07 Lecture
48
Πɑɢɖɦɜɨɩəɡɜɑɟɖɨ Σəɡɖɜɰɨɖɜɨ «Γραμματική της Νέας Ελληνικής» Διδάσκων Χρήστος Βλάχος Πɑɢɖɦɜɨɩəɡɜɤ Ιɰɑɢɢɜɢɰɢ Τɡəɡɑ Φɜɠɤɠɤɔɜɑɨ Τɤɡɖɑɨ Γɠɰɨɨɤɠɤɔɜɑɨ Εαρινό εξάμηνο 2014–2015 Εκδοχή: 1.6 Απρίλιος 2015
-
Upload
dimitra-kalliora -
Category
Documents
-
view
18 -
download
8
description
07 Lecture
Transcript of 07 Lecture
-
20142015
: 1.6 2015
-
2015
Creave Commons 4.0 . , : hp://creavecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
-
"When you are studying any maer, or considering any philosophy, ask yourself only whatare the facts and what is the truth that the facts bear out. Never let yourself be divertedeither by what youwish to believe, or by what you think would have benecent social eectsif it were believed. But look only, and solely, at what are the facts. That is the intellectualthing that I should wish to say."
Bertrand Russell (1872 1970), "Face to Face" (BBC, 1959)
-
;
1.6 ( 2015): 4.3, 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3, 4.3.4 - (4), 2.2.
1.5 ( 2015): 4, 4.1, 4.2.
1.4 ( 2015): 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 3.2.4, 3.3, 3.3.1,3.3.2, 3.4 (34) 2.3.2 (36) 2.4.1.
1.3 ( 2015): 2.4, 2.4.1, 2.4.2, 2.4.3, 2.5, 2.5.1, 2.5.2, 2.6.
1.2 ( 2015): 2.3.1 2.3.2 - , , (.., vs. ) - (15), 2.3 , , - (., i, ii, iii, ...) (, , , ...).
1.1 ( 2015): 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 ( ;).
1.0 ( 2015): - . , , , , . , , 1 ( ).
-
() ( , , , ), , -. , ( ).
: . , - .
. - , .
: : ''the safe ground of verbal forms actually found in a language.''(Jespersen 1924: 321)
: (= accusavus), , -, , , - - , , . , - , , , :.
( 1945: 5)
:
1 1 :
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 13
: (100%)
/:
: , 14:0014:30 Email: [email protected]
.
-
, . 2006. :Holton, D., P.Mackridge .-Warburton. 1999.
(. . ). : .*Binnick, R. I. 1991. Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect. New York&Oxford: Oxford Universi-
ty Press., ., & . . 2006. : , . & . -
. 2005. . ( : . , . -, & . ). .
, . 1944. . .Jespersen, O. 1924. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: Allen & Unwin.*, . . 2008. (5 ). :
, ., & . . 2011. .
, 31, 278291.Mirambel, . 1959. La Langaue Grec Moderne. Descrion et Analyse, Paris, Klincksieck [1978.
(. . ), ( ): ]
, . 1994. . , . 30., . 2008. : , , . -
( ): ., ., . . 2007. .
(: : & (.: . )). : .*, . . 1893. : . : .*, . 2006. (: : & (.:
. )). : .*, . 2008. , , -
.Roussou, A. & I. M. Tsimpli. 2006. On Greek VSO again! Journal of Linguiscs, 42, 317354., . & . . 2010. , . -
30: 529540.Roussou, A. & A. Tsangalidis. 2010. Reconsidering the "Modal Parcles" in Modern Greek. Journal of
Greek Linguiscs, 10, 4573.Saeed, J. I. 2003. Semancs (2nd edion). Blackwell Publishing.Smith, C. S. 1991. The Parameter of Aspect. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Smith, N. J. J. 2012. Logic: The Laws of Truth. Princeton University Press: Princeton and Oxford., ., . , . -Joycey. 2012. . -
. (: : & - (.: . )). : .
*, . . . : -. . .
T, A. 2001. . . , . , ., J. Davy, . , . -, . , .& . (.), 99, 4 , 300307 (, 1999). : UniversityStudio Press.
, . 2002. . - 22, 647658.
