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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH WHQH SPN@YBSCBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS,

QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS 

FMYQBIPCCFBM

Jh Pmfihi phrh jh Ht`mcfóm y jh Q`phrhcfóm Fmt`erhj h jhs Tïctfohs, cu`mth hctuhjo`mt` cbm um `squ`oh i`ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh i`shrrbjjhib pbr jh `xtfmth He`mcfh Wr`sfi`mcfhj phrh jh Hccfóm Sbcfhj y jh Cbbp`rhcfómFmt`rmhcfbmhj  –  Hccfóm Sbcfhj, `squ`oh qu` pr`s`mth s`rfhs jfofthcfbm`s y ifdfcujthi`s `m hnusthrs` h jhsr`hjfihi`s y m`c`sfihi`s i` jbs erupbs ætmfcbs, pu`stb qu` mb cbmcu`rih cbm jh cbopj`nfihi i`j Sun`tbCbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb ht`mifib y cbm jh m`c`sfihi i` ifd`r`mcfhr jhs chrhct`rïstfchs i` jhs `thphs i` `o`re`mcfhy trhmsfcfóm `sthaj`cf`mib i` ohm`rh cbmc`rthih @j`o`mtbs `sp`cfhj`s y ifd`r`mcfhibs `m oht`rfh i`

cbopbm`mt`s i` jh `mtr`eh i` jh Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh. 

Cbmscf`mt`s i` jhs jfofthcfbm`s `mumcfhihs, jh Pmfihi pr`s`mth `m `st` ibcuo`mtb um prbc`sb i` hnust`fmt`erhj h jh pbjïtfch i` ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh phrh jbs Sun`tbs Cbj`ctfvbs Ætmfcbs, o`ifhmt` `j i`shrrbjjb i`jbs `j`o`mtbs `sthaj`cfibs pbr `j I`cr`tb J`y 9430 i` 1788 (cbmc`rthcfóm, hmèjfsfs i`j mfv`j i`vujm`rhafjfihi, cbbrifmhcfóm i` o`ifihs, fopj`o`mthcfóm i`j `mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj ætmfcb - cujturhj ys`eufof`mtb), cbm jh dfmhjfihi i` ihr r`spu`sth `d`ctfvh h jh mbrohtfvfihi y jh nurfsprui`mcfh vfe`mt`, p`rbprfmcfphjo`mt` phrh e`m`rhr r`spu`sths h jh sftuhcfóm hctuhj i` jhs cboumfihi`s ætmfchs qu` lhm sfibvïctfohs i`j i`spjhzhof`mtb dbrzhib `m Cbjboafh y cbmtrfaufr i` ohm`rh i`cfifih h jh sup`rhcfóm i` jh crfsfsluohmfthrfh y hj @sthib i` Cbshs Fmcbmstftucfbmhj i`cjhrhib pbr jh Cbrt` Cbmstftucfbmhj `m jh S`mt`mcfh Y-710 i` 1779, sfm i`sht`mi`r `j i`shrrbjjb nurfsprui`mcfhj y jb `sthaj`cfib pbr jbs hutbs i` s`eufof`mtb 770

i` 1776, 3<1 i` 1788, y 753 i` 1789, `mtr` btrbs qu` trhthm sbar` `sth oht`rfh.

@m `st` s`mtfib, `j ibcuo`mtb s` `structurh `m cuhtrb hphrthibs> `j prfo`rb ibmi` s` i`scrfa` jh i`dfmfcfómi` jbs prfmcfpfbs brf`mthibr`s; ̀ j s`eumib qu` cbrr`spbmi` h jh cbmc`ptuhjfzhcfóm aèsfch h jh qu` s` hcuifrèh jb jhreb i`j ibcuo`mtb, jh t`rc`rh s`ccfóm ibmi` s` `xpjfch ar`v`o`mt` `m quæ cbmsfst` `j Obi`jb@cbcujturhj cbob dbroh i` fopj`o`mthr `j `mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj ætmfcb  – cujturhj h jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh yjh o`ifcfóm i` jh suasfst`mcfh oïmfoh y um cuhrtb hphrthib qu` pr`s`mth jbs crft`rfbs qu` i`si` `j Obi`jb@cbcujturhj s` lhm fi`mtfdfchib phrh jh `mtr`eh i` jh Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh hcbri`s cbm jbs `j`o`mtbs`sp`cfhj`s y ifd`r`mcfhibs i` jhs Cboumfihi`s M`erhs, Hdrbcbjboafhmhs, Qhfzhj`s y Whj`mqu`rhs. @j

ibcuo`mtb s` cf`rrh cbm um jfsthib afajfberèdfcb `m `j qu` s` ahsh jh prbpu`sth.

SFEJHS

HLF Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh Fmo`ifhth

HL@ Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh i` @o`re`mcfh

HLY Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh i` Yrhmsfcfóm

HL@@s Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh i` @o`re`mcfh @sp`cfhj

IH@ Ifr`ccfóm i` Hsumtbs Ætmfcbs

IESL Ifr`ccfóm i` E`stfóm Sbcfhj y Luohmfthrfh

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

IJ 9430 I`cr`tb J`y 9430 i` 1788

@Y @mtfihi Y`rrftbrfhj

FCAD Fmstftutb Cbjboafhmb i` Af`m`sthr Dhofjfhr

QPT Q`efstrb Þmfcb i` Tïctfohs

SMHQFT Sfst`oh Mhcfbmhj i` Ht`mcfóm y Q`phrhcfóm Fmt`erhj h jhs TïctfohsPmfihi Pmfihi phrh jh Ht`mcfóm y jh Q`phrhcfóm Fmt`erhj h jhs Tïctfohs

WQFMCFWFBS BQF@MYHIBQ@S

@j obi`jb pjhmt`hib `m `st` ibcuo`mtb ausch ifr`ccfbmhr jhs hccfbm`s fmstftucfbmhj`s `m oht`rfh i`ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh lhcfh umh r`spu`sth cbmc`rthih y cbl`r`mt`, qu` fopj`o`mt` cbob `n` dumiho`mthj`j `mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj ætmfcb  – cujturhj dumiho`mthib hxfbjóefch, cbmc`ptuhj y o`tbibjóefcho`mt` thmtbpbr jhs chrhct`rïstfchs y `sp`cfdfcfihi`s prbpfhs i` jbs ifd`r`mt`s pu`ajbs y Cboumfihi`s M`erhs,Hdrbcbjboafhmhs, Qhfzhj`s y Whj`mqu`rhs `m jhs ifstfmths r`efbm`s i` Cbjboafh, cbob pbr `j i`shrrbjjb

 nurfsprui`mcfhj.

Sf af`m `j jberb i` `st` ban`tfvb hpumth fmfcfhjo`mt` lhcfh jh i`dfmfcfóm i` jbs `j`o`mtbs oht`rfhj`s qu`thmefafjfzhm jh shtfsdhccfóm i` jhs m`c`sfihi`s i` suasfst`mcfh oïmfoh, prbiucfihs pbr jhs hccfbm`s `m `johrcb i`j cbmdjfctb hrohib phrh jhs cboumfihi`s m`erhs, hdrbcbjboafhmhs, rhfzhj`s y phj`mqu`rhs, mb`xcjuy` jh bajfehcfóm i` ihr ehrhmtïhs hj i`r`clb hj oïmfob vfthj y jh m`c`sfihi i` `sthaj`c`r o`chmfsobshi`cuhibs phrh jh i`dfmfcfóm i` jh `mtr`eh i` jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh. W`roft` hi`oès e`m`rhr jbs prfo`rbshvhmc`s lhcfh jh sup`rhcfóm i` jh sftuhcfóm i` vujm`rhafjfihi, y pbr `sth vïh prbsp`rhr `m jh r`fmt`erhcfómsbcfhj, jh cbmstruccfóm i` `sc`mhrfbs i` phz y jh sup`rhcfóm i` jh erhv` crfsfs luohmfthrfh qu` lh i`sbjhib yheuifzhib jh cbopj`nh sftuhcfóm i` jbs pu`ajbs y Cboumfihi`s M`erhs, Hdrbcbjboafhmhs, Qhfzhj`s y

Whj`mqu`rhs `m `j t`rrftbrfb mhcfbmhj.

H cbmtfmuhcfóm s` lhc` umh `xpbsfcfóm i` jbs prfmcfpfbs brf`mthibr`s m`c`shrfbs h cbmsfi`rhr cbob phrt`i`j obi`jb i` hnust` prbpu`stb phrh jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh i` jbs sun`tbs cbj`ctfvbs ætmfcbs, prfmcfpfbsi`si` jbs cuhj`s s` `vhjuhrïh `j fophctb i` jh `mtr`eh i` jh hyuih luohmfthrfh, i` thj dbroh qu` `sth mbcbmiuzch h jh cr`hcfóm i` hctftui`s i` i`p`mi`mcfh, thmtb oht`rfhj cbob psfcbjóefch, `j i`afjfthof`mtb i`jhs chphcfihi`s, r`i`s sbcfhj`s y `strht`efhs i` hdrbmthof`mtb, sfmb qu` pbr `j cbmtrhrfb, brf`mt`m jhe`m`rhcfóm i` jhs chphcfihi`s ohrchih pbr umh prbdumih s`msfafjfihi y trhmsdbrohcfóm mb vfbj`mth i`j

cbmdjfctb, y h jh cbmstruccfóm i` jh phz `mtr` jhs cboumfihi`s y pu`ajbs hd`cthibs.

