HOPE COLLEGE ANCHOR E U R O P E A N EDITION HOPE COLLEGE VIENNA SUMMER SCHOOL VIENNA, AUSTRIA, A U G U S T , 1960

American Under Secretary

Discusses Foreign Policy

U. S. — Austrian Relations

On July 15 the American Under Secretary of State, Douglas Dillon, visited Vienna. Through the generous-ity of the Austrian Society for Foreign Policy and International Relations all students enrolled in Dr. Dud-ley's course Europe in the Atomic Age received invi-tations to a meeting of the Society where Mr. Dillon delivered a major address on American policy in Europe.

The American diplomat began by saying: „You must know that we Americans have a very warm place in our hearts for the Austrian people. We admire the vigor and industry which have marked the resurgence of Austria as a free and independent nation. We rejoice at your renewed prosperity. We respect your special position of neutrality, ^nd we fully recognize that Austria is well able to make her own interpretation of neutrality without assistance from the outside.

„Like you, we value individual liberty and freedom of thought above all else.

„Like you, we do not erect barbed-wire barriers on our frontiers to keep our people imprisoned and isolated from their brothers in the rest of the world.

„Like you, we seek instead to improve international understanding by facilitating the free flow of men and ideas across national boundaries.

„Like you, we do not seek to bend other peoples to our will, nor do we attempt to subvert their institutions and undermine their liberties.

„Like you, we do not believe that international re-lations should be conducted by intemperate threats, or that negotiations between nations should be reduced to the level of street brawls.

„Like you, we treasure hospitality as a quality too precious to be abused. ...

„Like you, we seek a world made bright by justice for all —; a world of expanding opportunities for every human being to pursue his legitimate aspirations in peace and freedom.

„In our mutual pursuit of this goal, we have wit-nessed over the last ten years a series of sweeping changes which have opened a whole new vista of opportunities. At the same time, these changes present us with new problems which may he ignored only at our peril."

Mr. Dillon then dealt in some detail with the pro-blems of European economic cooperation and the American desire to see a closer working relationship between the six nation European Economic Community and the newer seven nation European Pree Trade Asso-ciation. He pointed out that the attainment of political cohesion and sound economic growth and stability in Western Europe is essential to the prosperity of t h : entire Free World.

Speaking of the importance of Africa and Asia, the American Under Secretary said: Concent ra t ion on immediate trade problems must not cause us to neglect the vast difficulties facing the newly-developing areas of the Free World '— where the struggle is often not merely for better living conditions, but for survival itself!

„The nations of the Free World standi ready to do their share in this and other tasks associated with meeting the greatest challenge of our t ime: the pressing need to help more than a billion human beings enter the Twentieth Century".

In his conclusion Mr. Dillon urged an awareness that this challenge is too huge to be met by govern-mental action alone. A truly effective response, he said, must reflect the energy and dedication of all elements of our societies.

„If we all exert ourselves to the full, the challenge can and will be met. I have confidence in the outcome because I have confidence in the vitality of our free societies and of the basic values which, they share.

„Our goal is a world in which peace will prevail — not the peace of the tomb or of the prison, but a peace based upon recognition by all peoples of the right of of their brothers to equality of opportunity, to a just share in the bounty of providence, and to respect as free men."

/

Dr. FIGL greet each ot the Hope visiters in Person.

Closing Convocafion Stresses Five Years

Role of Hope College in Growing Contact

Between Austrian and American Students

The convocation of the Hope College Vienna Summer • School on Friday August 19, i960 will mark the com-pletion of the fifth summer during which young Ameri-cans have studied European Art, Music, Literature, History and German under the auspices of Hope College in Vienna.

Special guests on this occasion will be Sectionschef Dr. Swoboda, representing the Austrian Minister of Education; Dr. Eleanor-Wyllis Allen, Exchange Officer of the United States Embassy in Vienna, Dr. Gerald Stourzh, Secretary-General of the Austrian Society for Foreign Policy and International Relations, and Mr. Ge-orge Robert Cook of Grosse Point, Michigan, who participated in the first Hope College Program in Vienna in 1956.

Since 1956 almost two hundred students have corn^ to Vienna as" members of the Hope program. At the same time, a number of Austrians including Professor Dr. Hugo Hantsch, Academic Director of the Institute of European Studies and then dean of the faculty of Philosophy of the University of Vienna, have oome to the United States to visit the college.

Other Austrian visitors to the college were Dr. Wil-helm Schlag, Cultural Affairs Officer at the Austrian Consulate General in New York; Mr. Paul Koutny, director of the Institute of European Studies, and Mr. Hugo Bogensberger, coordinator of summer pro-grams at the Institute.

Two students f rom Austria studied at Hope College under scholarship and two Hope students spent a se-mester each in Vienna during the regular school years.

A considerable number of Hope faculty members have come to Austria for shorter or longer visits to the Hope Summer Campus and the next academic year will bring to Hope College as guest professor, Rolf Italiaander, one of the members of the 1959 Vienna Summer School faculty.

The interest in a growing contact between Austrian and American students in Vienna is best expressed by the repeated participation ol the Hope group in the briefings arranged for the Austrian Fulbright students who are selected to study in the United States Tor^ a year.

Sylvia Fischer and T o m Boster represented the Hope group this year on a panel held on July 25 at the American Embassy for the departing scholarship winners.

Hope Students Received

by Parliament President Highlighting the warm welcome which students of

the Hope College Vienna Summer School have enjoyed ever since their arrival in the Austrian capital three

- weeks ago, was an audience with the President of the Austrian National Assembly, Dr. Leopold Figl, on July 28. The special meeting, arranged for the Hope, group through the Institute of European Studies, took place in the imposing building of the Austrian Parlia-ment. This is the fourth consecutive year that Vienna Summer School participants have been received by a leading member of the Austrian government.

Dr. Figl, who was Prime Minister of his country from 1945 to 1953, served as Foreign Minister from ^ 5 3 t 0 a n d became the second highest official of Austria last year, addressed the students for forty-five minutes. He expressed his pleasure that they had come to Vienna to learn the language and to know the people and to appreciate their history, art, and music.

„Austria, and for that matter Europe, exist today as parts of the free world, only and exclusively because of the United States" Dr. Figl told the fifty eight students.

„Through UNRRA aid and the brilliantly conceived Marshall Plan you gave us the courage to work and struggle and sacrifice to rebuild our country.

„In 1955, when the State Treaty was signed and Austria was once again a free country we knew that we had contributed significantly towards the achieve-ment of the basic idea which undcrgirded the Marshall Plan: to maintain the freedom of nations, the freedom of the individual, and to protect the world from be-coming engulfed by collectivism.

„We have tried to express our gratuide to the American people through our struggle for freedom and justice. Because Austria stands at the border between East and West, between slavery and freedom, we believe that our obligation is not only to guard our own country but to maintain this bastion of freedom for all of the Western world.

„For more than a thousand years Austria has ful-filled this mission", the President concluded, „and we Austrians will always fight against slavery and sup-pression because for us freedom is the most precious thing in the world."

Dr. Fried thanked Dr. Figl on behalf of students and faculty for his warm and inspiring welcome. Bar-bara Bloemers and Alan De Braal then presented Dr. Figl with) a copy of the college history. Anchor of Hope, by Dr._Preston JSteggenga and a copy of the first issue of this year's Anchor published in Vienna, which came off the press that day.

Dr. Figl reciprocated the gesture by presenting ih i two students with copies of a book dealing with the Austrian Parliament which he autographed and in-scribed for them with the words: „Freedom is man's most precious possession."