, . 2012. : 19762011. () - 1976-2011: 35 . , 2011.
-
, . 2012. : , - ; G. Gavriilidou, A. Ehymiou, E. Thomadaki, & P. Kambakis-Vougioukis (eds.)Selected Papers of the 10th Internaonal Conference onGreek Linguiscs, 11641169. Komoni,Greece.
, . & . -. 2004. . 6 (, 1821 - 2003).
, . 1994. . & : & .*-Warburton, ., . , . -Jacoberger, . , . --
, . , & . . . 2006. - (: : & (.: .)). : .
Vendler, Z. 1967. Linguiscs in Philosophy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.*, . . 2006. . : .
*Holton, D., P. Mackridge . -Warburton. 1999.
(. . ). : .*Holton, D., P. Mackridge . -Warburton. 2005. -
(. . ). : ., . & . . 2005. . -
( : . , . -, & . ). .
Mackridge, P. 1990. (. . ). : .
-
1 1.1 () , () :(1) ;(2) ();(3) ;(4) ;(5) ;
) (1) , / .) (2) - .) (3)(5) (1) (2), , , .
1.2
(1) . (2006: 41), [] - / . -. , (-) (.., , , ) .
(2) , ., . - . , , . - ( ). , , .
(3i) . - , . - - / . (., - 2006: 5361):. : - (
) , . - , ( .., /).
. - : - , ( / /).
1
-
( -) .
(3ii) . . - (2001:6371), :. ( ), .., , ,,
, ...
. , .., , ,, . , .
(4) (.., ) , , (., 2006: 8391). - (.., [i]), - (.., [i]: -, -, -, -, -). : -, , . , , . - ( - , ). - . -:. ! .. ! .. , ..:
() () ! -.
(5) . , :. .
. .
2
-
2 : 2.1 , , - , . - , , , - ( -). , , , : -, -, -, , -, -. -, , .
, , (1).
(1) . *() .
. .
. .
. .
(1) ( - *). , , (1), (. (1)), (. (1)). , ( ) (1) (1) , , .
, , , . :
(2) . [ ].
. [ ].
. [ ].
. [ ].
. [ ].
(2), () () (2), , (2), . (2), , , , (2), , , .
-.1 , (2) : . (2), ( , , ), (2),
1 , , , , , . , , , () , .
3
-
( ). , .
. T - , , , , , , , , . - : , .2 , . - .
2.2 (1:1) . :
(3) . 26 1912 .
. .
(3), , (3), . , , .
(4) . , .
. .
T (., (4)), (., (4)), . , , , - .3
(5) . .
. , .
(5), , (5) . , ( ), - , .
:
(6) . 12 5 .
. 12 5 .
2 , . (Category Theory), (., - ). , (categorical/aribute grammars), (formal grammars), (categorial grammars), (Category Theory).
3 .
4
-
(6), , (6), ., , (6) , (6).
, (7).
(7) 08 1980, 23:30 , .
To . , - , . , Holton et al. (1999) , . , , , - , . !
- / 1:1.4 . - . , . , (8):
(8)
, - : , , , , -. - : , - , . , , () 8 - (., (8)) 12. , Holton et al. (1999): , , , , , .
: , , , , ( - , , , ).5
4 , , , - Tense ( ) Time ( ).
5., Roussou Tsangalidis 2010 , , .
5
-
Holton et al. (1999: xxviii, 112114, 221) , - . ( ).
, , - , (9), , , , (., (9)(9)):
(9) . . [ ]
. . [ ]
. . [ ]
. . [ ]
, ( -) ( 2010). , , ;
(10) . 2/3 - - ;
. , , ;
. , ;
- ( ) . -/ . , ; , ;
/ / - ( & 2005). , , - , (11) (., - 2005: 441).
(11)
, - , , . .6
6., , (2006), & (2006), .
6
userStamp
-
, , -/, , , - () (), ( , ). . , (8), , , , . [], [], [-] . , []/[] (), (.., -/--), [] (), (.., ). - (8), [] [], [] [+], (12):
(12) .
[] [] [+] [+] [] [+]
. : [+ ]
(12), , , [+] , [+/] . (8), .
(12) , . , [], []. , , . , [], , . - .