Hi`oès i` jbs prfmcfpfbs cbmt`opjhibs `m `j chpïtujb FF i`j tïtujb F i`j I`cr`tb 9430 i` 1788, s` cbmsfi`rhm

cbob prfmcfpfbs brf`mthibs i` `st` obi`jb i` ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh phrh jbs sun`tbs cbj`ctfvbs ætmfcbs, jbssfeuf`mt`s>

@mdbqu` Ifd`r`mcfhj Ætmfcb - Cujturhj>Sf af`m `j `mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj lhc` hjusfóm h um oætbib i` cbopr`msfóm, hctuhcfóm, r`jhcfbmhof`mtb y`vhjuhcfóm i` jhs hccfbm`s ifrfefihs h um erupb pbajhcfbmhj qu` pbs`` chrhct`rïstfchs ifstfmtfvhs (cfcjb vfthj,eæm`rb, `mtr` btrhs), cuhmib s` trhth i` cboumfihi`s cbm hsp`ctbs cujturhj`s y um brfe`m ætmfcb ifstfmtb i`btrbs erupbs i` jh sbcf`ihi, `st` `mdbqu` i`a` brf`mthrs` h jh prbt`ccfóm i` sus i`r`clbs dumiho`mthj`sthmtb i` dbroh cbj`ctfvh cbob fmifvfiuhj. Wbr thmtb, `m su fopj`o`mthcfóm, `j `mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj ætmfcb -

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

cujturhj cbmtrfauy` h sup`rhr jh vfsfóm hsfst`mcfhjfsth y i`a` cbmiucfr h `j`vhr `j fophctb pbsftfvb i` jhshccfbm`s `sththj`s, `rfefæmibs` cbob o`ifb phrh r`cbe`r y vfsfafjfzhr `j p`mshof`mtb, cbsobvfsfóm y vfsfóm

i` cboumfihi`s hc`rch i` um t`oh `sp`cïdfcb.

Ifstfmtfvfihi‚S` r`df`r` h jh pbsfafjfihi r`sp`thaj` y vhjbrhaj` phrh cbmsfi`rhrs` h sï ofsobs cbob ifd`r`mt`s y h s`rr`sp`thibs cbob thj`s‟8, thmtb cbob sun`tbs cbj`ctfvbs cbob i` ohm`rh fmifvfiuhj y i` feuhj dbroh dr`mt`h jbs of`oarbs ohybrfthrfbs i` jh sbcf`ihi, cbob dr`mt` h btrbs erupbs ætmfcbs. @j i`r`clb h jh ifstfmtfvfihis` `mcu`mtrh pj`mho`mt` `m cbmsbmhmcfh cbm jb qu` s` prbpbm` cbm `j obi`jb @cbcujturhj, yh qu`prbdumifzh `m `j r`cbmbcfof`mtb i` jh ifd`r`mcfh hj fmt`rfbr i`j erupb ætmfcb i`si` jh fi`mtfdfchcfóm i`jcbmt`xtb t`rrftbrfhj ibmi` s` uafch, sbsjhyhmib jh trhifcfbmhj pbsfcfóm fmstftucfbmhj i` ihr um ofsob

trhthof`mtb h tbib ifd`r`mt`s sun`tbs cbj`ctfvbs ætmfcbs qu` fmt`erhm um ofsob pu`ajb.

Y`opbrhjfihi

Jh s`mt`mcfh C-15< i` 1775, cbmsfi`ró fmcbmstftucfbmhj `sthaj`c`r pjhzbs jfofthibs phrh jh prbvfsfóm i` jhht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh sf `sth mb `stè hcbophøhih i` um prbc`sb i` `sthafjfzhcfóm sbcfb`cbmóofch. Hum hsï,i`dfmfó qu` su `mtr`eh mb pu`i` ihrs` pbr um pjhzb fmi`dfmfib y s`øhjó `m jh s`mt`mcfh Y-964 i` 1775 qu`‚hsï cbob `j @sthib mb pu`i` susp`mi`r haruptho`mt` jh hyuih luohmfthrfh i` quf`m`s mb `stèm `mchphcfihi i` hutbsbst`m`rs`, thopbcb pu`i`m jhs p`rsbmhs `sp`rhr qu` vfvfrèm fmi`dfmfiho`mt` i` `sthhyuih‟. Hsfofsob, jh s`mt`mcfh Y-4<< i` 1775, cbm ahs` `m jh s`mt`mcfh Y-710 i` 1779, r`ft`rh qu`i`t`rofmhihs vïctfohs i` i`spjhzhof`mtb dbrzhib pbirïhm r`cfafr ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh i` ̀ o`re`mcfh pbr

um pjhzb ohybr hj qu` `stæ dfnhib pbr jh j`y i` hcu`rib cbm ibs crft`rfbs>

‚(h) quf`m`s `stæm `m sftuhcfóm i` ure`mcfh `xtrhbrifmhrfh, y (a) quf`m`s mb pu`ihm hsuofr su hutbsbst`mfof`mtb h trhvæs i` um prby`ctb i` `sthafjfzhcfóm b sbcfb`cbmóofch, cbob `s `j chsb i` mføbs sfm

quf`m hcuih pbr `jjbs; p`rsbmhs ohybr`s, qu` pbr thj rhzóm b pbr sus cbmifcfbm`s i` shjui mb `stèm `mchphcfihi i` e`m`rhr fmer`sbs; b oun`r`s cha`zh i` dhofjfh qu` i`ahm i`ifchr su tf`opb y `sdu`rzbs h

cufihr mføbs o`mbr`s b p`rsbmhs ohybr`s ahnb su r`spbmshafjfihi (…)‟1 

ThrfhafjfihiJh s`mt`mcfh Y-170 i` 1787, r`cbmbcfó jh `xfst`mcfh i` ifd`r`mt`s oïmfobs vfthj`s, `m feuhj s`mtfib jhs`mt`mcfh Y-914 i` 8661 i`t`rofmó qu` ‚`j cbmc`ptb i` oïmfob vfthj mb s` r`iuc` h umh p`rsp`ctfvhcuhmtfthtfvh, sfmb qu`, pbr `j cbmtrhrfb, `s cuhjfthtfvb yh qu` su cbmt`mfib i`p`mi` i` jhs cbmifcfbm`sphrtfcujhr`s i` chih p`rsbmh‟. @m cbms`cu`mcfh, jh J`y 899< i` 1788, i`dfm` `m su hrtïcujb 83 qu` ‚`jprfmcfpfb i` `mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj r`cbmbc` qu` lhy pbajhcfbm`s cbm chrhct`rïstfchs phrtfcujhr`s `m rhzóm i`

su ̀ ihi, eæm`rb, brf`mthcfóm s`xuhj y sftuhcfóm i` ifschphcfihi‟ y ̀ j I`cr`tb J`y 9430 i` 1788 `m su hrtïcujb8< `sthaj`c` qu`> ‚Jhs o`ifihs i` ht`mcfóm, hsfst`mcfh, r`phrhcfóm y r`stftucfóm `sthaj`cfihs `m `j pr`s`mt`i`cr`tb s` ahshm `m `j prfmcfpfb i` trhthof`mtb `sp`cfhj y ifd`r`mcfhib h qu` tf`m`m i`r`clb jhs

cboumfihi`s y sus of`oarbs fmifvfiuhjo`mt` cbmsfi`rhibs‟. 

8 PMFC@D, 17811 I` hcu`rib cbm `j hutb 66 i` 1783> ‚Whrh  `stfohr cuèmib umh sftuhcfóm `s i` ure`mcfh `xtrhbrifmhrfh jh Cbrt` lh cbmsfi`rhib, `mtr`btrbs dhctbr`s, jh hus`mcfh i` um juehr ibmi` hja`rehrs` y `j ahnb pumthn` `m `j SFSA@M‟

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

Chreh oïmfoh i` pru`ahCha` r`shjthr qu`, sf af`m mb `stè p`roftfib `xfefr trèoft`s h jbs p`tfcfbmhrfbs qu` pr`t`mi`m r`cfafr

prbt`ccfóm i` sus i`r`clbs cbob vïctfohs i`j cbmdjfctb hrohib, jh Cbrt` r`cbmbc` jh m`c`sfihi i` umoïmfob i` chreh phrh s`r a`m`dfcfhrfb i` jh prbt`ccfóm i` jbs i`r`clbs hj oïmfob vfthj, h jh suasfst`mcfhoïmfoh y h jh hsfst`mcfh luohmfthrfh. O`ifhmt` s`mt`mcfh Y-115 i` 1781 jh Cbrt` Cbmstftucfbmhj `vfi`mcfó,pbr um jhib, qu` sf jh pbajhcfóm cu`mth cbm hjeumh du`mt` i` fmer`sbs phrh ehrhmtfzhr su suasfst`mcfh y jh i`su dhofjfh, s` `mtf`mi` qu` jhs cbmifcfbm`s i` vujm`rhafjfihi qu` r`sujthrbm i`j i`spjhzhof`mtb lhm sfibsup`rhihs y pbr jb thmtb mb prbc`i` jh `mtr`eh i` jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh. @m `s` s̀ mtfib, phrh pbi`rhcc`i`r h ̀ sth pr`sthcfóm, jbs sbjfcfthmt̀ s i`a`m cuopjfr cbm `j prbc`ifof`mtb ̀ sthaj`cfib phrh thj dfm, cbobjh pr`s`mthcfóm i` jh sbjfcftui cbrr`spbmif`mt`, phrh `j chsb i` jbs sun`tbs cbj`ctfvbs pbr o`ifbs i` sushutbrfihi`s j`eïtfohs, `stb i`a` `mt`mi`rs` cbob umh r`spbmshafjfihi cbophrtfih i` jbs hctbr`sfmvbjucrhibs `m `st` prbc`sb phrh umh `d`ctfvh fmcjusfóm i` `mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj, jb qu` r`quf`r` thmtb i`r`spbmshafjfihi`s fmstftucfbmhj`s cbob i` jhs hutbrfihi`s y brehmfzhcfbm`s qu` lhc`m phrt` i` jbs pu`ajbs

y Cboumfihi`s M`erhs, Hdrbcbjboafhmhs, Qhfzhj`s y Whj`mqu`rhs.

 Hccfóm sfm Ihøb (Ib Mb Lhro)@m r`ft`rhihs bchsfbm`s, jh Hshoaj`h E`m`rhj i` jhs Mhcfbm`s Pmfihs lh `xpr`shib h trhvæs i` jbs Wrfmcfpfbsy ifr`ctrfc`s aèsfcbs sbar` `j i`r`clb i` jhs vïctfohs i` vfbjhcfbm`s ohmfdf`sths i` jhs mbrohsfmt`rmhcfbmhj`s i` i`r`clbs luohmbs y i` vfbjhcfbm`s erhv`s i`j i`r`clb fmt`rmhcfbmhj luohmfthrfb, hfmt`rpbm`r r`cursbs y bat`m`r r`phrhcfbm`s, qu` jhs ofsohs i`a`m s`r trhthihs cbm luohmfihi y r`sp`tbi` su ifemfihi y sus i`r`clbs luohmbs y qu` lhm i` hibpthrs` jhs o`ifihs m`c`shrfhs phrh ehrhmtfzhr sus`eurfihi, su af`m`sthr dïsfcb y psfcbjóefcb y su fmtfofihi, hsï cbob jh i` sus dhofjfhs, i` thj dbroh qu` ebc`mi` umh cbmsfi`rhcfóm y ht`mcfóm `sp`cfhj`s phrh qu` jbs prbc`ifof`mtbs nurïifcbs y hiofmfstrhtfvbs

i`stfmhibs h lhc`r nustfcfh y cbmc`i`r umh r`phrhcfóm mb i`m juehr h um mu`vb trhuoh.

