08. Cap 8 - Ambientes Hostiles

8/13/2019 08. Cap 8 - Ambientes Hostiles

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CHAPTER

When working in a hostile environmenta spy may need to live by one basic law:

kill or be killed.


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Today, a lot of emphasis is placed on hostile environment training. Aid workers in Afghanimedia personnel covering a live war situation are just two examples. For these indivenvironment training makes their stay in these places more comfortable; for a spy workicountry, such skills are literally a matter of life or death.

Hostile environment training teaches an individua l about military combat,weapons, explosives and tactics. A modern spy must learn the safety drillshow the weapon operates, and be able to field strip the weapon in anemergency. Once these skills have been mastered, the student will moveon to basic shooting skills, movement and room clearance drills.

The spy must know how to use both weapons from his country of originand those of his enemy. Most weapons, irrespective of their origin, operatemore or less along the same principles. If the spy can understand several indetail, it will provide an elementary understanding of how all pistols andsubmachine guns operate.

It is always useful for the spy to have a fundamental understand ing ofexplosives and demolitions. A modern spy needs to know how to detect abomb, deal with a bomb or how to make a bomb. In the normal case ofevents, specialist units, such as the SAS will be brought in to performdemolition tasks. This unit has its ow n unique demolitions course that is

restricted to the SAS officers only. The course teaches all the formulas forexplosives, both commercial and homemade and their use in sabotageoperations see Explosives in MoE section). British spies learn their basic..kills during the IONEC military week, when they get to work with theI~icrementsee Clandestine operations).

They must also learn resistance to interrogation. If spies and agents get

dangerous situation before it comes to fruition dealihas arisen, and escaping from that situation.


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AWARENESSWhen living and operating in a hostile environment, the spy has to live onhis wits. He must be aware of suspicious people or actions that occur at hisaccommodation or his place of employ. The spy must always be on the

alert against an enemy a ttack This requires vigilance, observing hisimmediate environment whenever he is awake. First and foremost, he mustevaluate the geography of his location. For example: meeting and dealingwith a group of thugs outside a pub in London may result in a goodkicking; meeting a group of armed terrorist sympathizers in the back streetsof Beirut will result in death. The listo awareness practice is inexhaustible,but the spy should always:

Be aware of areas with a high-risk element.

Mainta in a fit state of mind; being drunk always makeshim vulnerable.Change routine, be unpredictable.Walk on the right-hand side of the road if the traffic driveson the left. This gives him plenty of time to observe vehiclescoming towards him, but makes it difficult for anysunreillance following him.Avoid obsenrable patterns of behaviour that would enablethe enemy to predict his future movements; change hiseating and dr inking places on a regular basis.Vary his habits of catching a bus or a train from the samestop or station every day.Be wary of telephoning for taxis. The enemy may belistening in and may provide their own taxi. If meeting anagent he will get the taxi to drop him off several hundredmetres away from his home. He will then wa lk away in theopposite direction.Be wary of revealing particulars of his movements to a onehe does not trust. Avoid pre-booking any travel. If he mu' ire-book, he will do it under someone else's name. ,When he is on public transport, he will seat himself wherehe can observe the other passengers and get a seat near tothe door for a rapid escape.If he ~liinks e is hcinp:followed, hc w ill ~ c 1ff nnrl walkILIII( III~IW,IV 1111 I~IIIII III(I II\IVIC il a i ~ ~ y o ~ ~ ~ l? 11Ilow111~;

Have a back-up plan should things go wrong.Keep his car in a garage if he has one.Have photographs of the cars that are normally parkedoutside in the street and check for any newcomers.

If he must park on the road, he will park in a place wherehe can see the car from the house.Fit a good motion detector alarm.If driving, keep the rear- and side-view mirrors clean.Never leave articles in the vehicle, they can bebooby-trapped.Always carry important documents on his person and use abriefcase as a dummy.Keep away from dark or isolated areas, especially at nigh t.

Avoid walking through public parks late at night.

Timing is also important. The same back street in Beirut may be apeaceful market place during the hours of daylight, wit h th e b ustlingstreets offering a degree of protection and normality. At 2 am, the markettraders will have gone home and the street will be empty.

The first question the spy must ask himself is, "Why I am here "Assuming he started in a safe location, why is he now in a hostile one?No one simply walks into danger, bu t the activities of a good spy mayrequire him to do so. It may be that he is going to meet an agent, or thathe needs to ob tain information about a person or a property. In planninghis task, he must understand the dangers, both know n and assumed, anclmake preparations for his safety. He needs to establish whether he shoultlwalk, drive, arm himself or have back-up units ready to assist.

The logic of both geography and time provides us with situationawareness; a spy must learn to react to it if he is to sunrive. Situationawareness is a mixture of visual and mental simulation triggers.

Example Feeling - this is no t a good situation. The area is known to IN*hostile. Normal activities have calmed down - the local population arcmoving for cover. Small groups of young m en are loosely gathering arm lt~ rlThe spy is the only stranger in the immediate vicinity. What should hc (lo

Ideally, at the first sicns of ,I l ; l ~ ~ ~ c i ~ l i ) ~ i1 I as Ihis, 111 c l ~ o ~ l l t lI+I*,II,IIIV walkor rlrivv10 11111 l n ~ s h ~IIIIWII *,.IIII III*,I ,111rll ~ k l l + l l ~ l ~ l l l . i ~ ~ ~


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HOSTILEENVIRONMENT TRAINING

b If this is not possible, or if the way is blocked, he must lookfor an escape route. If none are available, he should preparefor an imminent attack, but keep moving

) He will aggressively confront those blocking his path.b Fight and flee.

Call for ho t extraction. (The problem wi th calling for back-upis that he will blow his cover.)

"hostile situation" is a term that is often used very loosely. Basically, itIrnplies that som ething, usually unplanned, has happened, and tha t the spynow find himself in a totally unknown and unexpected environment fromwhich there is no immediate prospect of extraction. If he is a suspected spyItis life may be under threat. Physical fitness and his exact location at the timeof awareness will to a large extent determine his reaction to any unplannedI~lc iden t. he prospect of being killed or taken prisoner by an enemy must rankns one of the most frightening situations a spy must face. When thelliimediate fear ofth unknown and the looming hreat of death plays havocwith the emotions, the only channel open to the spy is to fight- to win.

BALANCE

LOOK T THE ENEMY - BUT BE W REOF THF SURROUNOlNGS

THE BASICS OF SELF-DEFENCEFOR A SPY I Fighting skills, no matter what form they take, all depend on one singleNotc: For civilians, it is permissible to use reasonable force to defend yourself factor, balance. To acquire the skill necessary to overcome any antagonist,8 ~ ~ i r lhis force can extend to killing your aggressor if they present a real threat I there is one outstanding principle: "Without balance there is no strength."11) your life or the life of another. Excessive force, however, beyond what is If the body is not properly poised, and thus unbalanced, any struggleIll*.lifiedby the f m of the situation, must not be used. The best policy is to I between two unarmed people will rely on pure muscular exertion -.~voirl,f possible, violent situations but to be ready to defend yourself, and which means the stronger person will win. In order to win against aI 11II>~S,appropriately if there is no alternative.

III Ihe world of intelligence gathering, most premeditated attacks are carriedI II I)y religious zealots.As previously stated, the secret of avoiding any attack1 . 8~wc~rcnessnd preparation. Awareness will take away the element of

-.I 111rlisc~ om spy's attackers-reparation wil l help the spy defend himself.III .my conf~ontational ituatiohhe will stay calm and stay ready. He will

stronger person, the spy must adopt a positive mental attitude, coupledwith speed and aggression. The "on-guard" stance will automatically puthis body into a well-balanced position from which he can use his bodystrength to its full advantage.

ON GUARDI I I~VI~I,illow ronsonahlc bchaviour to be mistaken for weakness. Thr host on guard position is taken when a spy is facing an opponent,

111, will rl cl ~r wII ~ illralion by loakiny, confidcnt, always I ook i~if :or

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HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT TRAINING

The spy will not stiffen and will try to feel comfortable. He will tell his bodytha t it i s a spring at rest. First he will throw out his favoured hand in ablocking motion at the same time automatically placing the other hand infront of his lower face to protect his mouth and nose, but not obscuring his

vision. Next, he will imagine that someone is about to punch him in thestomach. He will keep his stance, with elbows in tight and twin his shouldersfrom the waist. This pu ts the muscle of the forearm in a protective position,without having to move feet or upset his balance.

To practise keep ing balance, he will move about the floor, first slid ing onefoot back and drawing the other one after t quickly, until, no matter howhe moves, he can always stop instan tly in balance without shuffling his feetinto position, but with clean-cut, precise movements. When he has tomove, he will flow. He will not lift his feet, unless he intends to kick He willnot cross his legs. He will move in the opposite direction to any attack Agood agent w ill practise the on-guard pos ition with a partner attacking him.

VULNERABLE PARTS OF THEBODYThe human body is w ell adapted to taking punishme nt and may surviveeven the wo nt assault; this is one of the reasons we have progressed tothe top o f the animal chain. We can live with n o arms or legs, with outeyesight or withou t hearing. but life is a lot better with them. The mostvulnerable parts of the body are as follows.

KN

Note: Below is a list of vulnerable body parts and how a spy can make useof them. These should not be used by non-spy civilians. Members of thegeneral public must only use reasonable force in defending themselves andshould not take pre-emptive action.

EyesWithout eyes the human being is pretty helpless. Damage to an opponent seyes will cause temporary, or even permanent, loss of vision. This will allowthe spy to escape any attacker.