2.3 :
(13)
8
-
(14) . (i)
8
-
. , (., (16)) (., (16)), .
:
(17) . 11 12 .
. 11 12 .
. (., (17)) (., (17)), .
:
(18) . !
. !
, (., (18)), (., (18)). , - ( ), ( -) , (., , ).8 , .
(aspect). , 2.3.1, , - (, , , , ) , (., ), . , . - ( 2.3.1), ( 2.3.2) ( 2.4), ( 2.5).
2.3.1
. , . ( ):
(19) . :(i) - (ii) - (iiii) -
. :(i) - (ii) -
8 , .
9
-
(iiii) - . (., (19) (19)):
(i) - (ii) - (iiii) -
. , :(i) - (ii) - (iiii) - (iv) -
, (.,(19)), . :
(20) . (i) - - - (ii) - - -
. (i) - - - (ii) - - -
. (i) - - - (ii) - - -
. (i) - - - (ii) - - -
. (i) - - (ii) - -
, , - .
. , . , :
(21) . . . .
( ). , :
(22) . . . .
10
-
( ). . ,
, ( ),, .9 , , . , :
(23) .
.
, , . :10
(24) . (= ): .
. (= ): .
, - .
, , . , :
(25) . : , .
( , ). :11
, . ( , ). :
, .( , )
. : , .
( , ). :
(i) (+ ): , ( , )
(ii) (+ ):* , ( * , )
. :12(i) ( ):
* . ( * )9., & (2011).
10., (2008: 349350).11 2.2 Holton et al. (1999)
.12 Holton et al. (1999: 115118, 231234),
(., ., 2.2 ). .
11
userStamp
-
(ii) ( ): . ( )
. :13(i) ( ):
.( )
(ii) ( ):* .
( * ) (., -
, (24)(24)), , - . ,
(26) . . ( ). . ( )
, :
(27) . , - , , . , ( ., 2.2), (, , , ..) . , , , ( - , , ):14
- - - - - - -- - - - - - -
- -- - - - - - -()- -- - - - - - -()
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -() - -- - - - - - -() - -- - - - - - -() - -- - - - - - -() - -- - - - - - -() - -- - - - - - -()
13 Holton et al. (1999: 117118, 234) , , (.., , -) ., 2.1 .
14 , & , .
12
userStamp
-
. : , .
. , - , . , , ( 2.2 2.3).
2.3.2
2.3.1, ( ). . . , , .
:
(28) . , 12 5 .
. , 12 5 .
, - :15 (28) ( ) (28) ( ). , 12 5 () 12 5 ( ).
(28) : (28) ( ), (28) ( ), - , 12 5 (., 2.3).
:
(29) . , 12 5 .
. , 12 5 .
(29), , (29) ., , .
(28) ( (29)) : (28) (28). , , . :
(30) . 60 .
. 60 .
15 . (extensionality ., ), (intensionality).
13
-
(30) (30). , , (30), (30).
( ) 3, , , . :
(31) . (i) .(ii) .
. (i) .(ii) .
(31) . , (31(i)) , (31(ii)) , ., - , , , ., (31(i)) , (31(ii)), , , , !, .
-, , () ( ) : (non progressive(ly)), (progressive(ly)). - (., ), . , , ( ), .
, , - () , (/) - . , , , (32):
(32)
. , : . , : ///////
, , - , , .
(33) (., (28)), (32).
(33) . , 12 5 , .
. #, 12 5 ,
(33), . ,
14
userStamp
-
: ( ( )) . (33), - . . , : ( ( )) .16
, (12), , , (34):
(34) .
[] [+][] [+]
[+]
. : [+ ]
, (., 2.2) [] [] (., ). 2.4, . [+] , ([]) ([+]). , , [] [] [+ ].
, (), , , [ ], . , - ( ) ( ) , [ ], . , ( ., ). , (-) , - ( , , ( )!)., (34) ( (12)) (27). . , - .
2.4 (34) . -, , , - o o .
16 , (., 2.1), * #.
15
userStamp
-
2.4.1
2.2, (8), -, (35).
(35) * .
, , ( ,, , ), (35) . , , , , .
, . , . , - .
(34), (36) .
(36) .