@m `st` s`mtfib, mfmeumh hccfóm b fmt`rv`mcfóm eua`rmho`mthj b i` cuhjquf`r btrb brehmfsob `stè `x`mthi` lhc`r ihøb `m jhs p`rsbmhs cboumfihi`s y pu`ajbs lhcfh jhs cuhj`s `stè ifrfefih, pu`s i` hjeumh ohm`rhsfemfdfch umh fmtrbofsfóm y umh hd`cthcfóm h jbs prbc`sbs, jhs ifmèofchs sbcfhj`s y cujturhj`s y `j oumib i`jh vfih jbs btrbs. Q`cbmbc`r y hmhjfzhr jbs ihøbs qu` bchsfbmhm y pr`v`mfr jhs sftuhcfbm`s i` rf`seb hsbcfhihsh jbs dhctbr`s e`m`rhibr`s i` cbmdjfctb, sfemfdfch hctuhr `m ifr`ccfóm i`j af`m`sthr y jh prbt`ccfóm i` jhs

vïctfohs.

Cbrr`spbmshafjfihi@mt`mifih cbob jh r`spbmshafjfihi cbopj`o`mthrfh `mtr` jh Pmfihi, jhs `mtfihi`s i`j SMHQFT y jbs `mt`s

t`rrftbrfhj`s phrh `j cuopjfof`mtb i` i`t`rofmhihs hccfbm`s. Whrh jhs `mtfihi`s i`j @sthib Cbjboafhmbcbrr`spbmi` hchthr jb `sthaj`cfib pbr jh J`y y jh Nurfsprui`mcfh `m oht`rfh i` fopj`o`mthcfóm i` o`ifihs

cbm ̀ mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj ætmfcb - cujturhj.

Whrtfcfphcfóm hctfvh@mt`mifih cbob jh r`spbmshafjfihi qu` i`a`m hsuofr jhs hutbrfihi`s prbpfhs y jbs r`pr`s`mthmt`s i` jhscboumfihi`s ætmfchs i`spjhzhihs, `m oht`rfh i`> hi`jhmthr jbs jfsthibs c`mshj`s i` sus cboumfihi`s yohmt`m`rjbs hctuhjfzhibs, `m fmscrfafr `j r`efstrb i` su cboumfihi b Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb hmt` jhs

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

`mtfihi`s cbop`t`mt`s i` su `j`ccfóm cbob jb lh `sthaj`cfib `j Hrtïcujb 81 i`j I`cr`tb 87<< i` 8663,hpbyhr h jh cjhrfihi i` jh fmdbrohcfóm sbar` l`clbs vfctfofzhmt`s i`cjhrhibs pbr jhs vïctfohs p`rt`m`cf`mt`sh su cboumfihi, hpbyhr h jhs `mtfihi`s i`j @sthib Cbjboafhmb hj suofmfstrb i` jbs ifd`r`mt`s cbopbm`mt`squ` fmt`erhm jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh, cbmtrfaufr h jh fi`mtfdfchcfóm i` jhs vïctfohs p`rt`m`cf`mt`s h su

cboumfihi, `sthr hj thmtb y hpbrthr hj cufihib y au`m usb i` jbs hjfo`mtbs y suofmfstrbs luohmfthrfbsarfmihibs h jh cboumfihi pbr jhs ifv`rshs fmstftucfbm`s h chreb i` arfmihr jh Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh ( thmqu`si` suofmfstrb cboumfthrfbs i` heuh, t`nhs, hjfo`mtbs, v`stuhrfb, `tc.) y hpbyhr h jh `vhjuhcfóm i` su fophctb.

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

CBMC@WYPHJF^HCFBM AHSFCH

Cbmc`rthcfómObihjfihi i` cboumfchcfóm `m ibmi` hctbr`s ifv`rsbs (`m `st` chsb, sun`tbs cbj`ctfvbs ætmfcbs

r`pr`s`mthibs pbr hutbrfihi`s j`eïtfoho`mt` cbmstftufihs, r`pr`s`mthmt`s i`sfemhibs pbr jhscboumfihi`s, fmstftucfbm`s i`j SMHQFT y `mtfihi`s i` cbmtrbj), i`jfa`rhm sbar` prbpu`sths ` fi`hs qu`cbmiuc`m h jh bat`mcfóm i` hcu`ribs vbjumthrfbs. @m `j prbc`sb i` cbmc`rthcfóm cbmv`re` thmtb `j ifèjbebcbob jh m`ebcfhcfóm, trhthmib i` prbobv`r `j cbms`msb `mtr` jhs phrt`s. @sth obihjfihi i` cboumfchcfómhi`oès i` fopjfchr `j `sthaj`cfof`mtb i` `sphcfbs y tf`opbs phrh jh i`jfa`rhcfóm, `m `j t`oh i` jh ht`mcfómluohmfthrfh fopjfch jberhr hcu`ribs dr`mt` h jh i`dfmfcfóm, `mtr`eh, obmftbr`b y s`eufof`mtb i` jhs o`ifihscbrr`spbmif`mt`s, i` hcu`rib h crft`rfbs i` bpbrtumfihi y `d`ctfvfihi sfm i`scbmbcfof`mtb i` jhs

dfmhjfihi`s ofsohs i` jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh y jh fmofm`mcfh qu` j` chrhct`rfzh.

I`spjhzhof̀ mtbs cbj`ctfvbs b ohsfvbs@j ibcuo`mtb Wrfmcfpfbs Q`ctbr`s i` jbs I`spjhzhof`mtbs Fmt`rmbs, i`dfm` h jbs i`spjhzhibs fmt`rmbs cbob‚jhs p`rsbmhs b erupbs i` p`rsbmhs qu` s` lhm vfstb dbrzhihs u bajfehihs h `schphr b lufr i` su lbehr b i`su juehr i` r`sfi`mcfh lhaftuhj, ̀ m phrtfcujhr cbob r`sujthib b phrh `vfthr jbs ̀ d`ctbs i` um cbmdjfctb hrohib(…)‟. Sf af`m jh mbroh hpjfchaj` hj cbmt`xtb cbjboafhmb lh i`t`rofmhib um crft`rfb cuhmtfthtfvb phrh`sthaj`c`r `j i`spjhzhof`mtb ohsfvb, `j cbmc`ptb r`d`rfib i`a` s`r hpjfchib `m jh prèctfch cbm jbs sun`tbscbj`ctfvbs ætmfcbs, i` hcu`rib h jbs `sthaj`cfib pbr jh Cbrt` Cbmstftucfbmhj, `stb `s `m cbmsfi`rhcfóm h jbsrf`sebs qu` bchsfbmhm i`spjhzhof`mtb y hd`cthcfbm`s i`rfvhihs i` jh bcurr`mcfh i` jbs ofsobs y qu`heuifzhm jbs `d`ctbs i` jbs l`clbs vfctfofzhmt`s, e`m`rhmib cbmifcfbm`s phrh su r`p`tfcfóm (Hm`xb 8.Qf`sebs i` i`spjhzhof`mtb dbrzhib y hd`cthcfbm`s qu` herhvhm jh sftuhcfóm i` jbs erupbs ætmfcbs `m `j ohrcbi`j cbmdjfctb hrohib).

@cbcujturhjfihiQ`jhcfbmhof`mtb t`órfcb y prèctfcb i` jbs `j`o`mtbs ifspbmfaj`s `m um t`rrftbrfb – fmcjuy`mib thmtb `j o`ifbsbcfhj cbob `j dïsfcb -, cbm jbs Sun`tbs Cbj`ctfvbs Ætmfcbs qu` bcuphm ifclb t`rrftbrfb cbob cbmt`xtb aèsfcb

` fmifsp`mshaj` phrh jj`vhr h chab sus prèctfchs cujturhj`s prbpfhs ` fi`mtfthrfhs. Ifclb r`jhcfbmhof`mtb s`batf`m` h phrtfr i`j hmèjfsfs i` jbs `stuifbs y ibcuo`mthcfóm qu` jhs ifv`rshs ifscfpjfmhs i` jhs cf`mcfhssbcfhj`s y luohmhs ihm cu`mth i` `stbs Sun`tbs Cbj`ctfvbs Ætmfcbs, cbob i`j hmèjfsfs i` t`rrftbrfb y`vhjuhcfóm i` m`c`sfihi`s qu` s` pr`s`mth hj fmt`rfbr i` chih cboumfihi qu` fmt`erh `j Wu`ajbHdrbcbjboafhmb (h sha`r, cboumfihi`s m`erhs, hdrbcbjboafhmhs, rhfzhj`s y phj`mqu r̀hs).

 Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb ÆtmfcbHqu`j tftujhr i` i`r`clbs qu` j` sbm `xcjusfvbs, cbob `j r`cbmbcfof`mtb i` umh cujturh y susohmfd`sthcfbm`s (usb i` umh j`meuh prbpfh, usb y prbpf`ihi i` um t`rrftbrfb, hpjfchcfóm i` um bri`mhof`mtb nurïifcb trhifcfbmhj, y `j `sthaj`cfof`mtb i` umh hutbrfihi pbjïtfch y hiofmfstrhtfvh prbpfh, `mtr` btrbs i`bri`m cbmstftucfbmhj). Hsfofjhaj` h jh fi`h sbcfbjóefch i` cboumfihi y qu` ‚supbm` jh hc`pthcfóm i` jhhjt`rfihi jfehih h jh hc`pthcfóm i` oujtfpjfcfihi i` dbrohs i` vfih y sfst`ohs i` cbopr`msfóm i`j oumibifd`r`mt`s i` jbs i` jh cujturh bccfi`mthj‟3, `st` cbmc`ptb r`ahsh jh ‚suohtbrfh i` sun`tbs fmifvfiuhj`s qu`cbophrt`m jbs ofsobs i`r`clbs b fmt`r`s`s ifdusbs b cbj`ctfvbs‟  4  sfm i`scbmbc`rjbs cbob thj. @m

3 S`mt`mcfh Y-3<7 i` 8663.4 Fi ïi`o.

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

cbmcjusfóm, s` trhth i` hqu`j sun`tb y i` jhs p`rsbmhs qu` jb fmt`erhm y qu` tf`m`m i` ohm`rh cbmcbofthmt`

`j i`r`clb dumiho`mthj h su fmt`erfihi ætmfch, cujturhj y sbcfhj.