' ' r* ' kV, •

Alan DeBraal and Barbara Bloemers exchange publications with

Dr . Figl at the Austrian Parliament. - . -

PAGE T W O HOPE COLLEGE ANCHOR — EUROPEAN EDITION AUGUST i960

HOPE COLLEGE ANCHOR

The European edition of the Hope College

ANCHOR is written and published in Vienna,

Austria, by the students enrolled in the Hope

College Vienna Summer School and is the

summer edition of the ANCHOR, the student

campus paper published in Hope College,

Holland, Michigan, during the regular aca-

demic year.

The European edition of the ANCHOR is

intended to provide information on the activi-

ties, impressions, and reactions of the students

for parents, relatives and friends. At the same

time it is hoped that the paper will serve as

a valuable reminder of their European ex-

perience for all who have participated in the

Hope College Vienna Summer School program.

EUROPEAN EDITION

ISSUE NUMBER TWO AUGUST 1960

EDITORIAL STAFF:

Editor in Chief .

Associate Editors

Managing Editor

Layout Editors .

Typists . . .

Rewrite . . .

. Howard O. Plaggemars

. William Buice Marilyn Kortenhoven

. Gary Hesser

. Douglas Japinga T o m Klaasen

. Helen Hungerink Sybil Brown

. Paul Armstrong Bill Connor

Advisor Dr. Paul G. Pried

Contributors to this issue:

James Betke, Bonnie Beyer, Robert Bronk,

Greg Bryson, William Conner, Robert Fran-

ken, Thomas Klassen, Lanah McNamara,

Janet Riemersma, Sidney Tiesenger, Bruce

Van Leuwen.

L e t t e r t o t h e E d i t o r

It has been almost one full month since our group arrived in Senegal, and so much has happened in that time that it is difficult to give an acute resume of my experiences. But I would like to give you an idea of the sort of situation in which we find ourselves in the newly-independent Federation of Mali.

We arrived here on June 27, and the first three weeks were spent at the University of Dakar and seven days were taken up with a trip into the much h s s civilized rain forest of extreme southern Senegal. Here, in the northern part of the country we have a hot, dry climate much like that of Mexico, but in southern Senegal's jungles, we encountered intense humidity, scorpions, cobras, malaria, etc. Eight girls from our group were, unfortunately, hospitalized for several days with malaria. The rest of us have only suffered from such un-exotic maladies as colds and dysentery.

Since last Saturday, we have been situated in our work-camp in Rufisque, a small, typically African town located about 25 miles from Dakar on the coast. We are currently in the process of building a schoolhouse in another village very near here, but we have gotten S3 much done in such a hurry that we are nearly finished after only 5 days' work, and we are now ready to,begin another project. Just what that project will be is not yet certain, but we will know shortly.

T h e political situation here is most fascinating, but it creates certain difficulties for us. We are here as guests of the government of Mali, but the students, who are the people with whom we live and work and have the closest contact, are unanimously opposed to the government. They claim, and with a great deal of justification, that the government of Leopold Senghor is too „bourgoise t< and has too many accords with the French government. In fact, it is true that the economy of Mali is still entirely dominated by French commer-cial interests. The students are all Marxian Socialists, and some are out-and-out Communists who admit that they want to turn Mali into a Soviet state. So we are caught in between two opposing forces — if we show too much favoritism toward the government, the stu-

dents will be convinced, as a few are now, that we are handmaidens of the A m e r i c a n imperalists *. Because these students will be the leaders of the Mali of tomorrow, such an attitude on our part would be tantamount to a disaster. If, on the other hand, we show too much favoritism for the students, the govern-ment might very well throw us out of the country, and our purpose would be completely defeated. So we try to walk the tightrope while hoping that at the same time we can be effective in explaining America to the students, who tend to be either openly hostile o r quite suspicious of our motives in Africa.

No one can deny the need for rapid progress here. One cannot imagine the filth and squalor which is found everywhere in Senegal! T h e students are very impressed with the example set by Communist China, although many would like to build a Socialist state in which both rapid economic progress and respect for human rights can exist side-by-side. It will be most interesting to follow developments here in the years

to come.

Meanwhile, we are making noticeable strides in breaking down many of the myths which exist herd concerning race relations in the U. S. at every turn. I can see more clearly than ever the depth of our race problem, and the desperate need for progress in this area of human relations if America is to be able to have any influence for good in the non-white world in years to come. Although a great challenge confronts us in Africa, as elsewhere in the worlcfc, I feel that the challenge of the race question, and other social ques-tions in the U. S. is every bit as pressing!

So much for Senegal at the moment. If possible, I would appreciate copies of the Vienna Summer School Anchor.

Yours sincerely. Ron Chandler

Ed. Note. — Ron Chandhr who gradu-ated from Hope in ig6o, holds a Natio-nal Defence Graduate Fellowship in African Studies at Boston University. He is currently working in Africa with the Operation Crossroads program.

A EUROPEAN TEACHER

MEETS A M E R I C A N STUDENTS '

Ed. Note. — As a guest editorial we are priviliged to include the following address given by Rolf Italiaander at the ig$g ^7-commencement exercises . of the Hope College Vienna Summer School. Mr. Ita-liaander is a distinguished authority on African History who will come to Hope College as a visiting professor for the spring semester of ig6i.

During the past four years this summer school has grown and increased in importance, and it is obvious that during the years to come, more and more Ameri-cans and Europeans will meet here in Vienna in order to learn from each other. I intentionally say — learn f rom each other — since I know f rom many conver-sations that we European instructors have learned at least as much from you, our American colleagues and students, as vice-versa. This, in turn, appears to me, is the greatest merit of this summer school of Hope College, and why it is in order to extend our best wishes for its future success.

I shall never forget my first lecture which I was permitted to give during this past summer course. Many of my students took notes, writing with their left hands, holding their notebooks in a peculiar, oblique position. Others stretched their legs all over, or even placed their feet on another chair as though they were on a sports field.

I was often interrupted in the middle of sentences which I had constructed, not altogether without effor t as far as the subject matter was concerned, and which caused difficulties in pronounciation. These strange Americans seemed to me stranger than many bush Negroes in the deepest jungle, I thought to myself

on this first day. This promised to become an exciting and perhaps not an entirely agreeable safari.

But then, when I became accustomed to what I thought to be American idiocyncrasies and outward appearances which I had not known heretofore, I learned that my own students, and also the other students whom I met, had actually a great deal in common with we Europeans and also with my African friends.

When I came here in July to teach, I had just re-turned from Africa. Since then, I have had the pleasant experience of spending some busy weeks with young Americans. They still surprise me even now. But I welcome this, since I fully believe that there is nothing more stimulating than to learn to know new sentiments, new thoughts and new reactions.

Of course, America differs in many respects from Europe and also from Africa. But the fact that it was possible for a European to speak about Africa to Ameri-cans in Vienna, and to learn so much from each other.

v VM * •

V

Mr. Rolf Italiaander

proves that it is altogether possible in this worlld of ours today, to come closer to each other whenever there is a will, and whenever it concerns a high aim.

In my classes, I have stressed repeatedly that I was not primarily concerned only with facts, but rather with the intangibles of life. None of us, who have taught here during these past weeks, know what our students have really learned and how much they will retain. But I do believe that we may safely assume that they have learned that Austrians, Germans, Dutch — in short — Europeans, are related to and have strong inner ties with Americans. This they have not only learned in their lessons, but also on their ex-cursions and in dealing with their landladies. If this conviction stays with them, they will have learned a great deal in life.