EarsThe ears offer a good target. They offer themselves readily available tobitin g attacks. Sinking his teeth in to someone s ear lobe will have thedesired effect if a spy is being attacked. Clapping his open palms over bothhis attacker s ears will produce a nasty numbing sound to the brain, andhas even been known to cause unconsciousness.

NoseLike the ears, t protrudes and therefore offers a good target to bite or strikewith his fin. The spy will use as much force as is deemed necessary tomake his attacker break off the attack Any upw ard blow w ill make theattacker lift his head and will offer his throat for a further attack Even agentle open-palmed upward movem ent by the spy to an opponent s nosewill cause them to lessen their grip.

Neck and ThroatThe neck and throat can be very vulnerable; it contains most of the vesselsthat keep us alive.

Stomach and Solar PlexusA heart punch, aimed by the spy at th e po int where the ribs start toseparate, will have a devastating effect on any attacker. Likewise, mostpeople do n ot have a muscle-bound stomach; the same blow deliveredwith force will literally knock the wind out ofa person.


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HOSTILEENVIRONMENTTR INING

man s testicles; while th is procedure may repel a woman, i t will producethe most amazinc results.

Lower Legs

A backward bl ow against either knee joint is guaranteed to stop anyattacker chasing the spy. The legs are also a good area to kick if the spy isbeing held in a bear hug or i f he is be ing gripped from behind. Stampingdown hard on the attackefs toes w ill have the desired effect.

DELIVERING DECISIVE MOVE

? I 4 The SDV willlearn oneeffeciie move and use it.The one illustreated here ispotentially atal and wouldonly be used i his lifewasmun danger.

A spy will beat an opponent by learning to recognize the precisemoment to strike. Sometimes just one blow, swift, sharp and accurate,will suffice. Other times, the spy may need a practised set move.Note: members of the public should only use reasonable force in a self-defence situation and never pre-emptive action.

Example: In some cases, the attacker may block the spy against a walland wait a few seconds before having a go at him. Should the attackerpresent himself side-on at any time or if the spy can manoeuvre himselfint~ his_~osition,he will take the follow ing action:

He will grab the crown of his hair and pull his head backsharply.This will irnbillancc the attacker andexpow Iiis rhronl.I ~ I ~ I I Jis f i51 I I ~nlo l i i ~ind pip^ will1 on(. lin ttl IllowIf 1 1 1 8 OII~~IIIIO*, 1)11llLVkw,11(1*.,1 1 ~ ~III,I( kc11 *.11011lil11011 III1111 ~ ~ l i i l l l l f l

If the attacker has no hair to grip, the spy will use his handlike a claw and grab at nose and eyes, forcing the head back

b Once free, the spy will kick, break and run.

USING THE BODY FOR FIGHTING

When in conflict with an attacker, and if no other aid is available, the spymust rely on his own body in order to fight. Surprisingly, this is not as badas it sounds, as the human body offers much power and force.Note: Once again, the rules are different for non-spy civilians. Civilians mustonly act in self-defence and should only use such force as is reasonablynecessary in order to escape. Some of the methods below are quite drasticand will be criminal offences unless they are reasonable and in self-defence.

Balled FistIt is normal for the human to fight wi th a balled fist. The spy will use hisfirst punch to h it one of his attack efs vital target areas. He will aim for thenose, chin, temple or stomach.


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Open PalmThe spy slaps his open palms simultaneously against the ears, from theback or from the front, will cause damage to an attacker. Using a choppingmotion againn the side and rear of the neck can also be effective.

quick sharp movement willbe most effective

Heel of the HandThe chin jab is delivered by the spy with the heel of his hand, putting thefull force of his body weight behind the punch. When attacking from thefront, th e spy wil l spread his fingers and go for the eyes. If attacking fromthe rear, he will strike the back of the neck just below the hairline for a

very effective punch. As the head snaps forward, he wil l use his fingers tograb the hair and snap it back quickly. He is less likely to injure his handif he uses he el-of-the-hand techniques.

ElbowThe elbow is a formidable weapon if the spy is side-on or if he has hisback to the attacker. Jabbing he elbow into the attacker s stomach willusually drop him to the floor. If the spy has been knocked to the ground,

he wil l try elbowing up into the testicles of his attacker. well-connectedblow i he elbow will give him enough time to break contact and run.

Getting the power of the hipsbehind an elbow blow can make itan incredibly powerful attack

KneeAlthough t is one of the body s more powerful weapons, it is limited by its

movement; t can only be directed to the lower pa rt of the attacker s body.However its battering-ram effect can cause severe damage when driveninto the testicles or when aimed at the outer thigh.


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FootA hard kick is as good as any fist punch, and can be used by the spy justas readily. Unless the spy has had som e special training, he wi ll keep hiskicks below waist height. The moment he lifts his foot from the floor,he

,ecomes unbalanced.

--- 4 Accuracy helps, but is not essential.

HeelThe heel can be an excellent self-defence tool if the spy has beenerabbed from behind. He will drive his heel down on to the instep of theattacker or stamp continually on his foot. Another effective way is to kickI e attacker's anklebones.

TeethBiting into any part of the a ttackefs body w ill cause severe pain anddiscomfort. The spy will know that the ears and nose are the best places togo for, bu t any exposed skin will do.

4 Biting and tearing willcause maximum pain to anattacker s ear.

EVERYIT M IS A WEAPONHumans have perfected the art of killing; from the very first club to thecruise missile. While a spy may well be carrying a weapon, such as a pistol,circumstances may prevent him from using it. The spy will often carry anumber of seemingly ordinary items that he can use as weapons.Note Civilians cannot carry weapons in a public place without good reasonor authority. If they do so they are committing a criminal offence. This can

extend to objects which are not always viewed as weapons but which thecivilian intends to use as a weapon.

omb

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HOSnLE ENVIRONMENT TRAINING

CoinsA hand full of loose pocket change and formed a f i n will greatly increasethe force of any blow. Additionally, several coins tied into the corner of ahandkerchief will form a very effective cosh. The spy can then swingit at

the attacker's temp le or general skull area.

Magazine or NewspaperAny magazine or newspaper can be rolled into a b aton and carried aroundby the spy. He wil l ho ld it by the centre to stab with, using eitherbackward or forward thrusts. The end of the ba ton will be held to beat theattacker around the head.A rolled-up newspape r is a great defensiveweapon for the spy to fend off any knife attack

A rolled-up newspaper or magazine makes a very effective weapon.

PenMost types of pen avea pointed tip; that means that they will penetrate\kin i f used in a punc i ~ ganner. The pen will be held by the spy as ifit

ere a knife and used against any exposed part of the attacker's body, such

as the neck, wrists and temple. The harder the punch, the be tter the results.

Extendable BatonThis item offers excellent protection for the spy and can be disguised as akey holder. It can be ilsed by the spy as a fcncinc swordto slash, and rain

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A great weapon -th e simple baton.

AshtrayThere is no rmally a plen tiful supply of ashtrays in so cial premises (suchi l l

pubs and restaurants), some o f which w ill b e fairly full. Ash can bethrown by the spy into the attacker's face and followed up with theashtray itself. Most ashtrays are roun d in shape and, irrespective ofweight, can be used by the spy as a Frisbee-type missile.

Pool CueThis has been a favourite weapon for manya thug over the years. If a spyis attacked in a club he m ay find that this is a weapo n very close to handand he won't hesitate to use it.

Bicycle \If a spy is attacked while riding a bicycle and is unable to escape, he willpick the bikc up and useit as a shic~ltl,n tllr snmc way a5 Ilc wo~lldrsrbi1 rli,iir Tlio 1)icycIr p~ lrnp\ ,il*,oVIII~ l i 8 ~ ~ ~ ( l vI I * , ~f i~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ i ( l i l y'I(( ~ ~ , ~ , l ~ ) l t ~ ,I m.l v l l l V ~ W l h l 1I 1 , l ~ I l l l ~ t ~l.llll 1 ~ . l t ~ . l r l l . l ~ l l ~ . l ~ ~ ~ ~ I lll I l 1 r tI 1 ) t O * . lt~llrlvl11v $ l l


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Boiling WaterThis is a good defence if the spy attacked in his home. Bo iling watersplashed in the face will give h im plenty of tim e to escape. Bo iling watercan come in any shape or form, a cup of hot coffee or tea, or even hotsoup. In a restaurant, the spy may even use the coffee percolator. Mostkettles or coffee machines in the home have a 1 m leng th of electriccable. In an emergency, this can be disconnected from both the powersocket and the a ppliance and used as a weapon. The appliance end canbe gripped by the spy and the p lug swung at an attacker; it is extremelyeffective against the head. The same principle can be used by the spy inan office, e.g. computer and printer leads.

Boots and ShoesAll the spy's footwear should be comfortable but sturdy. Kicking is one ofthe basic defensive moves available to him and it is no good trying todamage an attacker with a pair of flip-flops.A good solid boot willdamage an attacker wherever he is hit. The spy will know that it is best toconcentrate on the attacker's legs.

BottleThe favoured weapon of many a street fight, its design could have beenmade for fighting. The spy will not bother to smash the end of the bottleoff; this normally results in the bottle disin tegrating altogether. He will usethe bottle as he would a club and strike for the head and temples. Beinglit on the joints, such as the elbow and kneecap, is particularly painful.

delt BuckleAny belt with a good metal buckle will provide a good defensive weapon.

\ The spy will wrap the tail end around his hand several times and then usethe belt in a whipping action. He will concentrate his attack on the exposed

.

'Teas of skin, such as the face, the neck and the hands.

ChairThe common household or cafe chair isa very formidable weapon. It canbe held by the spy by gripping the back support with one hand and thefront of the seat with the other. The spy will always try to attack with achair if his attacker has a knife. The seat of the chair works as a shield,while the legs can be prodded into the attacker's head and chest.