 ^bmh @cbcujturhjI`jfofthcfóm i` èr`hs e`berèdfchs h phrtfr i` jh fi`mtfdfchcfóm i` `cbsfst`ohs y afbohs (o`ifb dïsfcb),prbc`sbs i` bcuphcfóm lfstórfch y r`cf`mt` y chrhct`rïstfchs cujturhj`s pr`ibofmhmt`s `mtr` jhs cboumfihi`s

b Sun`tbs Cbj`ctfvbs Ætmfcbs qu` fmt`erhm ̀ j Wu`ajb Hdrbcbjboafhmb ̀ m mu`strb phïs.

Jh fi`mtfdfchcfóm i` zbmhs `cbcujturhj`s p`roft` fi`mtfdfchr `j fophctb sbcfb t`rrftbrfhj qu` e`m`rhj `ji`spjhzhof`mtb i`si` um juehr i` prbc`i`mcfh hmc`strhj lhcfh btrb (juehr i` r`c`pcfóm), cuyb `mtbrmb ychrhct`rïstfchs dïsfchs y sbcfbcujturhj`s sbm ifsïofj`s hj brfefmhj, hd`cthmib jh p`rohm`mcfh `m `j tf`opb i`j

cbj`ctfvb y su p`rvfv`mcfh cujturhj cbob Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb.

Whrh `j chsb cbmcr`tb i` jhs cboumfihi`s qu` fmt`erhm `j Wu`ajb Hdrbcbjboafhmb, `m chih zbmh `cbcujturhj

s` lhrè jh fi`mtfdfchcfóm i` èr`hs i` bcuphcfóm lfstórfch b r`cf`mt` i` jhs cboumfihi`s b Sun`tbs Cbj`ctfvbsÆtmfcbs p`rt`m`cf`mt`s hj Wu`ajb Hdrbcbjboafhmb, p`roftf`mib mb sbjb `mt`mi`r su prbc`sb lfstórfcb i`bcuphcfóm y usb i` t`rrftbrfbs, sfmb `j i`shrrbjjb i` dbrohs brehmfzhtfvhs `m mu`vbs `mtbrmbs cbob jbsurahmbs.

 Suasfst`mcfh oïmfoh@m `j i`r`clb fmt`rmhcfbmhj s` `mtf`mi` cbob umh cbopbsfcfóm `mtr` `j`o`mtbs dumiho`mthj`s phrh supjfrm`c`sfihi`s vfthj`s, `j hrtïcujb 10 i` jh I`cjhrhcfóm Pmfv` rshj i` jbs I`r`clbs Luohmbs `sthaj`c`> ‚tbihp`rsbmh tf`m` i`r`clb h um mfv`j i` vfih hi`cuhib qu` j` hs`eur`, hsï cbob h su dhofjfh, jh shjui y `jaf`m`sthr, y `m `sp`cfhj jh hjfo`mthcfóm, `j v`stfib, jh vfvf`mih, jh hsfst`mcfh oæifch y jbs s`rvfcfbs sbcfhj`s

m`c`shrfbs (…)‟.

Ehrhmtfzhr jh suasfst`mcfh oïmfoh h jh pbajhcfóm i`spjhzhih thoafæm lh sfib um jjhohib cbmsthmt` i` jh

Brehmfzhcfóm i` jhs Mhcfbm`s Pmfihs `m prb i` jh prbt`ccfóm y prbobcfóm i` jbs i`r`clbs luohmbs `m jbs

@sthibs qu` `mdr`mthm crfsfs luohmfthrfhs. @stb du` r`shjthib phrtfcujhro`mt` pbr jh Cbofsfóm i` I`r`clbsLuohmbs, ̀ m su Q`sbjucfóm 36 i` 8665. @m r`jhcfóm cbm jh suasfst`mcfh oïmfoh, s`øhjh jbs ̀ d`ctbs qu` ̀ st`tfpb i` l`clbs tf`m`m sbar` jh pbajhcfóm, fopbsfafjfthmib jh shtfsdhccfóm i` hjeumhs m`c`sfihi`s vfthj`s.

Dr`mt` h ̀ stb, ̀ j Wrfmcfpfb Q`ctbr 8< `sthaj`c`>

‚Jbs i`spjhzhibs fmt`rmbs tf`m`m i`r`clb h um mfv`j i` vfih hi`cuhib y qu` cuhj`squf`rh qu` s`hm jhscfrcumsthmcfhs, jhs hutbrfihi`s cbop`t`mt`s suofmfstrhrèm h jbs i`spjhzhibs fmt`rmbs, cbob oïmfob y sfm

ifscrfofmhcfóm, y s` c`rcfbrhrèm i` qu` pu`i`m r`cfafr `m cbmifcfbm`s i` s`eurfihi> h) hjfo`mtbsfmifsp`mshaj`s y heuh pbthaj`; a) cbafnb y hjbnhof`mtb aèsfcbs; c) v`stfib hi`cuhib; y i) s`rvfcfbs oæifcbsy i` shm`hof`mtb fmifsp`mshaj`s‟.

I` hcu`rib cbm jh nurfsprui`mcfh y jh mbrohtfvfihi vfe`mt`, jh suasfst`mcfh oïmfoh `s h su v`z jh `xpr`sfómi`j i`r`clb hj oïmfob vfthj, `m `j `mt`mifib i` jh shtfsdhccfóm i` jhs m`c`sfihi`s oïmfohs i`j fmifvfiub y

i` jh ifemfihi luohmh.

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

 Suasfst`mcfh oïmfoh phrh sun`tbs cbj c̀tfvbs ætmfcbs@m oht`rfh i` hjfo`mtbs, ̀ j oïmfob vfthj s` trhiuc` ̀ m qu` jhs p`rsbmhs i` umh cboumfihi> cu`mt`m cbm jh

ifspbsfcfóm y hcc`sb h jbs hjfo`mtbs `s`mcfhj`s qu` hs`eur`m h jh cboumfihi mb phi`c`r i` lhoar` yhdrbmthr jbs `d`ctbs i` jh ohjmutrfcfóm b cbmsuob fmsudfcf`mt`, `xc`sfvb b mb ahjhmc`hib i` mutrf`mt`s,

sftuhcfbm`s qu` pu`i`m e`m`rhr um cbmnumtb i` `md`ro`ihi`s chr`mcfhj`s cbob fmd`ccfbshs.

Cbm r`jhcfóm hj heuh phrh cbmsuob y phrh cbccfóm i` jbs hjfo`mtbs, `j oïmfob vfthj s` trhiuc` `m ifspbm`rcbob oïmfob vfthj r`qu`rfib pbr tbib s`r luohmb phrh pbi`r lfirhthrs`, jhvhr y cbcfmhr jbs hjfo`mtbs y jbsut`msfjfbs i` cbcfmh y phrh r`hjfzhr `j hs`b cbrpbrhj (`j oïmfob vfthj `stèmihr s` chjcujh `mtr` 80 h 17 jftrbsi` heuh hj iïh pbr p`rsbmh). Whrh `j chsb phrtfcujhr i` jhs cboumfihi`s m`erhs, hdrbcbjboafhmhs, rhfzhj`s yphj`mqu`rhs, `j oïmfob vfthj i` heuh `xfe` hifcfbmhjo`mt` i`t`rofmhr `j hcc`sb b mb h du`mt`s i` heuh

s`eurh y c`rchmh, y jh ifsthmcfh y dhcfjfihi qu` o`ifh `m jh bat`mcfóm i`j jïqufib vfthj.

@m jb qu` r`sp`cth hj hjbnhof`mtb aèsfcb, `j oïmfob vfthj s` trhiuc` `m cbmthr cbm um juehr ibmi` s` arfmi`harfeb y t`clb ifemb h chih lbehr, jb qu` s` trhiuc` `m pbi`r hcc`i`r h umh fmdrh`structurh aèsfch i`hjbnhof`mtb qu` hi`oès i` hs`eurhr `j `sphcfb vfthj phrh chih of`oarb fmifvfiuhj i` jh dhofjfh, prbt`nhcbmtrh jbs d`móo`mbs mhturhj`s, jbs p`jferbs `structurhj`s y jbs v`ctbr`s i` `md`ro`ihi`s (æmdhsfs `m jhfi`mtfdfchcfóm i` oht`rfhj`s `m jbs qu` `stèm cbmstrufibs `j t`clb, `mc`rrhof`mtb b phr`i`s y pfsb;oht`rfhj`s qu` i`a`m s`r hcbri` h jhs chrhct`rïstfchs cjfoètfchs y cbmifcfbm`s i` t`op`rhturhs oïmfohs yoèxfohs i`j juehr i`j juehr i` r`c`pcfóm), hcc`sb sbst`mfaj` h r`cursbs cboum`s cbob heuh y du`mt`s i`cboaustfóm y shm`hof`mtb aèsfcb; t`mf`mib `m cu`mth jbs lèaftbs y prèctfchs i` jhs Cboumfihi`s M`erhs,Hdrbcbjboafhmhs, Qhfzhj`s y Whj`mqu`rhs, sf`opr` qu` `sths mb vhyhm `m cbmtrh i`j i`r`clb dumiho`mthj h

jh vfih.