Our statesmen and politicans, our teachers and min-isters may make ever so many speeches or may make ever so many announcements, these will not be of any avail, unless each and everyone of us stands up as an individual for his neighbors, his friends, as though they were his own brothers, sisters, or parents. T o achieve this we need to be tolerant towards each nation, each religion, each race.

The Apostle Paul was unable to answer the question, „What is t ru th?" Why? Tru th has many faces, just as there are many mansions in the House of God. This has been confirmed anew to me personally by the association with you, my young American friends.

Moreover, I am convinced that my European colle-agues and you, our students, have had similar ex-periences and have gained the same conviction. This very fact to me appears to be the greatest success of this summer school of Hope College presently in Vienna.

In the name of my colleagues as well as in my own, I extend to everyone of you students, as well as to our American colleagues, my sincere wishes for a very happy re turn journey. At the same time I would like to say; be sure to come back to us again and to send more of your friends to us, just as we promise to visit you and to send many of our countrymen to you, who like you, are men and women of good will.

This meeting of young people f rom many different countries, who respect each other and their differences, is possible only in the free world. Therefore let us make maximum use of this opportunity for our own benefit, and for the benefit of our countries, and let us pray to God that he may preserve this freedom of the mind and that he will guide and protect us all.

AUGUST i960 HOPh COLLEGE ANCHOR — EUROPEAN EDITION PAGE T H R E E

t

11

1 •

*•

t *

« •

-

Charming, Sentemental Vienna Extends Musical Welcome Vienna is generally acknowledged to be the musical

capital of Europe, and as such, it presented us with a host of opportunities to enjoy many musical events. Although many of the musical groups were on summer vacation, it was often necessary to choose between two outstanding concerts scheduled for the same evening.

Afternoon concerts performed in one of Vienna's many public parks provided an atmosphere filled with the combined beauty of music and nature. Hope students could often be found in Stadt Park, seated in the outdoor cafe, eating pastry and enjoying one of these open-air performances.

It was not unusual to see many Hope students listening to the Vienna Symphony Orchestra giving an outdoor concert in the court yard of the Rathaus. These concerts, so perfectly performed, were usually of classical nature, with emphasis on the Viennese composers: Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart, and Strauss as well as other renowned composers such as Bach, Men-delssohn, and Rossini.

Organ concerts, such as those given in St. Stephen's Cathedral, also proved to be popular musical events. They presented us with an opportunity to hear some of the great baroque organ music of the world, master-fully played on the huge cathedral organ. While listen-ing to one of these concerts, I felt it was something more than music. In a sense, a life was lived during these moments; a life of hopes and fears, joys and sorrows, ecstasy and gloom. Likewise, my feelings after such a concert were mixed; part weariness, part exaltation, but undoubtedly an overhelming sense of peacefulness.

The excellent quality of the Viennese music was a standard for all of the Vienna concerts, and they have made a significant, contribution to our appreciation of Viennese way of life.

Everyone Who is Anyone in Munic

Travels to Salzburg — So Do We!

For thousands of music lovers from all over the world Salzburg, the city where Mozart was born, has become a Mecca. The Salzburg Festival, begun just forty years ago by Arturo Toscanini and Max Rein-hardt, has come to be regarded as Europe's outstanding musical attraction in the summer.

As in the past four years, students of the Hope College group are taking time out from their studies to travel to Salzburg and to attend some of the Festival events. The program for our week-end includes a Mozart Symphony concert, a performance of the famous morality play Jedermann by Huge von Hof-mannsthal, which is performed outdoors, on the steps of the cathedral, and a production of the Richard Strauss opera Der Rosenkavalier in the newly com-pleted Festival Hall.

1

Lisa Delia Casa, Hilde Giiden, Sena Jurinac and Erich Kunz

in the third act of DER ROSENKAVALIER at Salzburg opening.

The entire atmosphere in this beautiful city is con-ducive to appreciation of the fine arts. Amid flowers, cathedrals, breath-taking views of lakes and mountains, one gains added enjoyment of beautiful music, artisti-cally performed. Visitors crowd into the Altes Fest-spielhaus, Neues Festspielhaus, Mozarteum and Cara-binieri to listen to the best in music. Here one hears the Vienna State Opera, the Vienna Philharmonic as well as orchestras, choirs, chamber-music groups, and outstanding vocal and instrumental soloists from all parts of the Old and New World.

"Ew/oy VoMf Sfay"

Ed. Note — Tom Nowotny, lysy Hope

graduate, has the jollowing advice to give

his Hope classmates and friends.

While 1 was in America 1 was often asked to ex-plain some peculiar sentiment or feeling that I have about Vienna. It was difficult for me to give a rea-sonable answer except wishing rather whole heartedly that those people who were asking the question might feel for themselves the vague moods, the atmosphere, the mild embrace of this city in which I have been raised.

1 don't know if it is easy to get to know and love Vienna. Sometimes I have the feeling that the city is nothing but a village grown large. Sometimes it seems to be the incarnation of a very human idea. Probably i t is a combination of ' these two extremes.

.: -j t

' X - L ^

a...

ST. STEPHENS C A T H E D R A L is Vienna's most famous landmark.

Here immediately lies the ifirst difficulty for the foreign visitor. Vienna is not a growing city; there are no spasms of a rapid development. In fact the population has decreased considerably within the last fifty years — a rather unusual feature of any city today. Vienna, therefore, doesn't seize you with its movement or with its temperament as other cities do. Vienna has to be looked for, has to be wooed, has to be discovered. Perhaps the people are friendly, but the society is close. There has been no nescessity for change of friends, no necessity for adjustment to the nicely constructed machine of higher bourgeois enter-tainment like concerts and balls of a new era. So con-sequently, the American student might be repelled by what sometimes seems to be an insurmountable obstacle in the way of a fuller integration into a foreign society.

Nevertheless!, I think it is possible to feel very much like a Viennese in a rather short time. Here is my program:

1) Since an American group will always carry with it a good deal of America wherever it goes, never go in groups which consist of more than two people.

2) It's a crime to study indoors if the weather is beautiful. One-can rent a charming old-fashioned chair for forty groschens in the Volksgarten or the Stadt-park and the scent of the roses and the noise of the playing children is free of charge.

3) Once a day you have to drink what the Austrians call coffee. If the weather is fine take the first row in a sidewalk cafe. If it rains sip it at the „Hawelka" in the Dorotheergasse in a Bohemian environment, or at the „Landtmann" near the Burgtheater in the atmo-sphere of a civil-service pensionist.

4) Cultural life is not very vigorous during the summer months, but try to attend one of the concerts in the Viennese palaces. Wherever you go sightseeing try to avoid guided tours.

5) Try to start a long conversation with the following people: the lady from the milk shop, the man who sits on the same bench with you in the park, the pretty girl from whom you ask directions which you knew before asking.

I am a little bit nervous — like somebody who has bought a present and is anxious for the reaction of the receiver. I would like you to appreciate this city very much — this old and charming, sentimental lady. Having been so very much a part of you, I wish that you might also, for a short time at least, become a part of Vienna.

Delightful Melodies, Gracious Ballet, Royal Setting

Mark Gala Performance of Lehar's Immortal Operetta

The crystal-chandeliered banquet hall of the Hofburg Palace, where, for centuries, Hapsburg emperors and their royal guests had enjoyed the music of Mozart, Beethoven, and Strauss, was the setting for a thrilling performance of The Merry Widow, attended by stu-dents and faculty of the Vienna Summer School.