Cigarette LighterIf the spy finds himself pinned down or held from be hind by a strongerattacker and if it is feasible to reach the lighter about his person, he willuse it The flame from a lighter will break even the strongest hold. Oncehe is free, he w ill grip the lighter firmly in his fist and strike aga inst theattacker's temples.

cigarette lighter can cause a lot of pain

CoatThir is not so much a weapon, but more of a shield. If the spy is attacked111 1111- s .~~~l ( \ t ,c will rcmovc hi$ coat and uqc it in rhc mnnncrof a111 IIIII~~IIII~IIIOWII~~:IIP C 4 1 1 OVPI IIII~11t,1( PI'^, I~oacI1 1 ~ 1 ~11lvf ivc>II111111lt~111 .l*l 1111I'. I l i \ . l f lr.l.llt 111 1111- ..llV wlll 11111 1.1'.11'1wI1I10111 t


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HOSTILEENVIRONMENTTRAINING

Deodorant SpraySpray carried in a female spy's handbag can' be sprayed directly by afemale spy into the face of any attacker. Hair spray is particularly effectiveagainst the eyes or when sprayed directly into the mouth or nostrils.

Spraying deodorant or similar aerosol products in someone s face wi ll ma ke them thi nk twice.

Caution: Some self-defence books advocate using a cigarette lighter toignite the spray from an aerosol can but it is rarely used by spies; there ismore than a 5 15 chance that the can will explode in the hand.

Fire ExtinguisherMos t homes and bffices n ow have several fire extinguishers. The pressurizedcontents can be u sh ag ai ns t any attacker by spraying him in the face. Oncethe attacker is blinded, the spy can beat him over the head with the bottle.

FlashlightIt is common sense to carry a flashlight while walking out any dark night.Although expensive, the more modern Mag-light type torches are extremelyflood and make an cxccllcnr weapon for a spy. Tho rp y will us r theIl;lchlil:lil j11c.l iq. i 1 wotlltl I I - . ~ ~ l l,,rll,li

4 Using a torch asa club or baton.

KeysKeys can be used by a spy by laying the key-fob in the palm of the handwith the keys protruding between the fingers. This forms a crude type of

weapon. The spy will direct his blows against the vital pressure points ofhis opponent's head and neck

Rocks and SollIf (1 ' , ~ ys ~ l I I i l i k ~ ~ 1l~~doors,hlowI111 o r k . ,I llic. cill,ickor willhelp lok~brll,11111 l I,,ly Io*,I~ I I ~ , I \ r ~ ~ l ( l l ~ ~ l11 * . l ~ ~ ~ r l1 (ti11 Ii1ow1 111 ~ l i i *


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Scissors and ScrewdriversThese common household items are very useful for a spy. The spy will usethem for jabbing and stabbing, held as a knife.

SocksSilly as it may seem, a sock will readily make a very effective cosh for aspy when, filled with sand, chippings or soil. In the home, or if the spy ison the street, he may use loose pocket change. He will swing the coshhard at h is attacker s head.

OTHER PROTE TION DEVI ESIt is fairly easy to m ake a wid e range of protective devices that are qu iteeffective a spy may save his life with one; mo st only require a little

imagination. In most countries it is illegal to carry any form of weapon inpublic, even if t is for the purposes of self-defence so a spy wil l try tohide the fact that he is carrying anything. This must n ot be done by anon-spy civilian.

Weighted lothingOne of the best protective items is the cosh. This weapon has been aroundfor many years and is often associated with old-time gangsters. There areseveral advantages for a spy to use a cosh; a hit in the right area with a

well-made cosh will immobilize most aggressors who have attacked thespy. On top o f this, the y are easy to conceal about the person, althoughagain, as above, note that concealed weapons are illegal in most countries.

Pepper SprayDefensive sprays are banned in many countries and thus must not be usedby civilians. However, an effective, but non-lethal spray can easily be made bya spy Both pepper and curry powder offer an excellent deterrent against

attacks in the home. In an emergency, i t is possible for a spy to throw the drycontents directly into the face of an attacker. However, it is not easy to carrythese around and the practicalities of using them out o f doors are small.

DEFENSIVE MOVESIf a spy is attacked from the rear and the attacker s arms or hands arewith in range, he will try bit ing them. If he manages to get his tee th into asection of his skin, he will only bite a small section, however. By doing this,he will get a better grip and cause a lot more pain to the assailant. A small

section is also easier to rip at; the spy wil l grind h is teeth into i t and try tocome away with some flesh.

If the attacker has a low bear hug hold on the spy, w ith his arms morearound the waist than the chest and thus making it difficult for the spy to slipout, he willtry doing a rear head-butt. He will push up on his toes, bendforward at the waist and then slam his head sharply backwards. He will try tohit the attacker s nose. Also, by shifting his hips to one side, the spy may beable to hit the attacker s groin area.


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If an attacker grabs him from behind using just one arm, the spy can takethe fo llowing action.

b He will push his bodyweight forward, twisting in the

opposite direction of his attacker's gripping arm.b At the same time, he will raise his left elbow as high as

possible in front of him.b The attacker will automatically try to pull the spy back He

can use this by twistin g back the oppos ite way, only thistime using his momentum and that of his attacker, to bringhis elbow back into the face.This move can be combined with a backward blow from theother hand, d riving a ba lled fist into the attacker's testicles.

If the spy has been grabbed from behind in a bear hug with both hisarms pinned at his side, he will do the following:

b Bend his backside into the attacker; at the same time linkhis fingers together.

b Bend his knees to drop his body height and try to slip downthrough the bear hug.

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b With his fingen linked, he will sw ing his elbows out.b Using a rocking, twisting movement, he will swing from the

hips, driving his right elbow into his attacker's stomach.b Follow through with a back head butt or a foot stamp.

b Once free, he will kick, break and run.

Most normal attacks will start from the front. If the spy is quick andrecognizes that he is about to be attacked, he can take the followingactions before he is held:

b Go into fightin g stance.b Block with his left arm and punch or chin jab with his right

hand.

b Continue through the motion. Push back his attacker's headto unbalance him.Make sure that he is well balanced before he brings hisknee up into the attacker's groin.

b Try to avoid the attacker holding on to him or any part of hisclothing.

b Once free, he will kick, break and run.

An attacker may grab the spy around the throat using both of his hands

in a strangle hold. He will generally force the spy to the ground maintainingthis hold. If possible, the spy will try to relax; the strangle hold on him willnot b e as effective. Should he find h imself threatened in this manner, hewill take the following action:

b In the early stages, when his attacker has just gripped, hewi ll b ring his right hand, fi n clenched, up to his left shoulder.With a backward swing, he will drive a back-fist against hisattacker's temple (see devastating blow).

b If this is not successful, he will link fingen together betweenhim and his attacker.

b He will raise his clenched arms in an A above his headand then drive them down, m ninlnin 1116 A by keepin? hisclhows lowcr than hi.; h , i ~ l r l * .1I11 .will I i , i v c ~ llc~ f l ~ c ~11 1 * 1111 i ~ 1 ~ I I ~ ~ I ~ I I I ~lic , I ~ I , ~ I ~ I B I \ lo l t lIll, ,I1 WllI .I, l 1 1 l 1 1 ~ ~ l 1 1 ~ ~ll . I II , II I I l l l ~ . l l l I


14/34

b The spy w ill snap his forehead dow n on his attacker's noseas he brings his linked arms down.This procedure can be used either standing or lying do wn onthe ground.

KICKINGLearning to kick properly is not something that many non-spies bother tostudy, but ask any martial arts expert or a Thai boxer and they willadvocate the advantages of giving an attacker a good kick Spies kno w thatlegs are much stronger than arms and they can deliver a really powerfulattack The secret is to keep kicks low; unless a spy has a clear line to anattacker's testicles, he will never kick above knee height. If he does, he putshimself off balance and possibly allows his attacker to grab his leg. at

which time he will have control over him. Direct kicks to the side of theankle or to the front of the knee produce good results.

STEPS ANDSTAIRSSometimes the spy will be attacked on, or near, steps or stairs. If he isbeing chased or forced up a flight of steps, he may carry out the following:

Get in front of his attacker.Wait until he is. are near the top, then bend down and gripthe top step or handrail.

r 1111 11trl1111 tl t. k, 11111n ll v\ . I

b As he leans forward he wi ll be nd his knee and then kickback with h is foot. The hit will be around chest height; usingthis, a spy will try to knock his attacker down the stairs. Hewill chase after him and continue kicking until he can make

good his escape.

GETTINGUP FROMTHE GROUNDLearning the art of falling is almost as important as staying upright, and thechances are that at some stage during a conflict a spy will get knocked tothe ground. Therefore, i t is something that he needs to practise. Falling in thegym is vastly different from being thrown onto the road or rough ground.Once down the spy becomes vulnerable, but not helpless. It is possible tofight from the ground, but the spy will try to get up as soon as possible.

Getting up

This is the method to use to get up from the ground. All moves shouldbe made in o ne continuous roll of the body:

b Turn over sharply onto the left side, with stomach facingdownwards.

b Place both palms on the ground and push. At the sametimc, the right knee should be tucked under the body.l"11(1 l 4 IPE q swilny i~ndcrhe body i~ntilhc foot is flnr on1111 ~ j l l l l l l l ( l

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15/34

r

HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT TR INING

The follow ing method appears in a lot of movies, but w itha. little practiceit wil l work:

b The spy will roll onto his backHe will bring his knees up to his chest and over his head ina rocking motion.

b He will rock forward using a rolling action.b Favour either left or right hand he will place his palm down

to spring back onto his feet.He will face his attacker.Then adopt the on-guard position.