@m jb qu` cbop`t` h jbs suofmfstrbs luohmfthrfbs `j oïmfob vfthj s` oht`rfhjfzh cbm `j`o`mtbs qu` dhcfjfthmjhs cbmifcfbm`s aèsfchs i` lhafthafjfihi qu` s` trhiuc`m `m um `qufphof`mtb oïmfob `m `j `sphcfblhafthcfbmhj y `m jbs `sphcfbs cboumhj`s hsbcfhibs h jh cbcfmh – dbeóm y ahøb; `j`o`mtbs qu` i`a`rèm s`rhi`cuhibs h jhs cbmifcfbm`s i` usb i` jhs cboumfihi`s y h jhs chrhct`rïstfchs o`ifbhoaf`mthj`s i`j juehr

i` r`c`pcfóm i` jhs vïctfohs cbj`ctfvhs.

 Ht`mcfóm LuohmfthrfhWhrh `j pr`s`mt` ibcuo`mtb9 y obi`jb i` hnust`, s` ̀ mtf`mi` jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh cbob ̀ j cbmnumtb i`

o`ifihs, fmstruo`mtbs, pjhm`s, prberhohs, prby`ctbs y hccfbm`s o`ifhmt` jbs cuhj`s `j @sthib Cbjboafhmbausch sbcbrr`r, hsfstfr, prbt`e`r y ht`mi`r h jhs vïctfohs i` i`spjhzhof`mtb dbrzhib y sus lbehr`s, `m sus

m`c`sfihi`s i` hjfo`mthcfóm, hs`b p`rsbmhj, ohm`nb i` hahst`cfof`mtbs, ut`msfjfbs i` cbcfmh, ht`mcfómoæifch y psfcbjóefch i` `o`re`mcfh, trhspbrt` i` `o`re`mcfh y hjbnhof`mtb trhmsftbrfb `m cbmifcfbm`sifemhs. @m `st` s`mtfib, jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh tf`m` cbob ohmihtb prbpbrcfbmhr jbs `j`o`mtbsm`c`shrfbs phrh jh suasfst`mcfh oïmfoh, y dr`mhr pbr `st` o`ifb `j prbc`sb i` i`s`structurhcfóm y

9 Whrh `j chsb i` jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh fmo`ifhth, jh Pmfihi phrh jhs Tïctfohs lh i`dfmfib jbs o`chmfsobs y crft`rfbs phrh arfmihr hpbybsuasfifhrfb h jhs `mtfihi`s t`rrftbrfhj`s, o`ifhmt` jh Q`sbjucfóm 139< i` 1781. Ht`mif`mib h `stb, jbs crft`rfbs i` `mtr`eh, cbmc`rthcfóm yvhjbrhcfóm i` jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh y jh suasfst`mcfh oïmfoh qu` s` i`dfm`m ̀ m ̀ st` ibcuo`mtb s` c`mtrhm i` ohm`rh ̀ sp`cïdfch humqu`mb `xcjusfvh `m jhs `thphs i` `o`re`mcfh y trhmsfcfóm, y sbm fmifchtfvhs dr`mt` h hjeumhs hccfbm`s phrh jh `thph i` jh fmo`ifht`z.

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

hd`cthcfóm sbcfb`cbmóofch i` jbs lbehr`s, oftfehmib `j ihøb prbiucfib pbr jbs `d`ctbs i`sprbpbrcfbmhibsi`j cbmdjfctb hrohib sbar` jh pbajhcfóm hdrbcbjboafhmh i`spjhzhih. Jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh cboboht`rfhjfzhcfóm i`j i`r`clb h jh suasfst`mcfh oïmfoh cbmsth i` tr`s cbopbm`mt`s prfmcfphj`s qu` i`a`m s`r

ht`mifibs>

•  Hjbnhof`mtb (fmcjuy`mib hrtïcujbs i` hs`b, ut`msfjfbs i` cbcfmh, shm`hof`mtb aèsfcb y s`rvfcfbs

pþajfcbs)

•  Hjfo`mthcfóm

•  S`rvfcfbs oæifcbs y psfcbjóefcbs `s`mcfhj`s

Fmcjuy` thoafæm `j cbopbm`mt` vhrfhaj` i` v`stuhrfb, qu` s` `mtr`eh i` hcu`rib cbm jhs cbmifcfbm`s i`jlbehr y jhs chrhct`rïstfchs cjfoètfchs y hoaf`mthj`s i`j t`rrftbrfb. Hsfofsob, `j hahst`cfof`mtb cbob phrt`

i` jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh s` `mtf`mi` cbob jh prbvfsfóm i` `stbs cbopbm`mt`s.

Jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh, cbob o`chmfsob t`mif`mt` h auschr jh shtfsdhccfóm i` jbs cbopbm`mt`s i` jhsuasfst`mcfh oïmfoh, dbroh phrt` i`j cbmnumtb i` o`ifihs i` hsfst`mcfh `sthaj`cfihs pbr jh I`cr`tb J`y9430 i` 1788. @m cbmcbrihmcfh cbm jb hmt`rfbr, s` `mohrch `m umh ruth fmt`erhj i` ht`mcfóm, hsfst`mcfh yr`phrhcfóm, t`mif`mt` h sup`rhr jh sftuhcfóm i` vujm`rhafjfihi y ehrhmtfzhr i` ohm`rh prber`sfvh y erhiuhj`j r`sthaj`cfof`mtb y ebc` `d`ctfvb i` jbs i`r`clbs i` jhs cboumfihi`s m`erhs, hdrbcbjboafhmhs, rhfzhj`s yphj`mqu`rhs vïctfohs. @st` I`cr`tb J`y `sthaj`c` cuhtrb `thphs phrh jh `mtr`eh i` jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfhphrh jh pbajhcfóm i`spjhzhih>

•  Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh Fmo`ifhth, h chreb i` jhs `mtfihi`s t`rrftbrfhj`s - @Y

•  Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh i` @o`re`mcfh, h chreb i` jh Pmfihi

• 

Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh i` Yrhmsfcfóm, h chreb i` jh Pmfihi `m `j cbopbm`mt` i` hjbnhof`mtbt`opbrhj y i`j Fmstftutb Cbjboafhmb i` Af`m`sthr Dhofjfhr `m `j cbopbm`mt` i` hjfo`mthcfóm.

•  Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh i` @o`re`mcfh @sp`cfhj, phrh i`spjhzhof`mtbs cbj`ctfvbs b ohsfvbs, h chrebi` jh Pmfihi, `j FCAD, `j oumfcfpfb r`c`ptbr y jh hutbrfihi prbpfh i` jh cboumfihi b `j r`pr`s`mthmt`

i`j cbj`ctfvb i` i`spjhzhibs.

Tujm`rhafjfihiWhrh jhs cboumfihi`s m`erhs, hdrbcbjboafhmhs, rhfzhj`s y phj`mqu`rhs, jh vujm`rhafjfihi s` r`df`r` h>

8) Jbs dhctbr`s `structurhj`s y trhmsv`rshj`s qu` bchsfbmhm um ohybr erhib i` fmi`d`msfóm y i`afjfihi h jhscboumfihi`s m`erhs, hdrbcbjboafhmhs, rhfzhj`s y phj`mqu`rhs i`j phïs. @mtr` ifclbs dhctbr`s s` `mcu`mtrhm

jbs sfeuf`mt`s> `xcjusfóm `structurhj; cbmthofmhcfóm i` jbs cursbs y cu`rpbs i` heuh; pærifih bi`afjfthof`mtb i` jbs sfst`ohs i` hutbrfihi trhifcfbmhj y i` cbmtrbj sbcfhj; i`spbnb i`j t`rrftbrfb pbr jh`xphmsfóm i` `cbmboïhs `xtrhctfvfsths; pr`sfbm`s e`m`rhih pbr prbc`sbs ofm`rbs y herïcbjhs; `xphmsfóm i`cujtfvbs fjïcftbs `m jbs t`rrftbrfbs cbj`ctfvbs; i`dfcf`mt` prbt`ccfóm nurïifch i` jbs t`rrftbrfbs y jh chr`mcfh `mjbs mfv`j`s jbchj y r`efbmhj, i` umh pr`s`mcfh y um i`shrrbjjb fmstftucfbmhj qu` htf`mihm jhs m`c`sfihi`s

aèsfchs i` jhs cboumfihi`s m`erhs, hdrbcbjboafhmhs, rhfzhj`s y phj`mqu`rhs, `mtr` btrbs dhctbr`s.

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

1) jhs cfrcumsthmcfhs qu` e`m`rhm rf`seb sbar` jh Suasfst`mcfh Oïmfoh h jbs of`oarbs fmifvfiuhj`s qu`

fmt`erhm `j Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb p`rt`m`cf`mt` hj Wu`ajb Hdrbcbjboafhmb.

@sthib i` jh cbmifcfóm i` vujm`rhafjfihi.@vhjuhcfóm thmtb i` jhs cbmifcfbm`s i` vujm`rhafjfihi (i` hcu`rib h jb i`t`rofmhib `m `j Hutb 770) cbobi` jhs vhrfhaj`s i` suasfst`mcfh oïmfoh, cbm jh dfmhjfihi i` `sthaj`c`r `m jh cboumfihi hdrbcbjboafhmh jhpr`vhj`mcfh i` sftuhcfbm`s i` chr`mcfh. @sth `vhjuhcfóm0  fmfcfh cbm jh vhjbrhcfóm i` m`c`sfihi`s, hmèjfsfst`rrftbrfhj cbob cbmt`xtb i`j Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb y prbsfeu` cbm jh o`ifcfóm i` Suasfst`mcfh Oïmfoh,cbopj`o`mtèmibs` cbm `j obmftbr`b pbst`rfbr h jh `mtr`eh i` jbs cbopbm`mt`s i` jh Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh`m um tf`opb qu` cbob oèxfob i`a` s`r i` 4 o`s`s h um høb. @sth `vhjuhcfóm ausch i`t`rofmhr jh

t`opbrhjfihi y `j cbmt`mfib i` jhs `thphs i` ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh.

Erhib i` chr`mcfhL`rrhof`mth i` o`ifcfóm qu` p`roft` i`t`rofmhr `j erhib i` erhv`ihi b chr`mcfh ure`mt` (`xtr`ohure`mcfh) b prfvhcfóm (chr`mcfh j`v`) qu` tf`m` um lbehr qu` p`rt`m`c` hj Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb, ̀ m r`jhcfómh jh ehrhmtïh i` jh Suasfst`mcfh Oïmfoh, i` hcu`rib cbm `j hrtïcujb 49 i` jh J`y 899< (Mbroh suasfifhrfh phrh

jhs o`ifihs brf`mthihs h Cboumfihi`s M`erhs, Hdrbcbjboafhmhs, Qhfzhj`s y Whj`mqu`rhs).