Franz Lehar's famous operetta was first performed fifty five years ago, in the Thea te r an der Wien, at a time when the Viennese operetta was at a low ebb. The Merry Widow, with its memorable tunes, delight-ful melodies, and gracious ballet numbers was so well accepted that it marked the start of a new age of this most popular Viennese musical form.

' K

Since-the time it first opened in 1905, The Merry Widow has been a favorite both in Europe and in the United States. But in no other setting could it be pro-duced as succesfully as here, in the home of the Haps-

burgs. As the beautiful music and romantic story unfolded it was easy for us to visualize the brillant festivities of the Imperial court which where held in this hall during the centuries when Vienna was the center of a large empire.

Lehar's tuneful and charming music, an outstanding cast including Mimi Coertse and Johannes Heesters, and the excellent staging of the operetta made this performance memorable indeed. It also made it a fitting conclusion to the gala evening celebrating the thirty third wedding anniversary of Dr. and Mrs. Baker and the birthdays of Mrs. Snow and eighteen students whose birthdays fall into the period when they are away from home.

ill!

%

/ i D r . Fried explains plot of the Merry Widow during first inter-

mission in the Redoutesaal of Imperial Palace.

PAGE FOUR HOPE COLLEGE ANCHOR - EUROPEAN EDITION AUGUST i960

The Austrian Parliament Building, particularly impressive at night.

July 11 (Mon)

9 :00 AM All classes begin at Luegcr Platz No. 2. 5:00 PM Attendance at the film Das Madchen Ro-

semarie for members of Dr. Fassbinder's Literature and Drama classes at the K.ru-ger KJno.

July 12 (Tue)

2:45 PM Visit to the Imperial Treasury in the Hof-burg Palace for members of the Art History and Medieval History classes.

July 13 (Wed)

2:45 PM Visit to the Kunsthistorisches Museum for members of the Art History and Me-dieval History classes. T o u r of section „The Art of the Middle Ages" with Dr. Benesch. Leave from Neuer Markt.

8 :00 PM Symphony Concert in the Arkadenhof by the Wiener Symphoniker, Kurt Woss, con-ductor. Music students receive tickets from Dr. Nemeth free of c h a r g e d

July 14 (Thu)

4 :00 PM Guest lecture: Austrian Neutrality by Dr. Gerald Stourzh, Secretary General of the Austrian Society for Foreign Policy and International Relations. Required for students in modern history.

July 15 (Fri)

11:00 AM Visit to the Kunsthistorisches Museum with Dr. Benesch. Art History class only.

5:30 PM Lecture by the U.S. Under Secretary of State, the Hon. Douglas Dillon on The Great Challenge Before Us at the Aka-demie der Wissenschaften. Special invi-tations lor members of the modern history class available from Dr. Dudley.

8 :30 PM Belvedere Palace Sound and Light, a plastic reenactment of Austrian history from the days of Prince Eugene to 1955 in music, sound and light. Tickets will be made available for all students.

July 16 (Sat)

Free day — Lunch at Kruger Strasse.

July 17 (Sun)

Free day — Lunch will be at Kruger Strasse at 1: 00 PM.

July 18 (Mon)

2:30 PM Medieval History class only — visit to the Austrian State Archives.

July 19 (Tue)

12:45 Excursion to the Austrian Refugee Camp at Traiskirchen with lecture on problem of Hungarian refugees by Sectionschef Dr. Hantschk of the Austrian Ministry of Interior. Required for Contemporary Hi-story and German Conversation classes.

July 20 (Wed)

3:00 PM Walk to Rupprecht Church and Maria am Gestade for Medieval History class with Dr. Lehmann. Meet at Neuer Markt 2.

3; 30 PM Guest lecture by Dozent Dr. Anton Macku on Breughel at the Kunsthistorisches Mu-seum. Meet with Dr. Benesch in front of Museum.

July 21 (Thu)

2 :00 PM Guest Lecture by Dr. Walter Toman, As-sociate Professor of Psychology at Brandeis University, on the „The Psychology of Totalitarianism" for members of contem-porary history class.

. • • . . . . %

Fifth Hope Vienna Summer School

Excursions, Weekend Trips

July 22 (Fri)

2:00 PM Visit to the Akademie der bildenden Kunste for members of the Art History class.

3:00 PM Visit to the Museum der Stadt Wien for members of the Viennese Drama Class.

July 23 (Sat)

8: 30 AM Bus trip to the Burgenland. Visit Roman camp at Carnuntum, Haydn birthplace in Rohrau and Haydn Church in Eisenstadt; tour Medieval Forchtenstein fortress. Lunch at Mattersburg.

July 24 (Sun)

1:00 PM Lunch at Kruger Strasse. Special guests: Rev. Kenneth Ziebell, minister of the Vienna Community Church, and Mrs. Zie-bell.

July 25 (Mon)

1:00 PM Field trip through the Inner 'City for Intermediate German group.

2:00 PM Attendance of German Newsreel at OP Cinema on the Graben for German Con-versation.

2:00 PM Visit to the Austrian Gewerkschaftsbund for lecture by Mr. Paul Blau on The Austrian Labor Movement. Modern Hi-story class meet with Dr. Dudley in front of the Gewerkschaftshaus.

July 26 (Tue)

2:00 PM Visit to the Heercsmuseum for Medieval History class.

2:00 PM Field trip for Intermediate German class to the „Geistliche und weltliche Schatz-kammer" .

5:30 PM Birthday dinner for Mrs. Snow and 18 others whose birthdays are during the tour. After dinner entire Hope College Vienna Summer School group attends performance of the Lehar Operetta The Merry Widow in the-Redoutensaal of the Hofburg Palace.

July 27 (Wed)

11:00 AM Visit to the Kunsthistorisches Museum (Paintings of the 16th Century) with Dr. Benesch for Art History class.

2:00 PM Field trip to the Cistercian Monastery Heiligenkreuz for Art, Music, Medieval History and Intermediate German classes. Leave by bus from Lueger Platz.

2:00 PM Visit to the Kapuzinergruft (burial place of Hapsburg emperors) with Herr Schma!-fuss. Leave from Lueger Platz.

8 :00 PM German Conversation class and Viennese Drama attends a performance of the play Im sechsten Stock at the Thea te r in der Josefstadt.

July 28 (Thu)

12:30 PM The President of the Austrian Parliament, Dr. h. c. Dipl. Ing. Leopold Figl, receives the students of Hope College in the Par-liament.

1:00 PM Modern History and German Conversation class will have lunch in the restaurant of the Parliament.

2:00 PM Modern History and German Conversation class will attend lecture by Dr. Ludwig Weiss on State and Church in Austria. This will be followed by a guided tour through the Austrian Parliament.

Medieval Fortress Forchtenstcin overlooks Hungarian plains.

The Schonbrunn Palace as seen from the formal gardens

5: 30 PM Midterm examination for Art History class at Neuer Markt 2.

July 29 (Fri)

Morning Midterm examination for Modern. His-tory German Literature, Viennese Drama, Music History and Medieval History.

2:00 PM Field trip through the Inner Stadt for Beginning German with Mr. Schmalfuss and Mr. Strahammer.

3:30 PM Dr. Fassbinder will take members of his Viennese Drama class on a walk through „Alt Wien". Meet at Neuer Markt .

July 30 (Sat)

12:00 noon Lunch at Kruger Strasse. Free day.

July 31 (Sun)

8 :45 AM Meet at Westbahnhof for an Excursion to Melk Abbey. Lunch will be in Melk. Return Danube steamer through the Wachau past Durnstein and other historic castles. Dinner on shipboard.