[] [+][] [+]
[+]
. : [+ ]
, [] (., []) [+-]. , . . , / ! : , , . , , , . , , , - , .
, , , , - - (36) , - , - .
2.4.2
(37):
(37) . [+] n[+][]
o . ( ). [+] n[]
[]o . ( )
16
-
2.4.1, ( - / ): [+] []. , (37) (35) . (37) - ([+] ., (36)). , (37) , .
(37), [] []. - , . , . , (37) , . , ; ( (37) ), ; ( (37) ).
, -. , , , . (38):
(38) :
[+] []
. vs. . ; vs. ;. vs. . vs. . vs.
[+] - . , - [] , . :
(39) . , .
. (i) .(ii) , .
(39) , (39(i)) (39(ii)) .
2.4.3
:
(40) . [+] n[+][+]
o .. [+] n[]
[+]o .
17
-
(40) - , , (., - (40): - - ([+])), - (., (40): - - ([])).
( ) ( 1941 Mirambel1959 1994 Holton et al. 1999 & 2005), - . , Holton et al. (1999: 140), + , , . , , , Holton et al.
, ( ) , . , : [+] [+]. , , - . (41):
(41) . [+]: .
( )
. []: .
( )
. []: .
( , , )
. []: , .
( )
2.4.2 2.4.1, [+] (., (41)), [] (., (41)(41)).
2.5 ( - ) , .
() () , 2.3.2, - ( ) , . ( - ), ( ). , () , () . . - ,
18
userStamp
-
. , 2.3.2, , 3.
. -, , , . , ( ) ( ), , . , , , : - (2.5.1), - ( 2.5.2).
2.5.1
-, - , -. () , ().17
(, ), (42) ((42) (29)):
(42) . , 12 5 .
. .
, , , . , - ( ).
(, ), - ( (43) (30):
(43) . 60 .
. 1980 1995.
, - , , .
, , , . (44):
(44) . (i) 1980 1995.(ii) 1980 1995.
. (i) 60 .(ii) 60 .
(44(i)), (44(ii)) (44(i))(44(ii)).
17 , , , -.
19
userStamp
-
2.5.2
( ), ( ). , () , - . , , , (., 2.3.2):
(45) . (i) 1 .(ii) 1 .
. (i) 2 .(ii) 2 .
. (i) 10 .(ii) 10 .
. (i) .(ii) .
. (i) .(ii) .
, - . -, (45), (., (45(i))) (., (45(ii))) (., 1 ), .
. , (46), - , :
(46) . .. .. .
, (47), , :
(47) . 20 . ( ). 22:00. ( ). . ( )
, , :
(48) . , .. 100 .
( ) ( ).
20
-
, .18 , , ( , , ) , . :
(49) . (i) 2 .(ii) * 2 .
. (i) 6 .(ii) * 6 .
2 (., (49)) 6 (., (49)), . , (., (49(i))) (.,(49(ii))), (., (49(i))) (., (49(ii))) .
(49) [+/], . , - 2.3.2, , , . , (49). , (49). , , [+/]. - () () , .
2.6 2 (.., , , , /- ). , [+/ ] ( [+ ] -) . , , , .., - , .
, ., - [ ] [+ ] - . , . :
(50) . , .
. -, (.., ).
. .
. : :
-
< .
. : ! .
22
-
3 : 3.1 2.3.2, , ( ). :
(1) . (i) 10 11.(ii) 10 11.
. (i) .(ii) .
. (i) , .(ii) , .
. (i) , .(ii) , .
, ( -) . - (., (1(i))), - (., (1(ii))). (1).
(2) ( 2,(30)):
(2) . 60 .
. 60 .
, (2) (2). , , (2), (2).
, : . , () . , - , , .1 , (3):
(3) * , .
, , , - . -- (., ), .
, . -, , -, . (4):
1 3.2, ( ), .
23
-
(4) . , .
. .
, , , (., (4)), (., (4)).
, . (5), 2, (49).
(5) . (i) 2 .(ii) * 2 .
. (i) 6 .(ii) * 6 .
, -, 2 6 (5) , () , , -. , (5), , . , () -, , .
, (, , ). , ( ), .
3.2 - / (akonsart), .