DEFENDING G INST WE PONSGuns, knives and machetes are all very dangerous weapons; in most close-range attacks, they will cause serious injury, or even kill. In the event of arobbery, most peo ple give up the ir possessions withou t any fuss. Asuspected spy, however, may have lit tle choice other than to defendhimself. In truth, unless he is fully trained and confident in dealing withsuch situations, his chances of survival are slim.

It is very difficult to offer any defence against a person who is holdinga

gun: the spy has to assume that they will use it. An automatic pistolnormally has a magazine that contains a certain number of bullets. Themagazine needs to be in the pistol; it normally fits inside the handgrip.Once in position, a bullet has to be fed into the chamber of the barrel. Thisis done when the top slide is pulled back, cocking the pistol. At this stage,providing the safety catch is off, the weapon will fire if the trigger is pulled.

A revolver is d i ir e n t in as much as it houses its bullets in a round cylinder.When the trigger is pulled, a bullet is fired and the cylinder moves one placeto the right, pulling a new bullet under the hammer ready to be fired.

There are techniques for disarming a person who is holding a gun on a

spy, but these take years of practice and even then there is no guaranteethey will w ork If the spy is being threatened with a gun, and his death- orthe death of another - ooks imminent, he will think about the following:

He will assess the person holding the gun. Coilld hc rakehim if he wnq ~lnarmcd?

b /V. .P.,. l i~ .~ r ~ i o i ~ d .l o w l o ~ , i ~loi**,V IIIIII~~ A ~IIoI I*~ .~ . I~I I ,~ I

b Look at the weapon. Is it an autom atic or a revolver? Is thefiring hammer cocked back?Is the safety catch in the on or off position?

With the gunman standing in front of the spy while his hands are in theair, a straightforward downward snatch at the gun with both hands maywork Once the spy has hold of the gun, he will grip it for all he is worth,using both hands to twist the gun away from him and towards his attacker.He will think twice before pulling the trigger. Given that he has goodleverage on the barrel of the weapon, he may be able to wrestle it from hisattackefs hands. If he gets hold of the weapon, or if it falls free, he will kickit or throw it out of range and continue the fight on a more even basis.

Both automatic pistols and revolvers will only fire a bullet that is in thechamber, imme diately under the hammer. It is possible to prevent a secondbullet bein g fired by holding the top slide of an autom atic pistol or bygripping the cylinder of a revolver.

If the gunman has his weapon pressed into the spy s back and he isstanding still, the spy will try twisting his body around suddenly when hefeels the weapon pressed in hard. He will try a back-fist blow to block theattackefs weapon hand and follow through with a really aggressive action.He will grip and hold the weapon hand to stop the attacker from firing thegun. He will remove the weapon from his attackefs grip if possible.

If the spy manages to disarm his attacker temporarily, he will pick up theweapon. I f he is unable to do this, he ll put some distance between himselfand the gunman. Even 20 metres will suffice; it is almost impossible to hit arunning man at this distance with a pistol. He will zigzag as he runs. He willnot stop even if he feels a bullet hitt; ifit is serious, he will go downanyway. He will put at least 50 metres between himself and the gunman;the attacker s aim may not be very good, but a lucky bullet can still kill.


16/34


FULLAUTOMATIC WEAPONS

Little can be done against fullyautomatic weapons.

By nature, spies often operate in areas that are termed "unstable", that is tosay areas in which there is some degree of violence. It is a sad fact of lifethat such areas are also flooded with automatic weapons. In most cases,these weapons are used by untrained and undisciplined people, many ofwhom are little more than children. Automatic weapons are used in warzones, for serious crimes, such as drugs and terrorist activities.

If a spy is confronted by anyone with an automatic weapon, he will doexactly what they say. The only true defence against an automatic weaponis to be armed and to shoot first.

KNIFE AlTACKThere are two types of knife attack The first is committed by someone whois in dispute and a knife happens to be handy. This type of person is notlikely to stab or cut, but will intend to use the knife in a threateningIrlanner. This can be a good stage for the spy to call a halt to the conflict,Ily convin~inl: hr i~llilrk crf the con';rq(lrocc>s if ~h c ylnbs Ilini. Il~i*.r i ~ r v1101 work, 1,111 pt-oplv wlio lrc1not ~ ~ c . c ~ t l0 l i r r l~ l l~ i~ ;it11 ,I kl~ilc-wlll. .o~~~c~tIrrrc~.l..trvl loI ~ ~ , I . I I I ~II ..OIIII> III*.~.IIII-., 1111 ,11101 (IV III~IV I I~ . I~ I 1~11111 ~111 11111.11 11111 111111'., 11 . ..t'l*..I1 .1) ,1111.1 1 l,11)'1'1 111 1111)It' ,11 ) 11".'.l\/t'

opponent. In this case, the spy will let the aggressor know exactly wha t hewill do with the knife if he gets hold ofit. Most will back down.

The spy using a chair to stave off a knife attack.

The degree of threat is related to the weapon and to the skill of theperson using it. If a spy is involved in a conflict with a person who normallycarries a knife, he may well back down. He will try to avoid the situationand run away if he can. Knives can - and often do - kill; if he is forced tofight, he will carry out the following:

b Look for a blocking object, such as a chair.b Get some protection around one arm, such as a jacket or a coat.

Stay away from the knife if the attacker is slashing.b If he is using a stabbing action, take the blade on a padded arm.

Use a stick, a broom or an umbrella to parry the knife hand.He will not try to kick the knife hand, but go for the lower legs.

CAPTUREDA IIIII(II-III '.~ )y j)(v ,iliril; in n I1octilc nrcn Iaccc th r pocqibility of doath or

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17/34


women are sent to spy in enemy territoly, the risk of capture is everpresent. Although capture is sometimes inevitable, it should be rememberedthat, if there is even the slightest chance of avoiding this fate, then thatopportunity must be seized.

The spy will never go enter into a hostile environment without someform of back-up or hot extraction plan. He will make sure his route in andout of the country are clearly marked. If he has communications, he'll checkthat they are working. Better still, he'll wear a hidden alerter that willtransmit location. This will be hidden in clothing that the enemy is unlikelyto take, e.g. shorts. It wi ll be activated before his hands are tied if possible.

If caught, the spy cannot expect anything other than total hostility fromhis captors. While a soldier is protected by the Geneva Convention - therules of which govern the treatment of POWs - more often than n ot the spyis on his own.

4 Being capturedmeans pain andpossibly death.

Various factors will determine the spy's fate and his treatment willdcponcl on t h ~rp-1i7ation hat ovcntually ca~turcs im. If his captorsOIII > II~III I I~I(I~(~II1sli io111~.(YI, 111 will I>(*f li~tl(lI ~ . ~ ~o IIII\III, ot lw r

111 111 Im. I llll'.llll.111 111111111111~1111):Il l* ll l~ ll lj li ll l' . l' ,l I1 )(.1111)111". 111 111i.

have recently been seen in Iraq where several captives have beenbeheaded. If, on the other hand, he is taken by the intelligence agencies ofanother country, he may well survive. Even if the spy survives, he must beprepared to encounter some h ostility and torture, the intensity of which w illvary from case to case.

THEADVANTAGEOFAN EARLYESCAPEIt is a recognized fact that more opportunities for escape exist during thefirst few hours of capture. Primarily, the spy will be closer to a familiar area.He will still be fit and may have items that will aid his escape about hisperson. The longer he waits, the deeper into enemy held territory he will betaken and the stronger will become his bonds.

If his captors have not blindfolded him, he should watch out for theopportunity to escape during transit. He will stay alert and take advantageof diversions such as road blocks or other stops. Even if escape is notimmediately obvious, the spy should note his whereabouts and collect anyuseful items that may aid his escape at a later date.

If he does escape and manages to get free, he wil l do everything to stayfree. If he is still in possession of his alerter, but has been unable toactivate it - he will activate it.

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CAPTUREEven with the amount of sophisticated technology available today, justbecause the friendly forces can see the spy does not mean they are atliberty to come and get him. If he is captured, or if he is surviving alone forany length of time, without the promise of imminent rescue, variouspsychological factors will come into play and it is important to understandjust how potent these can be.

It is a sad fact that man's psychological reactions to disaster or dangeroften make him unable to make the best use of his available resources. Thespy's first step must, therefore, be to control and direct his own reactions to

the current situation. These reactions include pain, fatigue, boredom,loneliness, and the effects of heat and cold, thirst and hunger. Eitherseparately or in combination, they work to induce fear in the individual.Everyone has hacl somc cxpcricncc of all of ~licm,NIIvcn/ Icw peoplo Iiiivc~r x p c v i ~ ~ ~ cd ~II(.III to th(1 dcprcr ol111.11 t.11ll181c~lv I r* i l ) t~~r iv l.pv.I:c'rrl) lll/llll IIll~ -.l. ~',V cllo Illj~ l~~ 11B l i 1111.. , l ll ( l l~l l~l l~l ' . l~l l l ( l l l l ) jIOW IIII'V,11111 1

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18/34


Modem torture techniques can behorrific and include at least a beating

It is difficult for anyone w ho has not undergone torture to understand fullythe extent of physical pain that can be inflicted upon a human body.Throughout the ages, man has tortured man, normally to extract informationor to get a confession, but sometimes purely to sa tisfy the delight of the

torturer. Hot metal has been used to burn or blind people, rocks have beenplaced on top of people to slowly crush them. During the Middle Ages, therack was used to stretch people, re sulting in unbelievable pain. Yet few ofthcse come close to producing the degree of pain that can be delivered by111odern tandards. In addition to inflicting pain, mos t modern torturet 11;imbers employ doctors to help prolong not only the life of the prisonerIll11 lso extend the amount of pain the prisoner has to suffer.NIP: Torture is obviously illegal throughout the w orld, but neverthelessit is0 1 1 1 1 carried out in m any places.