August 1 (Mon)

- 9: 30 AM Field trip to the Hofburgkapelle (Imperial Chapel) and the Imperial apartments for Intermediate German class.

AUGUST i960 HOPE COLLEGE ANCHOR — EUROPEAN EDITION PAGE FIVE

Provides Variety of Cultural Activities

Augment Class Room Studies

11:00 AM Visit to the Hapsburg tombs in the Ka-puzinergruft for Elementary German class.

12:00 noon Following regular class, music students will visit the Music Manuscript Collec-tion in the Albertina with Dr. Nemeth.

2: 30 PM Guest lecture by Professor Engel-Janosi on the history of the Hapsburg followed by a tour of the Austrian State Archives, students only.

August 2 (Tue)

2 :00 PM Guest lecture by Professor Macku on art and history of St. Stephen's Cathedral (in German with translation by. Dr. Benesch). Attendance required for Art History, Ele-mentary and Intermediate German stu-dents. Meet at 1: 50 in front of Cathedral.

3 :30 PM Music class will meet for special lecture with Dr. Nemeth at Lueger Platz.

8 : 0 0 PM Performance of film „Der Idiot" at the Studio, on Mariahilferstrasse.

August 3 (Wed)

2:00 PM Dr. Brandtner, Press Secretary of the Austrian Chamber of Commerce who accompanied the Russian Prime Minister during his recent week-long visit in Austria, will talk on Personal Meeting with Krushchev.. Required for Modern History class, all others invited.

4: 15 PM Visit to the Karlskirche and Himmel-pforlgasse with Dr. Benesch. Art History

August 4 (Thu) 1:00 PM Departure for Salzburg and Berchtesgaden

weekend. Buses will leave from Kruger Strasse.

8: 30 PM Dinner at Hotel Konigsee. Evening free.

August 5 (Fri)

10:00 AM Leave Hotel for Salzburg. In Salzburg there will be two city tours, one, led by Dr. Benesch, for Art students only, the other led by Mr. Grande. Lunch will be in Salzburg, followed by trip to Hallein, for visit to Saltmines. Return to Konigsee for dinner. Evening free.

August 6 (Sat)

Morning '?ree at Konigsee. Drive to Obersalzberg to see remains of Hitler's home. Lunch at the Hotel Schwanenwirt in Berchtesgaden. Afternoon boat trip on the Konigsee to Obersee and St. Bartho-lomew. Early supper at Hotel Konigsee. One bus, with students who have tickets

j to the Rosenkavalier^ will g o to Salz-burg and return after the performance. The other bus will go to Chiemsee for a candle light concert in the palace of Lud-wig II on Herrenchiemsee Island.

August 8 (Mon)

1: 30 PM Field trip to the Imperial Palace at Schon-brunn for Intermediate German class.

2:00 PM Guest lecture on the activities of the International Atomic Energy Agency for members of the Comtemporary history course. Others invited.

*

August 9 (Tue)

2:00 PM Guest lecture on Austrian painters of the Biedermeier Period by Professor Macku at the Belvedere Palace.

2:00 PM Field trip to Heiligenkreuz and Mayer-ling for Elementary German class.

4: 30 PM Visit to Museum of the City of Vienna, Medieval Section, for members of Medie-val history class.

8 :00 PM Attendance at modern play Hin und Her by Horvath in the Kammerspiele Theater for members of Intermediate German class.

August 10 (Wed)

2:00 PM Art tour to examine paintings for the nineteenth and twentieth Century. Meet with Dr. Benesch at Neuer Markt.

Gary Hcsscr practices his German with one of the natives,

August 7 (Sun)

9 : 3 0 AM Departure from Konigsee for Salzburg, followed by attendance at Mozart Matinee.

1: 30 PM Lunch in Salzburg. Bus Jedermann will remain in the city to take students home directly after the performance. The other bus will return directly to Vienna.

The White Horse Inn on the shores ot beautiful St. Wolfgang lake

near Salzburg.

August 11 (Thu)

„2;QO P M —Visit to the Music Instrument collection in the Imperial Palace with Dr. Nemeth. Music students only.

2:15 PM Intermediate German and German Con-versation classes visit University of Vienna founded 1365) and Votiv Church with Mr. Grande and Dr. S. Lehmann.

2:15 PM Field trip to medieval castle Kreuzen-stein for members of Medieval History class.

August 12 (Fri)

Classes end at noon. Lunch at Kruger Strafie. Afternoon free.

August 13 (Sat)

Lunch at Kruger Strasse. Tickets for Symphony Concert at Arkadenhof avai-lable for the evening.

a ' •

August 14 (Sun)

Free day. Lunch will not be served at Kruger Strasse. Refund will be made for both lunch and supper.

August 15 (Mon)

* Austrian National Holiday. No classes will be held. Refund for both lunch and supper will be made.

Students ot Art and History find the Monastery at Heiligenkreuz

interesting.

August 16 ( Tue)

2:00 PM Guest lecture: Austria in the late Middle Ages by Dr. Hans Pflaumer, Research Assistant at the University of Vienna. Required for students in Medieval his-tory others invited.

2 :30 PM Visit to the Austrian gallery in the Belve-dere Palace for Dr. Fassbinder's Viennese Drama class. Meet in front of Upp^r Belvedere.

8 :00 PM Recital of Lieder and Operatic Arias by Paul Schoffler in the hall of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

August 17 (Wed)

2:30 PM Special recording of Franz Schmidt's The Hook with Seven Seals and commentary by Dr. Nemeth for Music class and guests at Lueger Platz.

August 18 (Thu)

Morning Final examinations begin in all courses, continue throughout the afternoon as scheduled by individual instructors.

7 :30 PM Farewell Party for students and faculty of Hope College Vienna Summer School at the Palais Auersperg.

August 19 (Fri)

10:00 AM Closing Convocation Hope College Vienna Summer School Session. With special guests from the Austrian Ministry of Education and the American Embassy.

11: 45 AM Lunch at Kruger Strasse. End of Vienna program. Independent travel begins.

September 2 (Fri)

6 : 0 0 PM Hope College Vienna Summer School Char-tered plane departs from Rome. Students flying from Rome are asked to contact Dr. Fried at the hotel twenty-four hours before departure.

8: 30 PM Alitalia charter stops in London to pick up members of Hope College group. Stu-dents leaving from London please contact Dr. or Mrs. Baker, or Mrs. Snow, twenty-four hours before departure at Hotel Im-perial, Russell Square, London.

September 3 (Sat)

8 :35 Approximate arrival time at Idlewild In-ternational Airport in New York.

«

PAGE SIX HOPE COLLEGE ANCHOR - EUROPEAN E D I T I O N A U G U S T i960

)

Dr. Fried and students chat during the break between classes.

Historians Gain Insight

Into To ta l i t a r ian ism

„Thc Psychology of Total i tar ianism" was the topic bf a (guest lecture by Dr. Wal te r T h o m a n to the mem-bers of Dr . Louise Dudley's contemporary history class. Dr. Thoman , who is residing in Vienna this summer, is Associate Professor of Psychology at Brand-eis University. Although Dr. T h o m a n explained that he is not a student of history, the lecture proved to have great value of those who study history.

Dr . T h o m a n first presented a complete, yet concise explanation of the psychoanalitic theory of totalita-rianism developing his lecture into the explanat ion of power conflict and aspirations. He then proceeded to discuss the nature of compulsive behaviour which is caused by a neurosis and results in an intense desire to control and lead others.

