine, compressor and non-dimensional characteristics

• Combustion chamber pressure losses and combustionefficiencies

• Specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, air standardcycle, work ratio and heat balance

Recommended Ancillaries



• Turbojet Trainer with Reheat (GT100RS) 259

• Two-Shaft Gas Turbine (GT185) 260

Turbojet Trainer (GT100)

Screenshot of the GT100 software

Gas Turbines

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A self-contained, fully instrumented, educational single-shaftgas turbine with reheat. Powered by kerosene, theexperimental abilities of this high-quality apparatus enablecomprehensive, practical investigations into the principlesand performance of single-shaft gas turbines with reheat.

It consists of a steel frame that holds a gas generator,combustion chamber, oil and fuel tanks, pumps, ancillariesand guards. Above these is an instrumentation and controlpanel with schematic diagram. The clearly labelled frontpanel with mimic diagram includes the instrument displays,controls and warning lights.

Air passes into an air box, into a compressor, then into thecombustion chamber. A pump transfers fuel from the fuel tankto spray through a special nozzle into the combustionchamber. A high-energy spark ignites the air and fuel mixturewhich flows to a radial flow turbine, then to the reheatsection. This increases the temperature and velocity of the gas.It then passes through a variable-area propelling nozzle. Theexhaust gases then discharge to a suitable exhaust system.The combustion chamber gives excellent combustion, lowpressure loss and good flame stability over a wide range ofconditions. A fuel-flow control valve on the instrumentationand control panel regulates the speed. This design reduces thepossibility of over-speed. A separate control adjusts the fuelflow to the reheat section. The equipment has an oilingsystem including filters and water-cooled oil.

Starting is semi-automatic and fully interlocked, controlledby a start-up and shut-down logic system. For protection ofthe equipment and user, it shuts down the turbine if the usermakes an error.

Allows detailed experiments that show howa single-shaft gas turbojet with reheat(afterburner) works, and tests itsperformance


• Includes reheat (afterburner) section




• Full schematic instrumentation paneldiagram shows students what each partdoes

• Well-proven design – versions installed inuniversities, technical colleges and militarytraining establishments in 30 countriesworldwide Digital indicators show shaft speed, pressures, temperatures

and fuel flow. Analogue indicators show fuel level, fuelpressure, oil temperature, oil pressure and hours run.

This equipment connects to a suitable computer (computernot included) and includes dedicated, user-friendly dataacquisition software. This allows students to display, graphand analyse all relevant variables, and save their results forlater analysis. The data acquisition system includes adaptorsand leads, and the software is supplied on CD-ROM.


Experiments

Various investigations into single-shaft turbine thrust jetperformance, including:

• Effect on thrust generation by variation in rotationalspeed, reheat temperature and propelling nozzle area

• Isentropic, polytropic and mechanical efficiencies ofcompressor, combustion chamber, turbine and reheater

• Pressure ratios of turbine, compressor, reheater and non-dimensional characteristics

• Combustion chamber and reheater pressure losses andcombustion efficiencies

• Specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, air standardcycle, work ratio and heat balance




• Turbojet Trainer (GT100) 258

• Two-Shaft Gas Turbine (GT185) 260

Screenshot of theGT100RS software

Turbojet Trainer with Reheat (GT100RS)

Gas Turbines

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A self-contained, fully instrumented, educational two-shaftgas turbine. Powered by kerosene, the experimental abilitiesof this high-quality apparatus enable comprehensive,practical investigations into the principles and performanceof two-shaft gas turbines.

It consists of a steel frame that holds a gas generator, powerturbine, combustion chamber, oil and fuel tanks, pumps,ancillaries and guards. Above these is an instrumentationand control panel with schematic diagram. The clearlylabelled front panel with mimic diagram includes theinstrument displays, controls and warning lights.

Air passes through an ISA nozzle and air box, into acompressor, then into the combustion chamber. A pumptransfers fuel from the fuel tank to spray through a specialnozzle into the combustion chamber. A high-energy sparkignites the air and fuel mixture which flows to a gasgenerator turbine. The combustion chamber gives excellentcombustion, low pressure loss and good flame stability overa wide range of conditions. A fuel-flow control valve on theinstrumentation and control panel regulates the speed. Thisdesign reduces the possibility of over-speed.

Hot gas from the gas generator turbine passes through ashort duct to the power turbine. The short duct reduces heatlosses to atmosphere. The exhaust gases then discharge to asuitable exhaust system. The power turbine couples direct toan eddy current dynamometer, so there are no belts toadjust. A load cell on the dynamometer measures torque anda sensor measures the dynamometer speed, to allowcalculation of true shaft power.