Av c y successful form of torture involved dripping water on to a

~~~i..ollor 'sead for days a t a time. This rendered the prisoner susceptible torl~lc*..~ionin~.nother method using water is to cover the prisoner's headwrtli ,I wt>t pil l~ wc ns rthis caused the priso ncfs m outh to be forcedIII~II j:,la.pinf: lor ,iir.

I 1 1 t ~OIII*. 1 ( l ~ o l r oor IIIO I[~IIIOI~IIIV n i s i t ~ ~ ~11 111) i ~ l ~ v l ~ i cIY tnolq,1 1 1 t ~ 1 1 ~ ,I I11111llitl i y ~ ~ * ~ t11 II,I~II III,II r l t ~ ~ i ~ i* - . ~ l~11111 1,111 1 1 t 1 1 1 t t ~ 1 tI1i1y

are used on the human body. However, such devices leave telltale signsthat, if the prisoner is ever released, lead to accusations by organizationssuch as Amnesty lnte rnational - a body with a powelful lobby.

Hence the use of electro-shock devices is much more common, as they

leave little or no external evidence.Electric shocks have been w idely used for torture for several decades, butthey were perfected durin g the Second World War by the Germans. To date,Amnesty International has documented the use of electro-shock torture onmen, women and children in over 50 countries during the 1990s.

The devices range from cattle prods to state-of-the-art stun guns, themost m odern of which are capable of inflicting temporary incapacity orinflicting horrendous pain. The shocks can be applied to moist areas of thebody, such as the armpits, the abdomen or inside the legs. Reports have

been verified that electro-shocks have even been p ut inside the mouth, ongenitals and inside the vagina and rectum. While short-term applicationleaves little physical scarring, the long-term effect can lead to permanentmen tal disorders or heart failure.

PAINPain is a natural occurrence; a normal way of making you pay attention tosomething that is wrong with your body. However, nature and mentalstrength also makes it possible to hold off pain for extended periods of

time. The simple answer is for the spy to concentrate his thoughts on thepain itself. He will analyse where it hurts worst and try to calculate itsseverity. It is possible to make pain more bearable in this way. If, on theother hand, he does not attempt to combat it, the pain will weaken hisdrive to survive. Pain demands a special effort of thought and a willtowards both optimism and mental activity. However, his body can onlytake so much pain before it automatically actives the "oft" switch and hefalls into unconsciousness.

COLD

This poses a far greater enemy to the prisoner than one would assume.The obvious threat posed by cold is the physical damage that it can inflict,but it is far more insidious than that. It numbs the mind as well as thebody. It weakens the will and reduces the ability to think clearly. It can do1111.~111 1,11cll onrlc stnp;cs rhnr n pasitivc. attitudc to resist it is ~s se nt ia ll111101i-t t,~kll*. IIP~


19/34

HEATBecause many of today's conflicts take place in the Middle East, manycaptives are forced to spend months in rooms that are little more than ovens.Dizziness, severe headaches and the inability to walk may result from theheat and emergency measures will need to be taken.

FATIGUE BOREDOM AND ISOLATIONFatigue arises from lack of hope or an absence of any real goal. It canbuild up from frustration, dissatisfaction or boredom. It may unconsciouslybe used as an avenue of escape from a reality that seems too difficult tocontemplate. However, unknown reserves of strength can often besummoned if both the dangers and sources of fatigue are recognized andfought against. Boredom and isolation will all feed on the captive's mind.He is waiting and nothing is happening. His hopes and expectations havebeen dashed. He is alone night after night. He needs to estimate that itwill take five years before he is are released; anything else is a bonus. Heneeds to remind himself that they could have killed him. He will talk tohimself if necessary and make plans for the future. He will talk about thefuture after his escape and devise problems to keep his mind exercisedand occupied. Active, positive think ing leaves no room for boredom orloneliness and helps fight off fatigue. The captive should make a long-termescape plan, think it through and make it happen.

ESCAPEThe knowledge of how a spy can escape does not remove the pain, theboredom and the loneliness, but it is a catalyst that invigorates theprisoner's brain into some positive action. All prisoners are normallyconfined within one or more tvDe of structure. These structures need to beanalysed and a plan needs to be made to defeat them. The first problem tosolve is how to get out. Should thespy go under, over or through? Theanswer lies in the confinement's structure.

WALLSWalls fall into five basic types: brick, stone, block, timber and reinforcedconcrore. The spy musr s l ~ ~ d yhi^ p I a r ~ f c o ~ i li n ~ m r n tnd srarrh for an,IVC~I~:I(~of P\C4ll11> I l l ( .pv wil l ( lo ~ l ~ i * ..~.I(~III . I I~~,I~~~,l w ~IIIP IIo~I*.,1 1 ~w,lll.. ,III(I11111 ~IIIII~~..,11 wIII III*Ik 1111' ~I III III ~I II~ ~IIIII ,III~11111 ,11 III~II~ -.

He wi ll study the guard's routine, such as when he delivers the meals, andheck im media te surroundings if taken from the cell.

The first brick is thehardest to remove.

More often th an not buildings are constructed from bricks. Bricks are oneof the easiest materials to break through. All brick walls get their strengthfrom their bond. If the prisoner can break this bond he can break the wall.

The simplest method of doing this is to select the position where hewishes to exit. Starting at the middle, he can remove all the mortar fromaround a single brick This is best done by continually scraping away at themortar with a makeshift chisel. The process is likely to take a few days tocomplete. Therefore, work should only be carried out w hen the prisoner isisolated, with no guards present. Once the first brick is removed, the bondis effectively broken. However, he may have to remove several bricks beforrthe rest are loose enough to be taken out by hand. 1


20/34


BLOCKSMany of the buildings constructed in recent decades are built of largeconcrete blocks. These should be treated by the spy in exactly the sameway as bricks, although they are more difficult to remove in one piece.

However, there is an increased risk of breaking the block, especially thosethat are hollow internally. Walls constructed of single hollow blocks can besmashed through by a spy in a very short time using a homemade hammerand chisel. A short piece of steel pipe from the plumbing may also serve asan improvised sledgehammer. This is an excellent method of escape ifnoise is not a limiting factor.

4 Blocks can be brokenthrough if noise is notan issue

STONENormally to be found in older buildings, stone walls are generally verydifficult to penetrate because of their thickness. Although the same basicprinciple to escaping through brick walls is applied, it takes much longer tobreak though the several layers of different-sized stones. If the spy is i n aroom with n on e walls, it is a good idea to examine the other openings inhe room, in particular the windows and the doors. If the building is old,.

these may well have deteriorated to such an extent that they can be

I)roken from their fixings.

TIMBERl i l l l l ~ ~ \ ~)~~ilrlC~iry,CSS lliey ;lrp mado of colid In ;%,do not poa,v II~~~n~it l ,>l , l (~)IOIIIOIII A II~II~:IIIol IIIOI~II)ll~il~j , nlll* k ~ ~ t l 111 ll9~ l l ~ . ~ ~ l l l ~ ~ lIV t l l ~11v l l l ~ l w l ~ l ~ l lill*l l v l ~ l l ~ l ~ l ~ l l l l ~ ~1 , l l l ~ ~ I ~ .ll l l l t l ~1111 l l l l l l l l ~ l ~ ~.1~1.111 I11 ,11111I1111. [1.11111+ wIIII Il ll ' 11.llI'. 11'1111l~1~lI111 tl ll l~ l IIIIII1".1 ,1111' 11111

Escape via the roof of a wooden building should also be considered by thespy, as should the possibility of tunnelling; as some timber buildings areerected on a temporary basis and are placed directly onto earth foundations.

REINFORCED CONCRETEBuildings made of reinforced concrete pose a major problem. However,these are normally only found in special buildings and in foundations, suchas cellars. Escape through the walls is virtually impossible, so the spy willhave to look for other means o f escape, such as windows, doors, air ventsor sewers.

FENCESFences come in several different forms, but for the spy, they are either used

as a temporary enclosure measure or as a secondaly perimeter barrier. Allfences need to be meticulously studied to ascertain the wire type, themanufacturing construction and the thickness of the wire.

Know ing how the wire has been constructed is vital, as somemanufacturing methods will allow for a certain number of links to be cut inorder to collapse a large section of fence. The thickness of the wire is also

important, especially if the spy intends to cut the wire. The spy may alsowish to climb rhe fence, in which case he must be sure that it will bear hiswc~i :l~lllrt IVIW of wirc will influence rhc spy's dccisionon hnw to tackloIIII~ I~III 1111 ~~X~II~I~IV,f it iq I II~I wiro, lIi(~11II(N 1 ) ~will 1(>r111ir(-. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ vII.IIIIIIIII*0 III* IIIII~II~I..11 ( l11)11)III~c111r 1 A . will1 w,lll.., Ilrl will 1,l11(lyIII~~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 11111 Illl'1011'.11111 111111 1 ) 1 ~ ~ 0 1 1 ' 1111 111111 0 1 1 IIOW o l 1 ' . 1 ~ 1 ) l 1 ' I-,11 1111'.t11 1 I 1 s 1 1111110 ll 1I111Il1111?



21/34


Most fences are made by weaving together metal links; cutting the linksin a set pattern will reduce the number of cuts that have to be made andshorten the escape time. On the other hand, solid mesh metal fences suchas the ones used in more modern prisons are best climbed, using some

homemade claw grip. This is easy to make: the spy can heat a six-inch nailand drill it through a four-inch length of broom handle. When this is doneand the nail is still warm, he can bend over the en d 5 cm from the tip.

A simple Batman cloak of tough material will get a prisoner over most wire fences

Fences that can be climbed are often protected by a secondary barrier at