@m `st` s`mtfib jh vujm`rhafjfihi `mt`mifih cbob ho`mhzh b `xpbsfcfóm hj rf`seb pbr mb ehrhmtfzhrs` jhSuasfst`mcfh Oïmfoh, r`spbmi` mb h umb sfmb h um cbmnumtb i` dhctbr`s y chushs qu` euhrihm `str`clh yifr`cth r`jhcfóm cbm `j l`clb vfctfofzhmt`. Yhj`s dhctbr`s y chushs `stèm hsbcfhibs h jh ohemftui i`ji`spjhzhof`mtb qu` s` i`t`rofmh h phrtfr i` jh fi`mtfdfchcfóm i`j t`rrftbrfb b juehr i` prbc`i`mcfh y `mtbrmbbrfefmhj hmt`s i` jh bcurr`mcfh i`j l`clb vfctfofzhmt`, ifmèofch y chrhct`rïstfchs i`j t`rrftbrfb b juehr i`r`c`pcfóm `m cbmtrhpbsfcfóm h jhs phrtfcujhrfihi`s i`j t`rrftbrfb b juehr i` prbc`i`mcfh; chrhct`rïstfchs i`

jh pbajhcfóm vïctfoh vhjbrhihs `m tærofmbs i` rf`seb i` vfctfofzhcfóm, ïmifc` i` pr`sfóm sbar` `j t`rrftbrfb bjuehr i` prbc`i`mcfh y t`rrftbrfb b juehr i` r`c`pcfóm y ehrhmtïh i`j oïmfob vfthj phrh jbs cbopbm`mt`s i`

hjfo`mthcfóm y hjbnhof`mtb t`opbrhj.

@j cèjcujb phrh i`t`rofmhr jh vujm`rhafjfihi y jh erhv`ihi ihrè juehr hj usb i` fmstruo`mtbs i` v`rfdfchcfómcbm ifv`rsh cbmtrhsthcfóm i` du`mt`s i` fmdbrohcfóm `m `j sftfb ibmi` s` `mcu`mtrh `j Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb

Ætmfcb.

0 Hrtïcujb 65. I`cr`tb J`y 9430 i` 1788

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

@SYQPCYPQH Y@BQFCH I@J OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ4 

I`dfmfcfóm@s um obi`jb ahshib `m `j `n`rcfcfb chrtberèdfcb hi`jhmthib pbr `j FCAD `m `j 1787 cbob phrt` i`jibcuo`mtb Ofmuths cbm `mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj 5 , ibmi` s` ifvfi` e`berèdfcho`mt` `j phïs ht`mif`mib h jhfi`mtfdfchcfóm i` umhs èr`hs b zbmhs cbm chrhct`rïstfchs `cbjóefchs, ætmfchs, lfstórfchs y cujturhj`s sfofjhr`sy pbr jb thmtb, cbm r`spu`sths hihpthtfvhs sfofjhr`s i` jbs erupbs pbajhcfbmhj`s hjjï hs`mthibs h dhctbr`s

`cbjóefcbs, hoaf`mthj`s, sbcfhj`s y cujturhj`s pr`ibofmhmt`s `m `j t`rrftbrfb.

Y`mf`mib `m cu`mth qu` `m `j ohrcb i` I`cr`tb J`y 9430 i` 1783 s` sbjfcfth h jh Pmfihi qu` `m jh i`dfmfcfómi` jbs crft`rfbs i` jh `mtr`eh i` ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh hi`oès i` cbmsfi`rhr jhs r`hjfihi`s y m`c`sfihi`s i`jhs Cboumfihi`s M`erhs, Hdrbcbjboafhmhs, Qhfzhj`s y Whj`mqu`rhs s` t`meh `m cu`mth jbs `j`o`mtbs

`sp`cfhj`s y ifd`r`mcfhibs, `j Obi`jb @cbcujturhj p`roft` y dhcfjfth fopj`o`mthr `j `mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhjætmfcb  – cujturhj< y t`rrftbrfhj cbob `n`s `structurhj`s i` jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh, pr`cfshmib `j`o`mtbs`sp`cfhj`s y ifd`r`mcfhibs qu` i`a`m t`m`rs` `m cu`mth h jh lbrh i` arfmihr jbs cbopbm`mt`s i`hjfo`mthcfóm, hjbnhof`mtb, suofmfstrbs luohmfthrfbs, ht`mcfóm oæifch y psfcbjóefch y v`stuhrfb `m jh

ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh.

@j Obi`jb @cbcujturhj hi`oès i` jh fi`mtfdfchcfóm i` Sun`tbs Cbj`ctfvbs Ætmfcbs y èr`hs sbcfbcujturhj`se`m`rhj`s, vhjbrh jh `str`clh r`jhcfóm qu` `xfst` `mtr` jh r`hjfihi dïsfch (`cbsfstæofch) y cujturhj (ætmfch) i`jt`rrftbrfb cbob cbmt`xtb `s`mcfhj phrh jh p`rvfv`mcfh i`j Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb; fmdbrohcfóm qu` fmcfifrèi`si` jh i`dfmfcfóm i`j tfpb i` hccfbm`s, fmt`rv`mcfóm, prberhohs y prby`ctbs oès hi`cuhib qu` dhcfjft`

arfmihr jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh y jh `mtr`eh i` sus cbopbm`mt`s `m jbs juehr`s i` r`c`pcfóm i` jhs vïctfohsætmfchs, lhsth jh ohm`rh cbob i`a` r`ifr`ccfbmhrs` btrhs hccfbm`s, prberhohs y prby`ctbs hsbcfhibs cbm`j r`sthaj`cfof`mtb i` o`ifbs i` vfih, o`ifbs i` suasfst`mcfh y `j `sthaj`cfof`mtb i` prby`ctbsprbiuctfvbs phrh jhs cboumfihi`s m`erhs, hdrbcbjboafhmhs, rhfzhj`s y phj`mqu`rhs ht`mifihs.

Cbopbm`mt`s i`j obi`jb@m su `structurh, `j Obi`jb @cbcujturhj s` `mcu`mtrh cbmdbrohib pbr jbs sfeuf`mt`s hsp`ctbs>

4

 Yhpfh, 1783.5 FCAD, 1787< Y`mf`mib ̀ m cu`mth qu` i`si` ̀ j mu`vh p`rsp`ctfvh i`j ̀ mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj ætmfcb, s` i`a` sup`rhr ̀ j ̀ schøb i` jb ætmfcb,`mt`mifib cbob jh sfopj` fi`mtfdfchcfóm i` jh p`rt`m`mcfh ætmfch h um cbj`ctfvb, lhcfh um lbrfzbmt` i` jh r`fvfmifchcfóm i`jh cujturh cbob `j`o`mtb fi`mtfthrfb i`j prbc`sb cbj`ctfvb, `j `mdbqu` hiquf`r` jh ifo`msfóm i` ætmfcb  – cujturhj y mb sbjbætmfcb.I`afib h jh m`c`sfihi i` trhmsv`rshjfzhr ̀ j t`oh i` jh ifv`rsfihi afbjóefch y rfqu`zh ̀ cbsfstæofch i` um phïs cbob Cbjboafh,`sp`cfhjo`mt` hlbrh cuhmib `j cbmdjfctb hrohib fmt`rmb lh i`s`mchi`mhib umh s`rf` i` hd`cthcfbm`s y ihøbso`ifbhoaf`mthj`s qu` fmcfi`m sbar` jh mb ehrhmtïh i`j oïmfob vfthj; jh j`cturh i`j t`rrftbrfb i`a` s`r lbjïstfch hj pumtb i`fmcjufr tbihs hqu`jjhs chrhct`rïstfchs `cbjóefchs, sbcfhj`s y cujturhj`s i`j t`rrftbrfb cbob cbmt`xtb i` p`rvfv`mcfh i`j Sun`tbCbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb.

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

•  I`dfmfcfóm y cbmc`ptuhjfzhcfóm i` umh s`rf` i` tærofmbs cbm jbs cuhj`s, s` `sthaj`c` um j`meuhn`cboþm m`c`shrfb phrh fopj`o`mthr `j `mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj ætmfcb  –  cujturhj. `j `n`rcfcfb i`

r`jhcfbmhof`mtb (`cbcujturhjfihi) y `j Obi`jb @cbcujturhj `m jh Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh.

• 

Wr`s`mthcfóm i` jbs hmt`c`i`mt`s qu` fmcfif`rbm `m jh dbroujhcfóm i`j Obi`jb @cbcujturhj,r`oftfæmibs` h jbs `stuifbs ahs` t`mfibs `m cu`mth phrh su ifs`øb cbob h jh o`tbibjbeïh i` ahs`

qu` prbou`v` jh ifv`rsfihi afbjóefch y ætmfcb – cujturhj `m `j t`rrftbrfb cbjboafhmb.

•  Fi`mtfdfchcfóm i` jhs ^bmhs @cbcujturhj`s y èr`hs hj fmt`rfbr i` chih zbmfdfchcfóm, ibmi` jhsCboumfihi`s M`erhs, Hdrbcbjboafhmhs, Qhfzhj`s y Whj`mqu`rhs lhm jj`vhib h chab um prbc`sb i`hs`mthof`mtb lfstórfcb y r`cf`mt`.

•  Q`cbmbcfof`mtb i` jbs Sun`tbs Cbj`ctfvbs Ætmfcbs p`rt`m`cf`mt`s hj Wu`ajb Hdrbcbjboafhmbvfctfofzhibs pbr `j I`spjhzhof`mtb Dbrzhib, fi`mtfdfcèmibs` `j t`rrftbrfb / juehr / `mtbrmb i`

prbc`i`mcfh cbob t`rrftbrfb / juehr / `mtbrmb i` r`c`pcfóm i` jh vïctfoh ætmfch

•  Chrhct`rfzhcfóm i`j t`rrftbrfb s`eþm phrtfcujhrfihi`s `cbjóefchs y hoaf`mthj`s phrh pbi`ri`t`rofmhr jhs chphcfihi`s i`j t`rrftbrfb h jh lbrh i` pbi`r ehrhmtfzhr jbs o`ifbs i` vfih y i`

suasfst`mcfh i` jhs cboumfihi`s

@m e`m`rhj `j obi`jb fi`mtfdfch um tbthj i` 88 zbmhs @cbcujturhj`s, jhs cuhj`s s` ifstrfauy`m `m ifv`rshs èr`hsqu` ih cu`mth i` jbs hs`mthof`mtbs lfstórfcbs y r`cf`mt`s thmtb `m jbs `mtbrmbs rurhj`s cbob urahmbs,

ibmi` s` lhc` pr`s`mt` jhs ifv`rshs cboumfihi`s i`j Wu`ajb Hdrbcbjboafhmb.