( ), ( ), : ) ) ) . , ( 3.2.1), , ( 3.2.2), , ( 3.2.3). , ( 3.2.4).
3.2.1 ([+/ ]) (6):
(6) . .
. .
, , . - , () (). .
(7):
24
-
(7) . .
. .
(6), (7) - . .
3.2.2 ([+/ ]) , . - (8):
(8) . .
. .
(8), ([+ ]) , (8), ([ ]). , . , , .
, , (9):
(9) . - ;
. - ;
, ( ) , , .
3.2.3 ([+/ ]) (10):
(10) . .
. .
. .
, : (10), (10), (10), .
, (11) :
(11) . .
. .
. .
(11) . , , , . , (11) , , (, ). , .
25
-
3.2.4 ( )
., - : [+/], [+/], [+/ ] - ( ) (., Vendler1967, Smith 1991, Saeed 2003, ). , - , (12) (., (12)):
(12) .
(i) [+] [+] *(ii) [] [+] [](iii) [] [+] [+](iv) [] [] [+](v) [] [] []
. (i) . (= (12(i)))(ii) . (= (12(ii)))(iii) . (= (12(iii)))(iv) . (= (12(iv)))(v) . (= (12(v)))
(12), , . , , , (). (, , ), .2
( , , ). ( ). , , .
3.3 , ([ ]) ([+]) . ( 3.3.1 3.3.2).
3.3.1
( , (12)) , , , , . , , :
2 ( /): , .
26
-
(13) . .. .. .. .
(13) , , . , , (., ), (., ). , , .
- ([+ ]) : . , , , . - , (14):
(14) . - - .... - - .... - - .... - ( ) - ..... - - ....
, , , - (.., *), (.., * ), (-) (.., * ), (.., * , * ,* , * ).
, , . (15):
(15) . . ( ). . ( )
, , -, , , . , , : . , , , , .
3.3.2
3.1 , . , , ( ). , .
, (16):
27
-
(16) . , 10 11 .
. , 10 11 .
, (16), (16). -, , 10 11 (., (16)), - , 10 11 (., (16)). , (16) (16). , (16), (16)., , 10 11 , 10 11 . , (16) (16). (16) - (16) , , (., ).
(17), (17):3
(17) . : , 10 11 : , 10 11
. (! )
( = = -).4 , (), (). , ., , (), () .
, , - . , , - (, , (12), , , ). - (16) , , ( ), , (16) . , , (., ) , . , - , , .
(18):3 , , , .
. , . . , . ( ), . Smith (2012).
4 1 0 .
28
-
(18) . , 10 11 .
. , 10 11 .
, , 10 11 (.,(18)), , 10 11 (.,(18)). , (16), (18) . , , 10 11 (., (18)), , 10 11 (., (18)). , (16), (18) .
, ( ) (18) (19):
(19) . : , 10 11 : , 10 11
. ($ )
. , .
. , (-, (12), , ). , , , , . : , ( ).
3.4 , . (aspect) (akonsart) . , , ( ) : [+/ ]. , - , -: [+/ ] [+/ ] [+/ ].
29
-
4 : (mood) (modality) , . , , .
, , -. , . : (epistemic), (deonc).
- . , , , , - (possibility), (probability), - (inferred certainty), (counterfactual) ( !).
- : ) , - (agent oriented modalies). - (obligaon), (necessity), (ability), (desire), (intenon). K ) - (speakeroriented modalies). (command), - (prohibion), (wish), (exhortaon), (per-mission).
. - , ( ) ( - ) , / ( ) . . , / .
, - : ) (/), (/) ) () () (1:1). , , , , .
, :
(1) . (indicave): .
. (subjuncve): , , .
. (optave-hortave): .
. (imperave): .
- , (1). ,
30
-
(), - () (/) .
4.1 , , , . , , , , .
, (2), , 2 , , .
(2)
( )
, . - - . .
, - ( , ). , . 2, , , (., (2)), , - , . , -, . , , , -. -, , , (.., ).
-, [+ ] [+ ], . , - , [ + ], , [ + ]. , [ + ] , ( ., ).
, [ + ] [+ ], ,
31
-
[+ ] [+ ].
: -.1 - ( ), (-), : [()> ()+ -], [() + ]. , , , :
(3) . : - .