the top, these can include razor wire, barbed wire and rolling drums. In thecase of razor wire and barbed wire these can normally be crossed byemploying the "Batman cloak". Any thick matting, such as carpet or heavycanvas can be fashioned into a Batman-type cloak, prior to climbing. Thecloak wil l not normally ~ y ~ tn a c ~ c d c 1h0 spy climbs, and il is a rimplcIiltlIi Lr 1 IIIIOWII~~: IIOV~II Ill . I I ~ ~ ~ I ( I11111 I(~II'~Y.II~~1 f10111 111 1 1 f ~ kO.I( IIII~VI*IIII~I~I11111 1111111 1 1 1 1 ~I~I/,II~~III I-. III*

ELECTRIC FENCESVery few electric fences are used to house prisoners, but the spy shouldcheck if he is not sure. This is simply done by placing a small blade of

grass against the fence, making sure he doesn n ot directly touch the fencewith any part of his body. He will hold the blade of grass in his hand andtouch the tip to the fence; i f noth ing is felt, he should advance the blade ofgrass on the fence and bring his hand closer to it. If, by the time his handis within 3 cm of the fence, and he feels no tingling sensation, the fence isnot live.

Note: On some modern installations, the fences are e lectrified byintermittent pulses. The pulse cycle may be short, with brief intervalsbetween each one.

TUNNELSAlthough tunnelling was a very popular means of escape during the SecondWorld War, it relied on several factors: firstly, the number of prisonersrequired to dig and distribute the tunnelled earth and secondly, the timethat tunnels took to construct. In modern warfare, this method of escapewould still be possible, but because modem watfare tends to involveshorter conflicts, it would be best to use short tunnels under fences tha tcan be dug by one person in a single night.

LOCK PICKINGDuring the Sccond Worlrl War many doors were opened using skeleton keysand by pirkinp 1111,lo(k4 1 In .,~irl1lr,11l i c r priconcrs in Colditz had roamedfrc\c.Iy ro111irl 111,*I*. I~IQ11 1 1111-.~l l l* l l~c ) r l11cnsrlipct.Thc prinriplr of pickinplo(k . I#. .~l ~lyI.I-.~I11111III+11111. 1 1 8 1 1 1 IIII~IIIII 1 ~ 1O r*,~c.ily1IIIIOIOVI~.I~II1 1 1 8 ~IIIIIIII~III((.. 11 IIII* ..Elll111.111 I~ICII III.IIIV vtn tl 1 0 ~ I I ~ I ~ I ~ I

HOSTILE ENVlRONMENT TRAINING


22/34

HOSTILE ENVlRONMENT TRAINING

the fundamentals of lock picking andit requires constant practice to get the Maps"feel". (An ou tline o f lock-picking skills can be found under the MoE section.)

INVENTIVE METHODS OF ESCAPE

In the last 50 years there have been some dramatic escapes. These havebeen carried out by pe ople who were desperate, and, i n some cases,they risked not only their own lives but also those of their families. Themost outstanding example was the man who flew his family to freedomfrom the former East Germany into the West. He did this using a platFormand a homemade hot air balloon. They made one abortive attempt. Thesecond time, however, clinging to the ir home made platform, the ho t airballoon lifted them silently over the mines and fences and across theborder to freedom.

ESCAPE TOOLS AND AIDSOne of the major difficulties of confinement is boredom. This can bealleviated by making some escape tools or any other items that mayimprove the spds living conditions while he is in captivity. Even a smallstick, with its end crushed, will serve as a toothbrush, and will be an aid tohealth. While making items, a spy will always remember to look after the- ones he already has; that includes his clothes and boon. The mostimportant thing o f all is to look after the body.

He will be presented with many opportunities to escape during long-termimprisonment.It takes time to adjust to any environment, but the humanbody is very good at adjusting. The first thing is to analyse the immediatesurroundings. What is he actually seeing? Is there a bed in the room? Doesthe bed have springs? Can these springs be used to make a flexible escapeladder? No matter wha t items he chooses to make, the spy should use hismind; ingenuity and resourcefulness are the key words.

Foodl l ~ cpy will always eat any food that he receives in captivity. If he is areplanning an escape, he will try to keep some food in reserve. Sugar, forclx,imple, can be kept and turned into a solid energy bar; the addition of alillltk watcr to dissolve it and the n heat will formit into a solid block. Alll ) l o t l ~ ~ r l %ill1 high sugar and salt content have longevity and are idcal Tor-.111vl\t,11.. ,II,(~ ~, ltior i% . licn possihlc, any rinncd foods isstl crl $I io ~l lr l)rbI + I ~ Io1 lQ1.l,ll)l*~ l l l l ~ l l ~ ~

The basis of a good escape and evasion kit , a silk escape map, gold coins, a m iniaturecompass and lock picks.

The spy should get a map, make a map or steal a map. If he intends toescape, one of the first things he will need is a map. If he cannot find one,he should draw it on the inside of his coat, jacket or shirt.s a last resort,he can keep the map in his mind. When he is escaping, he should look forany type of map, regardless of scale or size. These can be found in cars,

telephone boxes, on dead soldiers and many other places.

Lock PicksLock picks can be made from an assortment of items, such safety pins, wiref ln l t~ncdt one end, or even cut from hard plastic. If the spy has access to.I III I~ li ~l v .liop, Ilic r~ flnotl lork-pickinf:PI rnn I)rb ~il,irl(~rom n 01 n lIII*~I\IVIIIIV11*1~11*t~;.III~ I-.* . I ~ I ~o k IyI( l~l )



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Chiselchisel can be made from any metal substance. Its primary function will be

to scrape the mortar from between brick joints. Sources can includeanything from the metal tip of a boot to kitchen utensils and p iping from

any plumbing.

CompassEscaping is just one part of the problem, evading and travelling to safety isanother. To help with this, the spy will need a compass. All that is neededis a magnetised needle and some way to balance it; this will allow it topoint to the north. This can be achieved by placing the magnetized item onwater or by floatingit in the air. Modern plastic razors offer metal strips thatare an ideal size.

BonesAll animal bones can be useful. They will provide needles for sewing,buttons for clothing and handles for homemade tools. Bones of all kindsare easy to fashion.

m e sVehicle tyres of any type will provide an excellent raw supply of material formaking a number of items: shoes, belts, and, in an emergency, fuel for a

fire. A burnt tyre will supply an endless amount of wire for traps and snares.Note Burning tyres creates a vast am ount o f black smoke.

EVASIONHow and when he escapes will depend on the individual and their escapeopportunity The spy must take advantage of everything, even the weather.dark stormy night may not seem ideal, but it will offer him concealment and,more than likely, it will divert the guard's attention. If the storm is strong

enough, it may we ll knock out the local power supply. The spy wi ll facemany problems; it may require days or even weeks to find his way to safety.During this time he will have to use all of his survival know-how: he willhave to gather food, locate water and stay warm and healthy. Finally, hemay have to travel great distances throup;li hostile terrain.

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confinement, the escapee has two options. One is to lie hidden until theinitial search has died down; the other is to clear the area as swiftly aspossible. The answer to this is normally dictated by the surroundings andhow far it is to safety.

Evasion means staying hidden

It is more than likely at this stage, that the spy will be totally surroundedby hostiles, with both the military and civilian population on the lookout forhim. Therefore, immediately after his escape, it would be wise for him toavoid all contact with the local population and remain unseen. This mayinvolve travelling only at night, under the cover of darkness, or by usingsome disguise to travel under. A successful evasion after escape will rely onthe following:

Preparation prior to the escape. This means ma king aworkable plan and preparing both mentally and physically.He must decide on the dirr~cliolind rollto I l i i l tnerds to hctakcn. IIP ~ l l n l l l dovtv l o a ILIII~ 11 t ~ 0 ~ 1 1F, icn )o~'.il~Io,III~~o~l:itl(*~111 11111 111l111:~.11 ~ 111,111 (I W I ~ I I ~ ~1 I . illll)o11,1111111 1111 1111111I~ . I I~ I~I I I111rlI I I I~II~I*III


24/34


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freshest scent, and a lot w ill depend on teamwork between the dog andthe handler. The dog is trained to follow a distinct track; t is up to thehandler to ensure that it follows the correct one.

Dog Evasion

Dog Evasion is not easy but a spy should be able to fool the dog handler.

If a dog has spotted a moving man, it may lose interest if the man freezes.In immediate pursuit the only thing a spy can do is defend himself. In adelayed pursuit, even if the delay is very short, there are several counter-measures that can be taken. The main aim is to increase the distancebetween himself and the dog. The spy should:

b Run steadily.b Climb up or jump dow n vertical features.

Swim rivers.b If he is in a group, split up.

Run clownwind.l )o l l l l l l f ~ ~ # ,I 101~1 111 11131

Note: If a spy is being tracked by a dog and its handler, he should cross anobstacle, say a river, and walk some 200 m downstream and cross back over.If this pattern is repeated several times, the handler will think the dog has losthim and call the dog off. In reality, all he has done is confuse the handler.

Attacked by a dog

When attacked by a dog the spy will kill it or it will kill him.

An attacking dog will attempt to paw down any barrier placed in front of itso a strong stick to bar his path could help. The dog will normally wish totake a bite and "lock on" to the spy. If this is the case, the spy wi ll offerapadded arm to the dog. Once the d og has taken a grip, the spy will stab it

in the chest or beat it on the head with a rock or a stick He will make surethat whatever he does to the dog, the injuries caused are permanent;otherwise it will just be even more annoycd.II he handler is not presentand the spy has no other wcapon, 111) ,111 IIV rliarcinc directly at rhc docwith arms o~lts~ rrlcl icdincl ~.rrc\,ilill~lrI~\II~II 111 *.i/c. of n h i~ n ii ~ ncillfl