T h e totalitarian ruler, a compulsive neurotic, desires to conquer and subdue all resistance to his whims. Because of his fixation for power, he makes demands, which, as we would consider them, are unreasonable.

T h e diseased character , i. e. the compulsive neurotic, has no relationship with the opposite sex. In this totaliarian stage he fosters a disregard for the other sex exaggerating, at the same time, the importance of his own sex. In the case of Hitler, for example, one should remember that he did not mar ry until just before the end of his violent, destructive life. Der Fuhrer of the Nazi state regarded women primarily as bearers of potential soldiers with whom he could

conquer the world.

Hitler's intense primitive power wish of conquering the entire world resulted f rom his feeling that the whole world was against him. Hence his goal of raising Germany, under his rule, to an all-powerful position in the world.

When faced with the prospect of defeat. Hitler tried more than ever to find means to prevent the end. As a result the cruelties of the Nazi rule showed a marked increase as the power of the regime declined. Hitler refused to believe that the war could not be won. Accepting the death of Roosevelt as a good omen, he intensified his lashing out against all opposition. In the end Hitler concluded that the German people had betrayed him, that Germany was not worthy of his genius and ought to suffer destruction, just as he ended his own existence by suicide.

T o understand why a nation would follow the leader-ship of a diseased mind one must remember that Hitler had, a remarkable ability both to persuade and to lead. T h e German people were under economic stress and were in a position where they wanted to follow a leader.

In has conclusion Dr. T h o m a n reminded us that, „the mind is not as unassailable as we tend to believe when we are in comfortable circumstances".

While psychology and history are not directly related fields, the psychological explanation of the totalitarian mind brought the Nazi era into a clearer focus for all of us. Dr. T h o m a n gave us a vivid impression of just how\ a sick genius may gather the power to control a nation and gain the resources to destroy it and the world.

AUSTRIA PROVIDES HOME FOR REFUGEES

Through barbed wire fences and mine fields, under spot lights and machine gun watch towers, thousands of refugees have fled across the borders of Communist Czechoslovakia and Hungary to freedom and asylum in Austria.

On July 19 the Hope College Vienna Summer School traveled to Traiskirchen to visit an Austrian Refugee Camp. As the journey progressed our minds reflected on the 186,000 Hungarians who fled to Austria af ter Krushchev had used tanks and machine guns to put down their insurrection against Russian oppression.

We were greeted at the Refugee Camp by Dr. Hantschk, a high ranking official in the Austrian Depar tment of the Interior, who has charge of the refugee problem in Austria. In his opening address he emphasized the role Austria has played as a home for refugees f rom the Eastern nations. He also indicated, however, that the expense of support ing these refugees poses a considerable problem for the Austrian govern-ment .

T h e camp personnel and Dr. Hantschk were very hospitable and went out of their way to inform the g roup of the refugee problem — past and present. As we toured the camp we had an opportunity to speak to several of the refugees as best we could. T h e refugees are all protected, as communist sympathizers sometimes infiltrate and attempt to persuade them to re turn . As many of their families are unable to escape, it increases the need for their protection. T h e refugees are quick to feel at home as they are very well treated by the camp personnel.

All refugees must pass through an interrogation period which lasts several weeks before they can be legally granted asylum under the rules of the Geneva convention. After this period they are placed in the free portion of the camp where they may come and go as they please until they are settled in different parts of Austria. Many refugees, of course, seek to establish homes in other f ree countries and a large number eventually settle in Australia and Canada.

Why Refugees Flee

Most of the refugees escape in o rder to establish themselves with the higher standard of living in the Western nations. T h e majori ty of the refugees now in the camp are f rom Yugoslavia as it is relatively easy for them to escape. While we were at the camp we also saw many Hungarians and Czechs who had escaped in the face of great danger because of political and moral reasons. In our discussion with them they seemed to be eagerly looking forward to their settle-ment in Austria o r another free nation. T h e reason why the refugees seek asylum in Austria is easy to see when one briefly examines the history of the area. Following the end of W. W. II Europe was in a state of almost complete physical and financial ruin. T h e German speaking nations were particularly hard hit during the latter years of the war and as a result were almost completely helpless.

Following the end of the war Austria was restored a s a republic. Although a large area was occupied by Russian soldiers the earlier helpless Austria played an important role in the world freedom. As a result of its geographical borders and the changes brought about by Communism in Eastern Europe, Austria became a re fuge for people escaping totalilarianism and for German speaking people (Volksdeutsche), expelled f rom the Communist East.

As a neutral nation and because of the rules laid down by the Geneva Convention, Austria cannot en-courage escape f rom the Communist nations, but they do everything possible to help those who do cross the barbed wires to find a place in the free world. At one time, following the war, 25% of the people living in Austria were not Austrian citizens.

' T h e Austrian government has provided thousands of flats for the refugees. T h e flats are so well constructed and furnished that the Austrians jokingly say that they envy the refugees. However, there are 15,000 refugees still living in camps and of this number 7,700 are naturalized Austrian citizens awaiting settlement. It is a responsibility of the free nations to help Austria, which is a world of hope in the minds of many behind the I ron Curtain, to continue to provide places of refuge asylum as they have so adequately and willingly done since the end of the Second World War .

Guest Lecture Explains

Austria's Neutrality

„Austria 's Neutral i ty" was the subject of a guest lecture presented to students of the Contemporary Hi-story class by Dr . Gerald Stourzh, General Secretary of the Austrian Society for Foreign Relations. Dr. Stouzh's address was the first in a series of guest lectures arranged by the Vienna Summer School to acquaint the students with the problems of Austria

past and present. Dr. Stourzh defined two ideas of neutrali ty, pointing

out that Austria is under permanent neutrali ty similar to the neutrality of Switzerland. This concept of neu-trality means that Austria will not allow foreign troops or concentrations of a rms within its borders, nor will it allow air bases or military fortifications of any nation or organization of nations on Austrian soil.

How this neutrality evolved is a very fascinating and

amazing political story.

A Political Story

Following the Second World War , Austr ia was occu-pied by the „Big Four" (Great Britain, France, Russia, and the U. S.) for a period of ten years. Many people felt that Austria would bccomle a divided nation just as Germany had since the Russians controlled the Eastern sector, while the Western Allies controlled the West .

When West Germany joined N A T O in 1955, how-ever, Russia decided to move out of Austr ia if Austria would become a neutral nation.

T h e r e was, of course, a reason for this decision. With a neutra l state between West Germany and Italy (another member of N A T O ) , the N A T O troops could not move rapidly f rom Germany to Italy.

T h e Western Allies reluctantly agreed to pull their troops out of Austria, a treaty was signed by the „Big Four" and Austria pledged and guaranteed to uphold

its neutrality. Austria, to date, has been very pleased with her role

(as a jneutral nation. Only once has this neutral i ty been violated — by the United States. Dur ing the Lebanon crisis the United States flew troops across Austria to Italy, then moved them across to Lebanon. T h e Russians have used this incident several times in reminding the world that the U. S. has not upheld its pledge to the neutral nations. Dur ing Krushchev 's recent visit to Vienna he again brought up this point.

Austria has felt a s t rengthening of nat ional confi-dence and respect abroad as a result of becoming neu-tral, and it is felt that Austr ia is a good example for o ther countries who wish to pursue a neutral policy.