. : .
. : () ().
.
4.2 T : , - ( , , ). , . , , :
(4) 1 2
[] [+][] [+]
[+] ( )
, .
, . 1 , . , - -, : - - - . , : ( ). , -. 2, , 1, .
, (4) (), , , ( ). (5):
(5) . + : 1: . 2: * * .
1 , () , - .
32
-
. + : 1: . 2: * * .
. + : 1: . 2: * * .
. ()/()+ : 1 (): () () () () () ()() () () . 1 / (): / / / / / / . 2 ()/(): */ */ .
. + : 1: . 2: .
, , , : - 1, 2 , . , : 1 , 2 . , , - , .
, , (6):
(6)
[] [+][] [+]
[+] ( )
2, , - 1 , 1.
, , (7):
33
-
(7) / + + +
[] [][+] [][] [+][+] [+]
[+] []
[+] [+]
(5), (6), (7), , , , , .
4.3 T : , , (8):
(8)
[] () () / () [] [+] () () / ()
[+] () () / () ( )[] () () / ()
[+] [+] () () / () [+] () () / ()
, , -, , . , (., (6)), . H , - (), ( ) , , . , (), , ( ), .
4.3.1
, , , , . - , (
34
-
), , .
. :
(9) . .. .. .. .
(9) - . , (9). , (9). ( ) (9).
, . , :
(10) , .
, , .
4.3.2 :
, (11), :
(11)
[] [] [+]
[+] []
[+] [+] [+]
, (., ). , .2 , , - .
, , , - , , . , , , . , -, . , , , , , . - (12):
2 .
35
-
(12) . + [][]
(.., ):
(i) , . [](ii) 20 . []
. + [+][]
(.., ):
(i) . [](ii) . [](iii) ; [](iv) 100 . [](v) ! []
. + [][+]
(.., ):
(i) , . [ , ]
(ii) , . [](iii) ; [](iv) . [](v) . []
. + [+][+]
(.., ):
(i) . [ ]
. + [+][]
(.., ):
(i) . [](ii) . [](iii) . []
. + [+][+]
(.., ):
(i) . [ , ]
(ii) . [ ]
, , (.,(13)), (., (14)) .
(13) :. . []. ; [ ]. ; [ ]. . []
36
-
(14) :. . [ ]. , , .
[ ]. . [ ( ) ]. . [ ]. . [ ]. . [ ( )]. , . [/]. . []. . [/]. ; []. . [/]. :
(i) , , ( ):. / .. / .
(ii) ( ):. .
(iii) ( , ()/):. .
(iv) ( , ):. .. .
(v) ( , , , ):. / .. .. .
(vi) ( , ):. .. , .
4.3.3 :
:
(15)
[] [] [+]
[+] []
[+] [+] [+]
37
-
(15), , .
, - ( ), , . - (16):
(16) . . []
. . []
. . []
, - , . , ( ) , , ,... , () (). , (15), - , , (16).
, , :
(17) . : . .
. : . .
. : . .
. : ;
, , (., (18)), (., (19)):
(18) :. . []
. ; [ ]
. ; [ ]
. . []
(19) :. .
[ ]
. , , .[ ]
38
-
. , .[ ( ) ]
. . [ ]
. . [ ]
. . [ ( )]
. . [/]
. . []
. , . [/]
. . []
. . [/]
. :(i) , , ...:
. .. .
(ii) ( ):. .. .. .
(iii) :. .. .
(iv) :. .. .
(v) :. .. .
(vi) :. .. .. .
(vii) :. .. .
(viii) :. .
(ix) / :. .
(x) , , ...:. .. .
39
-
4.3.4 :
, - , , , ..
, , / (, ). : ) ) , .
, , , , . , : ) ) . , .
, . , - , (., (20)), (., (20)), (., (20)):
(20) . .
. .
. .
, , , - .
- :
(21) . .
. .
. * .
. * .
, (., (21)), (., (21)).
:
(22) . .
. * .
. * .
, (21), , (21), .
, . , :
40
-
(23) . ( ) ( ).
. .
(23) , (23) . , :
(24) . * .
. .
(24) , (24), .
:
(25) . .
. .
. .
.
41