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The spy should not use any chemical substances, such as pepper, to putthe dog off the scent, as this will only increase the scent picture. If corneredby both dog and handler, he should give up unless armed.

WEAPONS TRADECRAFT

SAFETY RULESWeapons, especially pistols and submachine-guns, have a nasty habit ofbeing accidentally fired when in the hands of an untrained person, theresult of which is often death. The barrels of both are extremely short andtherefore even a slight shift of the ha nd can turn a we apon through 45degrees or more. Even for a SDV the best safetv rule is to alwavs check tosee if a weapon is loaded or unloaded. spy will always check:

b Whenever he picks up or puts down a weapon.b Whenever someone passes him a weap on or he gives

someone else a weapon.b When he signs out or returns a weapon to an armoury.

IHere are some simple rules he will follow:

b He will hand le the w eapon in such a way that the barrel ispointin g in a safe direction, either at the ground immediatelyin front of him, in the air at a 45-degree angle or into aweapons inspection pit.

b He will check the safety catch is turned to "safe" position.b He will remove the magazine.b He will cock the weapon and lock back the working parts.

This will eject any round in the chamber and will also allowhim to see inside the chamber to confirmit is "clear".

b He will release the working parts, set the safety catch to"fire" and, with the w eapon pointin g in a safe position,squeeze th e trigger.

b He will set safety to "safe" and put the weapon down.

Tradecraft requires that all spies are proficient with many basic weapons,both from their own country of origin and foreign ones. Tradecraft trainingnormally starts off with pistol handling, and, irrespective of the weapon

used, the basic procedures are always the same. Safety is the first priority,followed by stripping and assembly and then on to basic shooting. At first,llic spv will $hoot racinc the target, but, as he develops his skills, he willII~,IIII '.I~IIOI 110111 d i l k ~ r ~ n lo\ilion';, and will cv ~n r~ la llycarn to cn cacc111011' 111.111 0111' 1,111 (~1I1 1Ill1 .,llllil llrllc'

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HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTTRAINING


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even after mastering the basics, should be encouraged. s well asindividual shooting skills, the spy shou ld also be well versed in ho w tooperate under a diverse number of situations. Once the basic pistol hasbeen mastered, the trainee will then move on to the more advancedtechniques us ing automatic weaponry.

WEAPONSIt was rare for a spy in the past to be armed. Spies ope rating in countriessuch as Russia and China could be arrested for such an offence - he lastthing a spy needs. However, modern spies often wo rk in hostile anddangerous environments, and th at makes carrying a weapon essential. Thefollow ing are a cross section of weapon s used by various Western an dEastern intelligence agencies.

SIG Sauer P22 6

A The Sig 226 a modern and powerful cove rt weapon

Specification: Pistol

Calibre: 9 mm x 19 ParabellumWeight: 750 gM u u le velocity: 350 m per secondMaga zine capacity: 15- or 20-round box

1800s. SIG's weapons have alw ays had a repu tation for bein g expensive,but that is because they have such an excellent record for accuracy; ma inlyattributed to the length of the bearing surfaces between the slide and theframe. In the early 1960s, SIG entered the international market with a newrange of pistols, bypassing Swiss arms export laws by ma king a m arketingagreement with a German company. The SIG Sauer P226, with its 15-roundmagazine, is widely used by Western Intelligence agencies.

Walther PPK

th Walther PPK may be old but it remains the idea l weapon for personal protection

Specification: PistolCalibre: 165 rnm or 9 mm ShortWeight: 568 gM u u le velocity: 280 m per secondMaga zine capacity: Fround box

Originally designed by Walther as the Polizei Pistole Kriminal, it wasintended for undercover protection work. The we apon operates on a w rl l-made, doub le-action, blow back system. Whilc the PPK is rela tively old, itremains a favouritc with many in~clli~;c~~lrc~it rwc icw; In1LIW z ronrt1,llorlweapon. It iq V(-IV ~ ( ~ l i i t l ~ l ~ ,1111 ~ ~ ~ I I I VIOIII)II~II1 . .IIIIIII~II~: I WI*I 1111)I1l K *.tl r\ ip ~i 1,ia./IIIIIII~II~ v1IINIIIV JIE~.IOII I ~ I I I I I ~ ~ I I 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 ~ .8 ~ ~ ~ ~1111 WIIIIII .III(I11 .

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HOSTILEEWRONMENT TRAININGIn


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Armal bCoIt

The AR15 and AR18 series bo th achieved substantial commercial successand some notoriety as a favourite weapon of certain terrorist groups. k isthe US military version of the AR15, the M I 6 series, that has become oneof the world's premier combat weapons and certainly ranks alongside theKalashnikov as one of the most widely used. The origina l design by EugeneStoner for Armalite, manufactured by Colt, entered service in 1961, but thebest-known version, the M16A1, was only introduced in 1966 after fieldexperience in the Vietnam War. The M16A1 is a gas-operated rifle that fires5.56 mm rounds from 20- or 30-round box magazines in either single shotor fully automatic mode with a cyclic rate of up to 200 rpm. To avo id grossammunition wastage, a selector was eventually fitted, allow ing a three-shotburst. The later M16A2 had a heavier barrel, which allows the use of themore powerful NATO 55109 5.56 mm round, increasing the effective rangefrom 310 m (340 yards) to 500 m (550 yards). The M16A3 is simply anM16A2 with a removable carrying handle, which leaves a m ore substantialmounting or the larger and more advanced scopes. All M I6 variants can befitted with the M203 40 mm grenade launcher beneath the barrel, whichallows for the use of a range of fragmentation or smoke grenades. The M16series are often fitted with laser-sights, telescopic sights or passive lightintensifiers. A further variation, the M I5 Colt Commando, had a shorterbarrel and retractable butt and was designed for combat in a restrictedspace, whether it be in th e jungle or urban warfare. The lates t offering fromColt is the M4A1.

Specification: Assault rifleCalibre: 5.56 mm NATOAction: Gas operated, rotat ing bol tOverall length: 838 mm (stock extended); 757 mm (stock

fully collapsed)Barrel length: 370 mmWeight: 2.52 kg without magazine; 3 kg with magazine

loaded with 30 rounds

The M 4 m odifications include a rail interface system (RIS) instead of thestandard handgrip, which allows for a number of different sightingarrangements. These include telescopic sights, reflex red-dot, detachableback-up open sights and laser pointers both visible and infra-red. Theweap on can also be fitted w ith a detachable sound suppressor (silencer)and a modified M20 3 40 mm grenade launcher. It also incorporates ashorter barrel and a telescoped, four-position stock In all other aspects, itremains very similar to the M16A3 rifle.

Heckler and Koch

Heckler and Koch produce some of the finest machine guns in the world,and they have become an icon in the battle against terrorism. The companywas founded in 1947 by three former employees of Mauser. To begin with,they did not make weapons, but, by 1959, they returned to their originaltrade and had their first success when their 6 assault rifle was adopted bythe West German army. The MP5 developed from the 63 and shares manyof its characteristics, especially its relatively light weight. It was first used byGerman border police, bu t now can be seen slung around the necks of anyhalf-decent anti-terrorist team. In fact, it almost seems to represent thosetha t fight against terrorism, just as the AK47 has come to represent thosethat cause it. Most Heckler and Koch weapons are variations upon onemodel, making various pa rk interchangeable between models. Also, t hestripping and assembly of most models in the range is much the same -

for example, the three-pin system is similar in most models, including theinfnntry weapons and sniper rifles. This makes learning the safety aspectsol 1111 I~III~ P liclhllv o x i ~ r .hc MP5 uses a closed boll systcm whichIIII~.III*, 11111 1 1 lt 1 ( l ~ , i r ~ i I ~ ~ ~ r ~ * ( l111~1r(~,i(Iv h~ il~\r I. IPSS~I~~:IIC ~rifyy\rIIIIIIIV I~I*.I..I-.1111 111111f: 1111 1111 -.V*.II>III II.I~. l ~ r rIIIv.~III.I~ ~ ~1 ktv~jiilif1111

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MP : Heckler and Koch

-.The M P ~as been in service for over 30 years yet it is unrivalled inits role, and is used byintelligence agencies around the world.

Specification: Submachine-gunCalibre: 9 mm x 19 ParabellurnWeight: 2.55 kgMu zzle velocity: 400 m per secondMagazine capacity: 1 5 - or 30-round box

This is the weapon of choice for many of the world's anti-terrorist units,including the SAS t was the weapon used by the SAS during the IranianEmbassy siege in 1980. Its closed-bolt mechanism makes it the mostaccurate submachine-gun currently on the market. However, these weaponsare not cheap. There are various versions of the MP5, including one with atelescopic metal stock and another with a short barrel.

Firing the H and K MP

b The right hand holds on the pistol grip and the left hand onthe forward handgrip.

b The thumb of the right hand sets the selector to "safe".b The cocking handle is pilllcd to thr. rear with the lcft hand

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b The left hand is used in a ch opping motion to release thecocking handle.

b The right thumb is used to change the selector to single shotor automatic.

b The gun is aimed and fired.b When the magazine is empty, the working parts stay closed.

This process can be repeated.

Shoulder Holster Rig

The MP Kina shoulder holster.

Designed for covert use, the shoulder holster rig comprises a shoulder

holster and a double magazine carrier used to conceal a 9 mm semi-automatic such as the MP5K. Manufactured in water-resistant soft leather,the harness is designed to be worn for long periods with m aximumcomfort. The holster and ma~ a7 ino nrrirr n rr filtcd with loops so that itcan he securrd to rlic wo,ir(~r'~.~oII1111 wc8.~lioti,In cithrr I)c con iplelc~ l~

