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Transcript of 08 Chem 06 Presentation)
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INDUSTRIALINSTRUMENTATIONANDCONTROL
Displacement, Force, Speed &
Torque
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PRESENTEDBY
ANAM ASGHAR
08-CHEM-06PRESENTED TO:
DR. ING NAVEED RAMZAN
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SYNOPSIS
o Displacement
o Displacement sensors
o Instruments for displacement measurement
o
Torqueo Types of torque sensors
o Speed
o Types of tachometers
o Force
o Methods for force measurement
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DISPLACEMENT
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DISPLACEMENT
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Displacement is the shortest
distance between the two
points.
Is used to measure the other
variables of the process
industry such as pressure.
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DISPLACEMENT SENSORS
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Displacement sensors are
one that measures:
A change in linear position.
A change in angular
displacement.
Detect motion.
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TYPESOF DISPLACEMENT SENSORS
Direct contact
Indirect contact
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CLASSIFICATION
There are two methods for the measurement of the
displacement in process industry:
Mechanical method
Electrical method
But electrical method is commonly used in the process industry
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INSTRUMENTS
Linear variable differential transformer
Resistance strain gauge element
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LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL
TRANSFORMER
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Components:
Cylindrical former
One primary winding
Two secondary windings
Iron core (magnetic core)
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Case :1
When the core doesnt change its position
Output voltage =Esec1Esec2 = 0
Case :2
When emf produced in the secondary coil 1 is greater
Output voltage =Esec1Esec2 Case :3
When emf produced in the secondary coil 2 is greater
Output voltage =Esec2Esec112
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RESISTANCE STRAIN GAUGE ELEMENT
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Positive type resistance
transducer.
These sensors include the
pressure sensors, load cell,
position sensors etc.
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COMPONENTSOF STRAIN GAUGES
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Consists of a fine wire.
Stretch or strain in the wire
causes the change in the
length and diameter of thewire.
Resistance of metal changes.
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TORQUE
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TORQUE
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Torque is the tendency of the
force which produces
rotation. It is defined as
T= LF
Torque measures how hard it
is to rotate a body.
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TYPESOFTORQUESENSORS
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In-line rotating torque
sensors
In-line stationary torque
sensors
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IN-LINE STATIONARY TORQUE
SENSORS
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Uses the basic principle of
Widemann Magnetostriction
effect for the torquemeasurement.
Components:
Two primary windings
Two secondary windings AC source
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SPEED
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Types of tachometer
Mechanical
tachometer
Electrical
tachometer
Revolution
counterResonance
tachometer
SPEEDSPEEDREFERSTOTHEREVOLUTIONPERMINUTEOFSOME
ROTATINGPIECESOFTHEEQUIPMENT.
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RESONANCE TACHOMETER
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Known as vibrating-reed
tachometers.
The range of theresonance tachometer is
wide .
Accuracy is of the orderof5% or better.
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ELECTRICAL TACHOMETERS
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Converts the rotational speedinto electrical signal
Recorder or indicator to show
the measured value of thespeed.
TYPES
Contactless tachometers
Frequency tachometers
Ignition type tachometers
Stroboscopic tachometers
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FORCE
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FORCE
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Force may be defined as a
cause that produces
resistance to any moving
body, or changes the motion
of the body, or tends to
produce these effects.
Force is given as:
F=ma
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METHODS
Hydraulic force method
Electric force transducer
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HYDRAULIC FORCE METER
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Operates on the principle offorce counterbalance.
Construction:
Metal diaphragm
Fluid chamber
Spiral type bourdon tubegauge
Pointer
Accuracy is of the order of0.1 % of the full scale.
Respond quickly to the loadchanges.
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REFERENCES
http://www.reliability.com/industry/articles/article85x.pdf
Singh S.K; industrial instrumentation and control; 3rd edition,McGraw Hill publishing company limited, New Delhi.
http://www.cosmolearning.com/courses/industrial-instrumentation/
K Krishnaswamy; Industrial instrumentation;Volume 1,McGraw Hill publishing company limited, New Delhi.
http://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/line
ar-variable-displacement-transducer.html http://www.rdpe.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htm
http://www.sensorland.com/HowPage002.html28
http://www.reliability.com/industry/articles/article85x.pdfhttp://www.cosmolearning.com/courses/industrial-instrumentation/http://www.cosmolearning.com/courses/industrial-instrumentation/http://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://www.rdpe.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htmhttp://www.sensorland.com/HowPage002.htmlhttp://www.sensorland.com/HowPage002.htmlhttp://www.rdpe.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htmhttp://www.rdpe.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htmhttp://www.rdpe.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htmhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com/2010/05/linear-variable-displacement-transducer.htmlhttp://www.cosmolearning.com/courses/industrial-instrumentation/http://www.cosmolearning.com/courses/industrial-instrumentation/http://www.cosmolearning.com/courses/industrial-instrumentation/http://www.reliability.com/industry/articles/article85x.pdf -
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REFERENCES
A.L Window; Strain gauge technology 7th edition, McGraw
Hill publishing company limited.
http://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/strain_gages/s
train_gage_selection_resist.cfm
http://www.omega.com/techref/strain-gage.html
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/g.knott/elect456.htm
http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/531
47.aspx
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http://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/strain_gages/strain_gage_selection_resist.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/strain_gages/strain_gage_selection_resist.cfmhttp://www.omega.com/techref/strain-gage.htmlhttp://homepage.ntlworld.com/g.knott/elect456.htmhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/53147.aspxhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/53147.aspxhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/53147.aspxhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/53147.aspxhttp://homepage.ntlworld.com/g.knott/elect456.htmhttp://www.omega.com/techref/strain-gage.htmlhttp://www.omega.com/techref/strain-gage.htmlhttp://www.omega.com/techref/strain-gage.htmlhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/strain_gages/strain_gage_selection_resist.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/strain_gages/strain_gage_selection_resist.cfm -
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