The Empire Drawing Room in the Aueraperg Palace teas scene of the Farewell Dinner on August 18,

n

t o

t f

99

i t

' i

AUGUST i960 HOPE COLLEGE ANCHOR — EUROPEAN EDITION PAGE SEVEN

* •

> t

1 1

• •

l •

t •

»•

r#

• •

I

Pictured at a faculty meeting arc (r-1) Dr . Fried, Mrs. Snow, Dr. Fassbinder, Dr. Benesch, Dr. Nemeth, Dr. Dudley, Mr. Bogensberger,

Mr. Strahammer, Mr. Grande, Dr . S. Lehmann, Mr. Schmalfuss, Dr . H . Lehmann. N o t pictured are Dr. and Mrs. Tunis Baker.

1960 Vienna Summer School Faculty Dr. H. LEHMANN (Instructor in Medieval

History, 1959, i960) went to the United States on a scholarship while still in high school and spent a year in Courtland, New York. He studied at the Universities of Tubingen, Germany, and Bristol, England, before coming to Vienna, where he earned his Ph. D. in history. Since last fall he has been a member of the history staff at the University of Cologne, Germany.

Mr. SCHMALFUSS (Instructor in Elementary Ger-man, 1959, i960) is a teacher of German and English at a Vienna high school. He has done graduate work at the University of Vienna, was a Fulbright student at the University of Cincinnati, and hopes to teach in the United States after he has received' his Ph. D. here.

Dr. S. LEHMANN (Tutor in Intermediate German, i960) is the wife of Dr. Hartmut Lehmann, and a historian in her own right who earned her Ph. D. f rom the University of Vienna last year. Her teaching ex-perience includes giving German instruction to Ameri-can students at the American Dependent school in Mannheim, Germany.

Mr. GRANDE Instructor in Intermediate German Conversation, i960) teaches German and English at a Vienna high school during the regular school year. Before accepting his present position, he spent a number of years as instructor, tutor and prefect with the Vienna Boys Choir traveling with his group throughout Europe, Latin America, and the United States.

Mr. STRAHAMMER (Tutor in Elementary German, 1959, 19^o) teachers mathematics at a Vienna public school and is working on the completion of his doctoral dissertation at the University of Vienna when he is not helping our German students in their work.

Mr. BOGENSBERGER is a member of the staff of the Institute of European Studies and serves as co-ordinator of summer programs (Hope, Oberlin, and Wooster). He and his wife and infant son paid a brief visit to Hope College and Holland during the past winter.

Dr. DUDLEY (Instructor in Modern History, i960) is a Phi Beta Kappa graduate f rom Wellesley College and earned her Masters and Ph. D. degrees in International Relations at Yale University. Dr. Dudley spent a number of years in Austria following the Second World War , first with the Friends Service Committee and then working with the United States Embassy in Vienna. She recently became an Austrian resident again when her husband joined the staff of the International Atomic Energy Agency here.

Dr. N E M E T H (Instructor in Music Literature, l957i l959i 1 9^ 0 ) IS n o w the senior member of Hope's European staff. He holds his Ph. D. f rom the University of Vienna, has written two books and numerous articles, and was recently chosen by the Austrian Ministry of Education to direct the establish-

ment of an official Austrian Music Institute. He also has had considerable experience as conductor of sym-phony orchestras and operas and is scheduled to direct the Wiener Kammeroper during the coming season.

Dr. BENESCH (Art instructor, i960) is the daughter of a highschool professor in Graz, Austria. She attended the University of Graz and received her doctorate in Art History there in 1954. T h e following year she spent at the University of Chicago on a post-doctoral Fulbright fellowship. Since her return from the United States Dr. Benesch has worked in museums in Germany% and Austria. During the past academic year she became associated with the Institute of European Studies.

Dr. FASSBINDER (Instructor in European Li-terature and Viennese Drama, 1958, 1959, i960) holds his doctorate f rom the University of Vienna. In addition to teaching modern literature. Dr. Fassbinder is an active writer who has produced plays, novels and short stories, as well as critical essays and reviews.

Mrs. SNOW (Assistant Professor of German at Hope College) is spending her third summer in Vienna. Her background as a music teacher and director of the women's choir at Hope, and her experience as a teacher of German, enable her to assist in many phases of the Vienna Summer School activities.

Dr. FRIED (Associate Professor of History at Hope College) holds degrees f rom Hope College, Har-vard University, and the University of Erlangen. Before coming to Hope College, where he was recently named chairman of the History Department, Dr. Fried served as chief of translation during the Nurnberg Trials and as Investigator General with the USAF Historical Research Division in Germany. As director of the Hope program in Europe, he is now spending his fifth summer in Vienna.

Dr. BAKER (Professor of Science Education at Hope College) is a graduate of Hop^ College, holds the M. A. degree f rom Columbia University and Ph.. D. from New York University. Before coming to Hope College Dr. Baker was Chairman of the Department of Science at the New Jersey State Teachers College, Paterson, N. J . He has authored several textbooks and has written numerous articles in the field of science education. He is spending his first summer in Vienna as Director of Publicity for the Hope College Vienna Summer School.

Mrs. BAKER (Women's Counseller) is a graduate of Hope College and for a number of years taught English and directed dramatics in an American high school. She is the mother of a daughter and a son and has two grandchildren. This also her first summer in Vienna and as counsellor for the women students she has enjoyed her many personal contacts with them.

Austrian Labor Movement

Explained by Lecturer In line with their program of becoming acquainted

with various aspects of present day Europe, and espec-ially of modern Austria, the students of the modem European history class heard a report given by Mr. Paul Blau, Director of the Labor Science Division of the Austrian Trade Union Federation. Mr. Blau gave a very lucid and informative description of the history of the labor movement in Austria and its present status.

Labor's emergence as a power in Austria came about politically rather than economically. In 1880 the Social Democratic Party was formed by laborers and various other dissatisfied groups, including anarchists and Marx-ists. Only later were the trade unions founded. Since those times the labor movement has traditionally had three pillars of support: the political party, the co-operative movement, and the trade unions.

T h e power of labor grew through the years, but for a long time there was an overwhelming tendency toward a class movement. T h e Austrian Civil War of 1934, which pitted the conservative party against the Social Democrats, was actually a war between the agricultural population and the workers of the cities. The People's Party (conservative) was firmly allied with the Catholic Church, and the resulting differences between the Church and labor were not easily resolved. Thei r common fight against the German occupation, however, served to alleviate the situation to a great extent.

In 1945, with the Russian occupation, labor was given a chance to seize power for the Russians. A Communist vote of 25—20% in the October elections would have been sufficient grounds for the Communists to stage a revolution. T h e Red Army had failed to endear itself to the populace, and the Communists were able to win a mere 5 % of the ballots. Since then Communist turnouts have steadily diminished, very sharp declines being observed at the time of the Russian withdrawal from Austria and after the Revolution in Hungary.

Today the Socialists of Austria includc themselves among Communisms bitterest foes. No longer do they represent merely one class. As their relations with the Church have improved, they have grown stronger in the rural areas. Differences between the city and the rural workers have lessened tremendously since 1934.

At present there are well over two million laborers in Austria. Of these nearly two-thirds are union mem-bers. This is an amazing figure in a nation in which union shops and closed shops are nonexistent, and is surpassed in the free world only by that of Sweden.

In all there are sixteen trade unions in Austria, each incorporated within the Austrian Trade Union Federa-tion. T h e lack of rivalry among the unions for mem-bership undoubtedly contributes a great deal to the efficiency of unionism in Austria.

Probably the most surprising bit of information for the American students was the fact that white collar workers make up the second largest union in Austria. Thus the size of the white collar worker, a general trend everywhere, is expected to actually strengthen the labor movement.