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( fitted in a specially designed

H and K make a wide variety of weapons, many of which are speciallymanufactured for covert work; the MP5K briefcase mode l is a good example.The briefcase is purpose made to take an MP5K (short barrel). The weapon ispre-loaded with a full magazine and the w eapon is clipped into place using aset of clamps. The barrel is aligned with a hole in the side of the briefcase.

Once assembled, the case is closed and the weapon's functions, such assafety and fire, can be selected by a switch a nd trigger in the briefcase handle.

Accuracy International PM

Specification: L96A1 PMCalibre: Z62 mm x 51N TO MatchWeight: 6.5 kg with sightMuzzle velocity: 850 m per secondMag azine capacity: 6-round box

The PM is a bolt-action, Z62 mm sniper's rifle with a free-floating,stainless stee l barrel. t is unusual because it has a fully interchangeableand adjustable trigger system that can be switched between rifles. The boltis cleverly designed to ensure that the head moves neither during n

operation nor through the recoil cycle, thus allowing continuous observationof the target. The rifle is equipped with a bipod and a retractable spike onthe rear of the butt that effectively creates a tripod for use during longhours of surveillance. This is considered to be of great value by the SAS SP(Special Project) teams. It has a box magazine holding 12 rounds and, withscopes such as the Schmidt and Bender 6 x 42, has a lethal range inexcess of 620 m (700 yards). The Z62 mm PM or Counter-Terrorist (L96A1)can also be found chambered in .300 W inchester Magnum and 7 mmRemington Magnum. t is currently considered to be the best availablesniper rifle in its class.

Heckler and Koch PSG Sniper Rifle



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Specification: PSG1Calibre: 16 2 mm x 51 NATO (-30 8 Winchester match)Weight: 9 kg with sightMuzz le velocity: 820 m per secondMag azine capacity: 5- or 20-round box

The PSGl is a semi-automatic Z62 mm sniper's rifle with a free-floatingbull barrel and a single adjustable trigger. It is a heavyweight weapon, ataround 8 kg, and is therefore most often used for precision kills from afixed position. The stock has an adjustable cheek pad while a pistol gripand butt plate all help extend stability and the sniper's comfort zone.Equipped with a bipod and either a five- or 20-round box magazine, thePSGl has an enviable reputation as an excellent sniper's weapon. It is

equipped with a sight, such as the Hensoldt Wetzler 6 x 42, which isadjustable from 100 m to 600 m and also has an integral battery-poweredillumination unit for the crosshairs in low-light shooting situations. This sightalso is very fast in engaging multiple targets.

K L SHMIKQVMikhail Kalashnikov's original design, though influenced by the German

assault rifles that appeared towards the close of Second World War,became a triumph of m ilitary practicality through its ease of massproduction and its reliability. Since the first version, the AK47 achievedwidespread use in the early 1950s. The design has constantly spawnednew variations, produced bo th in Russia and throughout the world. TheAKM, a simplified design, is capable of manufacture in relativelyunsophisticated industrial facilities. Both were chambered in the shortRussian Z62 mm round, with 30-round cunred magazines and had a cyclicrate of 600 rpm. Kalashnikovs are the standard infantry weapon of theformer Soviet Union and are also widely used by other countries. It is apopular weapo n i n many Third World countries because it is relativelycheap, extremely robust and will operate under almost any conditions.After World War II the Soviet Union carried out a full analysis of infantrybattles. The rcsults showed that most fightine took placc at close range.'Tlw AK/I/ w,it. r l ~ ~ ~ , i / ~ ~ ~ ~ r lII~ IIII~Il ~ i ~ ,C~~.I>,I~(.II, iiaki11f:i o1ifbof ilir riioC.l

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Spec ification: Assault rifleCalibre: 5.45 mm x 39 SovietWeight: 3.6 kg emptyM u u le veloc@. 900 m per second

Maga zine capacity: 30-round box

Developed from the older AKM 1974, the 5.45 mm AK47 is a re-chambered version. Lighter and with a higher cyclic rate of fire at 650 rpmand an effective range of 500 m (550 yards), it has already appeared in anumber of variations from the standard with fixed sto ck theairborne1Special Forces version, with folding stock: the squad automaticweapon, the RPK-74 with a 40-round magazine and the AKR submachine-gun. This latter variant is very similar to the AKS-74, but with a shorte r barrel

and an effective range of only 100 m (110 yards).

Dragunov SVD

Specification: Sniper rifleCalibre: 262 mm x 54 rimmedWeight: 4.3 kgMuzzle velocity: 830 m per secondMagaz ine capacity: 10-round box

The Soviet army discovered the value o f snipers during the Second WorlrlWar and for many years they used the o ld bolt-action Moisin-Nagant, th rheritage of which dates back to the 1880s. The Dragunov first zlppcnrcrl illthc c,i~lv1060s and was partly ht isc~ d n Ih r Kalachnikov. Thr YVI r l i l f c~~~.I)IYOIII~.I~1 I I . ~ ~ ~ . 1 a . l ~ o ~ ~,11ok13 )ic,lo~ i11 I I I I I~I~II I~1111 11 11 [,II I~IQI, IIII11 1

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could a h a both the stability and the accuracy. In combat conditions, manyof the AK family parts can be interchanged with th e SVD. The SVDchambered in Z62 mm full pow er was introduced in 1983 and has a 10-round box magazine. Equipped with either a PSO-l telescopic sight or theNSPU-3 image-intensifying night sight, this Russian weapon is one o f theworld s most wide ly used Special Forces sniper rifles and is credited with arange of at least 1,000m.

Norinco ype 64/67

Specification: Silenced pisto lCalibre: 265 x 17 mm rimlessWeight: 1.18kgMuzzle ve locity: 205 metres per secondMaga zine capacity: 9-round box

This Chinese pistol is produced exclusively in silenced form. It has twoforms of firing, manually operated single-shot and self-loading. Whenthe choice selector is pushed to the left the breech is locked, allowingonly a single shot. The breech block must be hand-operated in order tofire a second round or change self-loading. The second option isachieved by pushing the choice selector to the right. The weapon isextra silent in single-shot, locked-breech mode. The pistol fires a 7.65 x17 mm rimless round unique to this pistol. As with all silencedweapons, the gasses are discharged into a large tube-like attachmentthat is fitted to the end of the barrel. In this case, the sound is brokendown by a combination of rubber grommets and wire mesh. It isessentially an assassination weapon.

COMBAT SHOTGUNSBoth the Americans and British favour the Remington 870, 12-gauge pump-action shotgun. Shotguns are not new to intelligence services and have

proved highly effective in close-quarter actions. Shotguns can be used forvarious purposes from blowing open non-armoured doors to dispcrsinf:~ a s . cndly at Ill m most comhat sliorfluns arc cxtrcrncly uscfillinIIOSI,I~ P I ( ~ ~ . ( I I I ~I ~ ) I ~ I , ~ I ~ I I I ~ ~ .1 i n ~ ii i j , lckin[: ,I*.';,~IIII~,,r i ~ l ~01111),11 '.1101 1111*.wlll (h l l l ~ l l ~ l yl l l I l l l l l l ~ ~ l l vl ll .l ll w l ~ . l ~ ~ o l l ~ . ,ll 1, llllb I I I ~ W I ~ I. l l l . l l l l~ . I l l +

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SPECIAL AMMUNITIONEnhanced capability ammunition is produced for a variety of small armsregularly used by Special Forces. High-penetration rounds are produced todeal with terrorists equipped with protective body-armour, such as the W-round, high velocity bullets made of bronze alloy and coated with Teflon.Another bullet, the Glaser round, is filled with shot in a copper case sealedwith Teflon and is designed to penetrate plaster walls or wooden partitionsand then to fragment, causing devastating flesh wounds to the target. Oneof the advantages of this type of round is that there is little chance of aricochet injuring a member of the assault team or an innocent bystander.

HAllO N ROUNDThe Hatton round is a 12-bore cartridge that ceases to be a m issile onimpact. It is primarily used to remove hinges and locks from doors. TheBritish SAS employ Hatton rounds by firing them from a Remington shotgunto ensure rapid entry during an anti-terrorist assault. The muzzle of theshotgun is placed directly against the hinge or locks and is then fired; thisallows for most doors to be opened without harming hostages who mightbe on the other side. The shot is a compound of micronized gas that isreleased after smashing o ff the door hinge.

STUN GRENADE

The effect of a stungrenade in a totallytlnrkcnnd room iso~~l s l~ ln t l ln f l , llnw-111(1 111, :ln ::lllll lo nlnlllllllllllll ll I l l11 vlllllI~III~IIIIII~Illlly 1111111I



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The first stun grenades were originally designed and made in the UnitedKingdom at the request of the .Bri tish SAS. Today, they are a formidable to oland can be found in the armoury of most intelligence agencies. The SASneeded a weapon that could provide them w ith vital seconds to come togrips with terrorists. The Royal Ordnance experimental un it made variousdevices and eventually came up with the stun grenade. It consists of a 660,which makes a loud noise (160 Db), combined with a high light output(300,000 cd) that does no t produce any harm ful fragmentation. The effect issimilar to a flashing strobe in a disco but a million times stronger. Anyonein close proximity to a stun grenade when it goes off will be stunned andunable to move for about three to five seconds.

SPECI L OPTICS ND OTHER SIGHTING DEVICES

One of the first problems encountered in a Special Forces operation isdarkness or restricted visibility. This can be caused by smoke, because thepower has been cut at some point in an enclosed COB (close-quartersbattle) or simply as a re

08. Cap 8 - Ambientes Hostiles

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