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

CQFY@QFBS WHQH JH @MYQ@EH I@ JH HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH HCBQI@S CBM JBS @J@O@MYBS

@SW@CFHJ@S V IFD@Q@MCFHIBS I@ JHS CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@S V

WHJ@MXP@QHS6 

Y`mf`mib `m cu`mth jh fopj`o`mthcfóm i` `mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj ætmfcb - cujturhj h trhvæs i`j Obi`jb@cbcujturhj, s` `sthaj`cf`rbm cbob crft`rfbs cujturhjo`mt` hi`cuhibs `m jh `mtr`eh i` jh Ht`mcfómLuohmfthrfh ifrfefihs h Sun`tbs Cbj`ctfvbs p`rt`m`cf`mt`s h jhs Cboumfihi`s M`erhs, Hdrbcbjboafhmhs,

Qhfzhj`s y Whj`mqu`rhs, jbs sfeuf`mt`s rhzbmhof`mtbs>

Crft`rfbs `sthaj`cfibs h phrtfr i` jh fi`mtfdfchcfóm i` jh ^bmh @cbcujturhj cbob i`j tfpb i` `mtbrmb(rurhj b urahmb) ibmi` prbc`i` y `s r`c`pcfbmhib `j Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb i`spuæs i` bcurrfib `jl`clb vfctfofzhmt`

Cbm ahs` `m `j cbmtrhst` i` fmdbrohcfóm qu` p`roft` uafchr `j t`rrftbrfb / juehr i` prbc`i`mcfh hmt`s i`

bcurrfib `j l`clb vfctfofzhmt` cbm `j t`rrftbrfb / juehr i` r`c`pcfóm i`j Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb, mb sbjb s`i`t`rofmh jh ohemftui i`j i`spjhzhof`mtb, sfmb qu` thoafæm s` i`t`rofmh jh ohm`rh cóob s` lhc` `mtr`ehi` jbs `j`o`mtbs `sp`cfhj`s y ifd`r`mcfhibs `m jbs cbopbm`mt`s i` hjfo`mthcfóm, hjbnhof`mtb t`opbrhj,v`stuhrfb y ht`mcfóm oæifch y psfcbjóefch i` jh Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh.

Y`mf`mib `m cu`mth qu` `m Cbjboafh, jh brehmfzhcfóm t`rrftbrfhj `m `j mfv`j oumfcfphj fi`mtfdfch ibs `mtbrmbscbob zbmhs i` hejbo`rhcfóm pbajhcfbmhj (`mtbrmb urahmb y rurhj), jh `mtr`eh i` jbs `j`o`mtbs `sp`cfhj`sy ifd`r`mcfhibs i` jbs cbopbm`mt`s i` jh Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh vhrfhrè i` hcu`rib hj `mtbrmb i` r`c`pcfóm

i`j Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb i`spuæs i` hcbmt`cfib `j l`clb vfctfofzhmt`.

Crft`rfbs `sthaj`cfibs h phrtfr i` jhs chrhct`rïstfchs `cbjóefchs, hoaf`mthj`s y ætmfcb - cujturhj`s qu` pr`ibofmhm `m chih ^bmh @cbcujturhj ibmi` s` r`c`pcfbmh ̀ j Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb

Jhs chrhct`rïstfchs `cbjóefchs y hoaf`mthj`s i`j t`rrftbrfb fmdjuy`m `m jh hibpcfóm i` i`t`rofmhibs phtrbm`scujturhj`s r`jhcfbmhibs cbm jh hjfo`mthcfóm, cbmstruccfóm y ifspbsfcfóm i`j hjbnhof`mtb y hahst`cfof`mtb i`r`cursbs cboum`s, o`ifbs i` suasfst`mcfh b du`mt`s i` fmer`sbs, y o`ifbs i` prbiuccfóm i` jbs Sun`tbs

Cbj`ctfvbs qu` fmt`erhm jhs Cboumfihi`s M`erhs, Hdrbcbjboafhmhs, Qhfzhj`s y Whj`mqu`rhs.

@j `sthaj`cfof`mtb i` `sths chrhct`rïstfchs thoafæm p`roftfrè fi`mtfdfchr hsp`ctbs `s`mcfhj`s phrhi`t`rofmhr `j tfpb i` hjbnhof`mtb / hs`mthof`mtb t`opbrhj oès hcbri` cbm `j phtróm i` hs`mthof`mtb i`

chih Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb, i` hcu`rib hj obib i` hs`mthof`mtb pr`ibofmhmt` `m `j t`rrftbrfb / juehr i`r`c`pcfóm y ̀ mtbrmb rurhj b urahmb ibmi` s`h hcbefih jh vïctfoh cbj`ctfvh.

Crft`rfbs `sthaj`cfibs h phrtfr i` jh fi`mtfdfchcfóm i` `j`o`mtbs `sp`cfhj`s y ifd`r`mcfhibs `m oht`rfhi` jbs cbopbm`mt`s qu` s` `mtr`ehm ̀ m jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh.

6 Yhpfh, Faïi`o.

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

Cbrr`spbmi`m h jhs cbmsfi`rhcfbm`s qu` hj fmt`rfbr i` jhs cboumfihi`s b dbrohs brehmfzhtfvhs p`roft`mfi`mtfdfchr hqu`jjbs `j`o`mtbs b hsp`ctbs `s`mcfhj`s phrh arfmihr umh Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh hcbri` cbm jbsrhsebs b prèctfchs cujturhj`s hsbcfhihs cbm jh hjfo`mthcfóm, hjbnhof`mtb t`opbrhj, ohm`nb yhjohc`mhof`mtb i` hahst`cfof`mtbs, hs`b p`rsbmhj, ut`msfjfbs i` cbcfmh, v`stuhrfb y ht`mcfóm oæifch y

psfcbsbcfhj.

Whrh fi`mtfdfchr jbs rhsebs b htrfautbs cujturhj`s h cbmsfi`rhr h jh lbrh i` lhc`r `mtr`eh i` chihcbopbm`mt`, s` prbpbm` `j i`shrrbjjb i` s`sfbm`s i` trhahnb cbm jh phrtfcfphcfóm i` r`pr`s`mthmt`s i` jhsbrehmfzhcfbm`s y Sun`tbs Cbj`ctfvbs Ætmfcbs, ibmi` s` i`dfmh qu` s` `mtf`mi` pbr chih umb i` jbscbopbm`mt`s y s` fi`mtfdfqu`m jbs `j`o`mtbs `sp`cfhj`s y ifd`r`mcfhj`s `m oht`rfh i` hjfo`mthcfóm y if`th,

hjbnhof`mtb t`opbrhj, v`stfo`mth y harfeb, hs`b p`rsbmhj y ht`mcfóm oæifch y psfcbsbcfhj.

Sf af`m pu`i` lha`r cbmnumtbs i` rhsebs cujturhj`s y `j`o`mtbs cbophrtfibs pbr vhrfhs cboumfihi`s,thoafæm `s pbsfaj` i`t`rofmhr phrtfcujhrfihi`s h t`m`r `m cu`mth `m jh `mtr`eh i` `stbs cbopbm`mt`s (p.`.

vhrf`ihi i` oht`rfhj`s h prfvfj`efhr `m jh cbmstruccfóm i` jbs hjbnhof`mtbs t`opbrhj`s, hjfo`mthcfóm`s`mcfhj i` hcu`rib h lèaftbs mutrfcfbmhj`s i`j Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb `sp`cïdfcb `tc.). @stbs pbro`mbr`squ` lhc`m ifstfmtfvh jh `mtr`eh i` jh Ht`mcfóm Luohmfthrfh h chih Sun`tb Cbj`ctfvb Ætmfcb, sbjb s`

`vfi`mcfhrè o`ifhmt` prbc`sb i` cbmc`rthcfóm cbm jh cboumfihi qu` s` ht`mi`rè.

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

AFAJFBEQHDFH

HJYB CBOFSFBMHIB I@ JHS MHCFBM@S PMFIHS WHQH JBS Q@DPEFHIBS (1773). Wrfmcfpfbs r`ctbr`s i` jbsi`spjhzhof`mtbs fmt`rmbs / Hjtb Cbofsfbmhib i`jhs Mhcfbm`s Pmfihs phrh jbs Q`duefhibs y I`d`msbrïh i`j

Wu`ajb. Abebtè> HCMPQ.

HMI@QSBM, Ohry A (1776). Hccfóm sfm ihøb> cóob jh hyuih luohmfthrfh pu`i` hpbyhr jh phz b jh eu`rrh.

Yr. Nhcqu`s Oærht. Abebtè> Pmfv`rsfihi Mhcfbmhj i` Cbjboafh, Dhcujthi i` Cf`mcfhs Luohmhs, Wrberhoh i`

Fmfcfhtfvhs Pmfv`rsfthrfhs phrh jh Whz y jh Cbmvfv`mcfh - WFPWC.

CBJBOAFH. HSHOAJ@H MHCFBMHJ CBMSYFYPV@MY@ (8668). Cbmstftucfóm pbjïtfch i` Cbjboafh. Ifr`ccfómPQJ> lttp>//www.hjchjifhabebth.ebv.cb/sfsnur/mbrohs/Mbroh8.nsp2f?9810. Cbmsujthib 80 i` numfb 1789.

CBJBOAFH. CBMEQ@SB I@ CBJBOAFH (8665). ‚J`y 3<5 i` 8665, pbr jh cuhj s` hibpthm o`ifihs phrh jh

 pr`v`mcfóm i`j i`spjhzhof`mtb dbrzhib; jh ht`mcfóm, prbt`ccfóm, cbmsbjfihcfóm y `sth `sthafjfzhcfóm

sbcfb`cbmóofch i` jbs i`spjhzhibs fmt`rmbs pbr jh vfbj`mcfh `m jh Q`pþajfch i` Cbjboafh‟. Ifr`ccfóm PQJ>lttp>//www.hjchjifhabebth.ebv.cb/sfsnur/mbrohs/Mbroh8.nsp2f?397. Cbmsujthib 84 i` numfb 1789.