Another unusual, arrangement concerns price and wage scales. Prices may not be increased without the consent of labor, and conversely, industry must agree to all wage boosts. Contrary to what labor had been warned by unionists from abroad, wages have not been frozen since this agreement was put into effect, and labor at any rate seems quite happy with the agree-ment.

T h e fact that the Austrian economy is rising f rom the ruins of the wars, in addition to the diminutive size of the Austrian nation, has given labor a sense of responsibility and has served to tone down its financial demands. One is naturally quite hesitant about striking for a higher wage when such a strike and such a pay increase might ' th ro t t l e the resurgence of the nation's economy. Thus Austria has had an enviable strike record since the war.

Another reason for labor's sense of responsibility is its active participation in the government. T h e Social-ists control 78 of the 165 seats in the National Council (Parliament), one less than do the conservatives. Fur-thermore no less than 40 members of the Council are uhion members. With such representation it is incon-ceivable that anti-labor legislation could be passed in Austria.

T h e Austrian labor picture (as seen through the eyes of a Socialist) is not that which the average American would expect f rom a Socialist movement. The Socialists and labor as a whole have been working together with the conservatives to restore Austria's economy. Without this co-operation, Austria would have been unable to stabilize her economy and indeed would have had a hard time in maintaining a government

f ! •• ^ 1 L i . n v ' ; . v v •••-,•. i

PAGE EIGHT " - ; HOPE COLLEGE ANCHOR — EUROPEAN EDITION ! AUGUST 1960

1

Mountain Climbing and Relaxation

Mark Weekend Trip to Alps

Eight adventuresome students left Wien last weekend for Gaal, a small village in the southern part of Austria, hoping lo find beautiful scenery, interesting Austrians, and no tourists.

Our Volkswagen bus, loaded with food and blankets, took us to the end of a mountain road in about five hours.

Upon arriving, we rrnet a seventy year old farmer wh3 gladly allowed us to camp in his land. We learned more about him while he willingly helped us build a fire.

Rugged Wodsmen?

We pitched camp with blankets, cooking utensils, and anything else we had been able to borrow from our Hausfrau, and started to make dinner in the chill of the mountain evening.

It was interesting to meet hunters and woodsmen who slopped at our camp periodically while they were hunting the trails up the mountain. Conversing in German gave us a chance to try newly learned phrases and taught us more about Austria and life in the Austrian Alps.

The muscle-building activity of the first day was a five hour climb to the top of the mountain. A substan-tial meal, warm sun, and a breath taking view was the most welcome reward.

Riding in our little bus we were able to enjoy beauty of the surrounding countryside more comfortably the next day. On the way back to Vienna we saw another inviting mountain but, instead of having to climb it, we were able to take a thirty minute chair lift to the top where we chose a delightful scenic spot to munch our lunch.

Friendly Austrians

Our accommodations during the outing were a bit Spartan. Sleeping on the ground, in the bus, and in a haystack was a bit chilly but nevertheless a lot of fun. The enjoyment of living in the fresh mountain air, listening to the „babbling brooks", and smelling the freshly cut pines, as well as experiencing the friendli-ness of the Austrians we met will always bring back fond remembrances.

Austrian Hospitality Makes Students

Feel at Home in Vienna

One noon while at lunch in our college dining hall on Krugerstrasse, we happily greeted T o m Nowotny, a graduate from Hope in 1959. Many students eagerly began talking with him as we were very interested to find out more about his home town, Vienna, where we had just recently arrived. Some of the students who did not know -Tom were also interested in meeting him since his sister Brigitta had spent the past semester at Hope College. Together they had added much to our enthusiasm of living in Vienna.

In the evening Tom and Brigitta's parents. Dr. and Mrs. Franz Nowotny, hosted a group of students at their home where we found the warm cordiality of friends abroad.

Dr. and Mrs. Nowotny also invited some Austrian students from the University of Vienna along with the Hope students. As the evening progressed a seemingly innumerable amount of iancy sandwiches, cookies, delicious cake, and sweet breads disappeared amidst our chatter.

As the tape recorder played the Viennese music, the Viennese students became our tutors for waltzing rather than practicing German. But the English language soon came to the forefront as the rock'n roll music brought a change in tutors.

As the evening rushed to midnight and with the exit of Dr. Fried and Mrs. Snow, we became aware of the fact that the fun and gaiety would end with sleepy eyes in the morning classes.

As we made our departure the Hope girls were thrilled by a departing hand kiss from T o m and Dr. Nowotny, while the boys were hastily making plans to walk the Viennese girls home to assure their safety.

This perfect evening of Austrian hospitality had shown more than ever the friendliness of the people and their way of life. After so many weeks of traveling and hotel living it was nice to be in the midst of a family aod home again. We are glad that Hope College has such a warm and close connection with these won-derful people.

PICTURESQUE MELK ABBEY RECALLS SPLENDOR OF FORMER CENTURIES

StudentH and Faculty

of the

Hope College

Vienna Summer School

Extend Greetings

to all

Alumni and Friends.

Ot Sunday, July 31. twenty-one members of the Hope College Vienna Summer School made an enjoyable ex-cursion to the old abbey of Melk, located about 60 miles from Vienna. This famous abbey, situated high upon a rock overlooking the Danube River, has a long and colorful history.

Melk was once the capital of Austria and the resi-dence of the Bahenberg Dukes. In early Roman iim:s it was used as a supply station on the Danube Riv:r. In the eleventh century it became the home of the Benedictine order under whose supervision it was com-pletely reconstructed in the early 18th century. Today it is an important center of religion and learning in Austria.

A Baroque Exhibit

1 he abbey is unique as the exemplification of the baroque style ol architecture. A special baroque 'ex-hibition honoring the 300th anniversary of the birth of Jakob Prandtauer, the architect of Melk Abbey and other important buildings in Austria, is on display in the abbey. Rare art treasures, baroque paintings and sculptures, jewelled altarpieces, robes embroidered with silver and gold thread and a collection of 18th century musical instruments are of special interest.

An Impressive Library

I he library is one of the most impressive rooms in the abbey. The brown and gold in the leather bindings of the books, the decorations on the walls and ihc murals and sculptures all blend into a beautiful sym-phony of color and harmony. Rare books are to be seen in glass cases about the room, many of which are the product of important milestones in the spiritual and intellectual development of mankind.

Following lunch in a small restaurant in town, the students boarded a Danube steamer for the return trip to Vienna. Passing through the lovely Wachau region where many famous old castles stand high on the mountains overlooking the Danube, the students were impressed anew with the beauty of Austria.

*5? 3 § 7 = 7 (t a

S s ? (6 B £ 3 ~ I

(b

is-5 o = * 2 ^ g5 3 3

^ i 2 3 S g,

- j O c_ D3 e y o f 60 Q.

!*

(t

2

'§1 <5. ~ re —

to B n a 0 *3 ^ a ?? TJ J5 P5 5 - 5" *, OQ T n ^ b » c o- S 9 ' a a ? S B

S'S -= — 1 re = — TO 3" ® re b

"< ~ f 5 B » C3 S w I 11 1 I

o o

CD CD CD

^ O o

5 : fL 2 . 0 3 — a

® C O S 00 ® CD

— o CD 3 -

< 3 0

—T = CD

CO m Q3

3 o 3 ^ 3 CD CD o

c/5 m O Q.

-1 o — — O o Q) — 3

3 0 5 50

P ^ (A

| o m *

T H E VOTIVKIRCHE built in Nco-Gothic Style, is one of the

Main Attractions on the famous Ring-Street of Vienna