Allows detailed experiments that showhow a two-shaft gas turbine works, andtests its performance




• Direct-coupled (no belts) eddy currentdynamometer for accurate loading, speedcontrol and true shaft power measurement


• Full schematic instrumentation panel diagramshows students what each part does

• Well proven design – versions installed inuniversities, technical colleges and militarytraining establishments in 30 countriesworldwide

A control on the instrumentation and control panel controlsthe load of the dynamometer (and therefore speed of thepower turbine). The equipment has an oiling systemincluding filters and water-cooled oil.

Starting is semi-automatic and fully interlocked, controlledby a start-up and shut-down logic system. For protection ofthe equipment and user, it shuts down the turbines if theuser makes an error. It also switches on cooling fans afterrunning.

Digital indicators show shaft speeds, dynamometer torque,pressures, temperatures and mass fuel flow. Analogueindicators show fuel level, fuel pressure, oil temperature, oilpressure and hours run.

This equipment connects to a suitable computer (computernot included) and includes specialist, user-friendly dataacquisition software. This allows students to display, graphand analyse all relevant variables, and save their results forlater analysis. The data acquisition system includes adaptorsand leads, and the software is supplied on CD-ROM.


Two-Shaft Gas Turbine(GT185)

Screenshot of theGT185 software

Gas Turbines

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Experiments

A variety of comprehensive investigations into two-shaftturbine performance, including:

Two-shaft gas turbine:

• Specific fuel consumption

• Thermal efficiency

• Air standard cycle

• Work ratio

• Heat balance

Compressor, gas-generator turbine and powerturbine:

• Pressure ratio

• Isentropic efficiencies, polytropic efficiencies, mechanicalefficiencies

• Power outputs, power inputs

• Compressor characteristics, power turbine characteristicsand all non-dimensional characteristics

Combustion chamber:

• Pressure loss

• Combustion efficiency

• Air and fuel ratio




• Turbojet Trainer (GT100) 258

• Turbojet Trainer with Reheat (GT100RS) 259

Reciprocating CompressorModule (MFP104) – Page 142

Allows students to study and perform testson a reciprocating compressor, tounderstandhow it worksand calculateits performance

Centrifugal CompressorModule (MFP105) – Page 143

Allows students to study and perform testson a centrifugal compressor, tounderstandhow it worksand calculateits performance

Works with



HAVE YOU SEEN THE FOLLOWING?These products also cross over into the subject of thermodynamics – please turn to the Fluid Mechanics section for full details.

Compressors

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Experiments

A range of experiments and tests based on:

• Volumetric, mechanical and isothermal efficiency

• Indicated work done

• Motor output power (compressor shaft power)

• Pressure ratio

• Temperature ratio

• Inlet dryness calculations

• P-V indicator diagram (needs optional GT103a MaihakIndicator)

• Effect of inter-stage cooling on compressor total powerrequirements and effect on cycle temperatures

• Effect of two-stage compression and inter-stage pressureon power requirements


• Maihak Indicator (GT103a)


• Reciprocating Compressor Module (MFP104) 142

Shows how single and two-stagecompressors work, and theirthermodynamic properties

• Compact, mobile unit

• Works as single-stage, two-stage or two-stage intercooled compressor

• Independently controlled compressorunits, both with variable-speeddynamometer drives

• Clear, fully-instrumented control panelwith mimic diagram

• Low-noise footprint

• Completely fail-safe operation – interlocksand pressure-relief valves prevent misuse

This test set has two independently controlled, motor-drivencompressors, intercooler and air receiver. It works as a single-stage, two-stage or two-stage compressor with intercooler.All controls and instrumentation are on an easy-to-operatemimic panel.

Electric motors and low-maintenance toothed belts drivetwo twin-cylinder, air-cooled reciprocating compressors.Thyristor drive units independently control both motors.Electric meters show motor electrical power consumption ofeach motor. A close-coupled load cell on each motormeasures torque. A sensor on each motor measures speed,shown by a digital indicator. The product of the torque andspeed gives true shaft power.

To allow students to study different types of air-compressorsystems, diverter valves allow air to move in differentdirections. These include:

• From the first stage to the receiver

• Directly to the second stage

• To the second stage, by means of the integral water-cooled intercooler

Independent control of the two compressor speeds allowsflexibility to match the two compressors under differentconditions. Interlocks allow safe changes from one methodof operation to another while the equipment works, andprevent misuse.

For safety, all pressurised lines have relief valves. To helpproduce pressure and volume diagrams, TecQuipment offersthe optional Maihak Indicator (GT103a).

Two-Stage CompressorTest Set (GT103)

08 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 2012

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Transcript of 08 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 2012