1. 7 The Transformation and Expansion of Europe

2. Overview

Late Middle Ages, series of disasters

• Consequences of population increase

• Expansion of Islam

Capitalism, money and credit

Inventions

Government

• Taxes

• Armies

Struggle between subjects and rulers

• Representative assemblies

Contact with the Far East and renewed Muslim threat

Change in Western Europe

3. Crisis and Problems of the Late Middle Ages

The Calamitous Fourteenth Century

• Weather

• Population increase

• Peasant uprising in northern France, 1320

• • Seek a Christian commonwealth

• • Put down by bands of knights

• Jacquerie, 1358

• Hundred Years War

• Bubonic Plague or Black Death

• • Began in western China about 1340

• • Rats

• • Drastic economic, social, and psychological effects

4. Eastern Europe in the Late Middle Ages

Byzantium and Orthodoxy

• Chaos in the Balkans

• • Schism

• • Spiritual and cultural hold of Byzantium over Orthodox people

• • National orthodox churches

• • Catholic Church regarded as an enemy

Eastern European States and Societies

• Europe divided into two

• • West: stronger with more highly developed countries

• • East: weaker and less highly developed countries

• Colonization and immigration

• • German colonists into Poland and Hungary

• • Jews fleeing eastward

• Conflict

• • Teutonic Knights

• Serfdom

Mongols, Tartars, and Russia

• Asiatic attack

• • Ghenghis Khan, Mongols

• • Batu Khan

• • Kiev and Russia

5. The Mongol Empire 6. The Turks in Europe

Arrive in Europe in 1352

Conquest of the Bulgarians and Serbs

Fall of Constantinople, 1453

Brought unity and peace to the Balkans

Religious freedom

• Non-Muslims had second-class status

• Conversions

Greek upper class

• Greek patriarchs and bishops held religious and worldly power throughout the Balkans

7. The New Economy

The Birth of Modern Capitalism

• Italian merchants lead the revival of trade in the eleventh century

• Reinvestment of surplus

• Expansion of trading activities

• Hanseatic League

• Antwerp and Bruges

Innovations in Business Organization

• After 1200: throw off the shackles of the guilds

• Partnership

• • Woolens Industry

• • • Putting-out, or domestic system

8. The Rise of Banking and Bankers

Economy geared to trade

Use of coins

Bill of Exchange

Banking

• Successful merchants

• • Money lending

• • • Usury

• • • Jews

• Christian banking

• • • Italian merchants, Florence

• • • Jacques Coeur

• • • Jacob Fugger

9. The Impact on Social Structure and Values

The End of Serfdom in Western Europe

• Disrupted relationship between the nobles and peasants

• • Nobles rent out their demesnes to free tenants

• • Services converted into money payment

• Emancipation of the serfs

• • Serfdom disappeared in England by 1500

The Challenge to Medieval Values

• Dislocations in society led to dislocations in ethics

• • Pride, envy, and greed now regarded as the main-springs of economic life

• • The Church succumbed to materialism

• • Emergence of the bourgeois, or middle class

10. The New Technology

Exposure to the technology of the Arabs and the Far East

Navigation

• Charts

Navigation and Ship Design

• Magnetic compass China

• Astrolabe Arabs

• Carrack three masted ship

Firearms

• Gunpowder China

• • Fire-pots or tubes (canones)

• • Bronze cast cannons

Paper and woodcut printing

• Black printing did not catch on until Johann Guttenberg developed it about 1450

• Reduced the cost of printing allowing for the publishing cheaply of books

• Mechanical clock

11. The New Politics

Government

• • Use of money

• • Levy tariffs on trade

New Developments in warfare

• Past use of knights

• New weapons equalized foot soldiers and horsemen

• • Longbow

• • Pike

• • Cannon

• • Combined forces of infantry, cavalry, and artillery

Nobles still the leaders in society and government

12. Absolutism in Practice: Italy

City-States and the Rise of Despotism

• Italian city-state

• Struggle between the pope and Holy Roman emperors

• Localism

• Struggle between rival states in north Italy

• Three leading states Venice, Milan, Florence

• By the end of the thirteenth century most of the cities had won self-rule from the feudal nobility and emerged as sovereign republics

• Emergence of political strongmen, supported bankers and capitalists

• Despots

• Condottieri

• Francesco Sforza, ruler of Milan in 1540

• Florence in the hands of the Medici beginning in 1434

• Venice

Despotism in Central and Southern Italy

• Papal States

• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

13. Fifteenth-Century Italy 14. The Theory of Absolutism: Machiavelli

Need for unified absolute government

Despotic rule put down internal dissension in Milan and Florence

The Secularization of the State

• Thomas Aquinas

• • Temporal power is invested by God in the people as a whole who delegate it to suitable persons

• • State receives its authority from God (through the people) and must exercise the