CBJBOAFH. CBQY@ CBMSYFYPCFBMHJ I@ CBJBOAFH (8661). S`mt`mcfh Y-914 i` 8661 b I`r`clb h jhsuasfst`mcfh. Ifr`ccfóm PQJ> lttp>//www.cbrt`cbmstftucfbmhj.ebv.cb/r̀ jhtbrfh/8661/t-91461.lto.

Cbmsujthib 80 i` numfb i` 1789.

CBJBOAFH. CBQY@ CBMSYFYPCFBMHJ I@ CBJBOAFH (8663). S`mt`mcfh Y-3<7 i` 8663. Ifr`ccfóm PQJ>

lttp>//www.cbrt`cbmstftucfbmhj.ebv.cb/r j̀htbrfh/8663/Y-3<7-63.lto. Cbmsujthib 80 i` numfb 1789.

CBJBOAFH. CBQY@ CBMSYFYPCFBMHJ I@ CBJBOAFH (1775). S`mt`mcfh C-15< i` 1775. Ifr`ccfóm PQJ>

lttp>//www.hjchjifhabebth.ebv.cb/sfsnur/mbrohs/Mbroh8.nsp2f?10619. Cbmsujthib 80 i` numfb 1789.

CBJBOAFH. CBQY@ CBMSYFYPCFBMHJ I@ CBJBOAFH (1775). S`mt`mcfh Y-964 i` 1775. Ifr`ccfóm PQJ>

lttp>//www.cbrt`cbmstftucfbmhj.ebv.cb/r j̀htbrfh/1775/Y-964-75.lto. Cbmsujthib 80 i` numfb 1789.

CBJBOAFH. CBQY@ CBMSYFYPCFBMHJ I@ CBJBOAFH (1775). S`mt`mcfh Y-4<< i` 1775. Ifr`ccfóm PQJ>

lttp>//www.cbrt`cbmstftucfbmhj.ebv.cb/r`jhtbrfh/1775/Y-4<<-75.lto. Cbmsujthib 80 i` numfb 1789.

CBJBOAFH. CBQY@ CBMSYFYPCFBMHJ I@ CBJBOAFH (1776). Hutb 770 i` 1776. Ifr`ccfóm PQJ>lttp>//www.cbrt`cbmstftucfbmhj.ebv.cb/r j̀htbrfh/hutbs/1776/h770-76.lto. Cbmsujthib 80 i` numfb 1789.

CBJBOAFH. CBQY@ CBMSYFYPCFBMHJ I@ CBJBOAFH (1788). Hutb 186 i` 1788,  s`mt`mcfh i` jh Cbrt`Cbmstftucfbmhj `m oht`rfh i` I`spjhzhof`mtb Dbrzhib - S`eufof`mtb i` hccfbm`s hi`jhmthihs pbr ebaf`rmbmhcfbmhj phrh sup`rhcfóm i`j `sthib i` cbshs fmcbmstftucfbmhj i`cjhrhib `m s`mt`mcfh Y710/79. Ifr`ccfómPQJ> lttp>//www.cbrt`cbmstftucfbmhj.ebv.cb/r`jhtbrfh/hutbs/1788/h186-88.lto. Cbmsujthib 80 i` numfb

1789.

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

IFQ@CCFBM I@ HSPMYBS @YMFCBS OHQ^B I@ 1780 

CBJBOAFH. FMSYFYPYB CBJBOAFHMB I@ AF@M@SYHQ DHOFJFHQ (1787). Ofmuth cbm `mdbqu` ifd`r`mcfhj.

Abebtè> FCAD. 36 p. Ifr`ccfóm PQJ>lttp>//www.fcad.ebv.cb/pbrthj/phe`/pbrthj/WbrthjFCAD/Af`m`sthr/A`m`dfcfhrfbs/Mutrfcfbm- 

S`eurfihiHjfo`mthrfh/OFMPYHSCBM@MDBXP@IFD@Q@MCFHJ-FCAD`tmfcbs.pid    .  Cbmsujthib `j 8b i`ifcf`oar` i`j 1783.

CBJBOAFH. WQ@SFI@MCFH I@ JH Q@WÞAJFCH (1775). ‚I`cr`tb 3716 i` 1775, pbr `j cuhj s` hibpth `j Wjhm

Mhcfbmhj i` Shjui Wþajfch 1775 - 1787‟. Ifr`ccfóm PQJ>lttp>//www.hjchjifhabebth.ebv.cb/sfsnur/mbrohs/Mbroh8.nsp2f?14106. Cbmsujthib 13 i` numfb 1789.

CBJBOAFH. PMFIHI WHQH JH HY@MCFÓM V Q@WHQHCFÓM FMY@EQHJ H JHS TÏCYFOHS (1788). ‚J`y 899< i`

1788, pbr jh cuhj s` ifcthm o`ifih i` ht`mcfóm, hsfst`mcfh y r`phrhcfóm fmt`erhj h jhs vïctfohs i`j cbmdjfctb

hrohib fmt`rmb y s` ifcthm btrhs ifspbsfcfbm`s‟, `m> I`r`clb cbjboafhmb (Abebtè). Tbj. 873, mb. 069 (Num.

1788). p. 087-0<5.

CBJBOAFH. PMFIHI WHQH JH HY@MCFÓM V Q@WHQHCFÓM FMY@EQHJ H JHS TÏCYFOHS (1788). ‚I`cr`tb J`y

9430 i` 1788, pbr o`ifb i`j cuhj s` ifcthm o`ifihs i` hsfst`mcfh, ht`mcfóm, r`phrhcfóm fmt`erhj y i`

r`stftucfóm i` i`r`clbs t`rrftbrfhj`s h jhs vïctfohs p`rt`m`cf`mt`s h jbs pu`ajbs y Cboumfihi`s M`erhs,

 Hdrbcbjboafhmhs, Qhfzhj`s y Whj`mqu r̀hs‟, ̀ m> I`r`clb cbjboafhmb (Abebtè).

CBJBOAFH. PMFIHI WHQH JH HY@MCFÓM V Q@WHQHCFÓM FMY@EQHJ H JHS TÏCYFOHS (1781). ‚Q`sbjucfóm 139<

i` 1781, Wbr jh cuhj s` `sthaj`c`m jbs r`qufsftbs y cbmifcfbm`s phrh arfmihr `j hpbyb suasfifhrfb h jbs `mt`s

t`rrftbrfhj`s `m jh `mtr`eh i` jh hyuih luohmfthrfh y ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh `sthaj`cfihs, r`sp`ctfvho`mt`,

`m jbs hrtïcujb 95 (phrèerhdb8¾) y 43 i` jh J`y 899< i` 1788, y s` `sthaj`c`m jbs o`chmfsobs y crft`rfbs phrh

arfmihr `st` hpbyb i` ohm`rh fmifvfiuhj ‟. Ifr`ccfóm PQJ>lttp>//www.hjchjifhabebth.ebv.cb/sfsnur/mbrohs/Mbroh8.nsp2f?08193. Cbmsujthib 11 i` numfb 1789.

BMP. HSHOAJ@H E@M@QHJ I@ MHCFBM@S PMFIHS (869<). I`cjhrhcfóm Pmfv`rshj i` I`r`clbs Luohmbs.Ifr`ccfóm PQJ>  lttp>//www.hcmur.bre/t3/dfj̀ hiofm/scrfpts/ibc.plp2dfj`?afajfbt̀ ch/pid/7783  .  Cbmsujthib8< i` numfb 1789.

BMP. CBOFSFÓM I@ I@Q@CLBS LPOHMBS (8665). Q`sbjucfóm i` jh Cbofsfóm i` I`r`clbs Luohmbs.Ifr`ccfóm PQJ> lttp>//www.hcmur.bre/t3/dfj̀ hiofm/scrfpts/ibc.plp2dfj`?afajfbt̀ ch/pid/8939. Cbmsujthib 6

i` numfb 1789.

BMP. BDFCFMH I@J HJYB CBOFSFBMHIB I@ JHS MHCFBM@S PMFIHS WHQH JBS I@Q@CLBS LPOHMBS (1770).Wrfmcfpfbs y ifr`ctrfc`s aèsfcbs sbar` `j i`r`clb i` jhs vïctfohs i` vfbjhcfbm`s ohmfdf`sths i` jhs mbrohs

fmt`rmhcfbmhj`s i` i`r`clbs luohmbs y i` vfbjhcfbm`s erhv`s i`j i`r`clb fmt`rmhcfbmhj luohmfthrfb h

fmt`rpbm`r r`cursbs y bat`m`r r`phrhcfbm`s. Ifr`ccfóm PQJ>lttp>//www1.blclr.bre/sphmfsl/jhw/r`phrhcfbm`s.lto. Cbmsujthib 89 i` numfb 1789.

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OBI@JB @CBCPJYPQHJ I@ HY@MCFBM LPOHMFYHQFH

WHQH SPN@YBS CBJ@CYFTBS I@ WP@AJBS V CBOPMFIHI@S M@EQHS, HDQBCBJBOAFHMHS, QHF^HJ@^ V WHJ@MXP@QHS

YHWFH OBQHJ@S, Chro`msushmh (1783). @structurh t`órfch phrh `j obi`jb i` zbmhs @cbcujturhj`s phrhi`dfmfr jhs `sp`cfdfcfihi`s h t`m`r `m cu`mth phrh jbs cbopbm`mt`s i` jh ht`mcfóm luohmfthrfh. Abebtè>

ibcuo`mtb fmæiftb.

PMFC@D. Jbs pu`ajbs fmiïe`mhs `m Cbjboafh. I`r`clbs, Wbjïtfchs y I`shdïbs.  Ifr`ccfóm PQJ>lttp>//www.umfc`d.cbo.cb/wpcbmt`mt/upjbhis/1781/88/pu`ajbs-fmife`mhs-Cbjboafh.pid .  Cbmsujthib 89

i` numfb 1789.