07 Bleacher

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STANDARD FOR BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND

TELESCOPIC SEATING, AND GRANDSTANDS

ICC 300-2007American National Standard

CC-07-028_BleacherStandard_no spine 25 bleed.qxp 5/7/2007 11:33 AM Page 1

STANDARD FOR BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND

TELESCOPIC SEATING, AND GRANDSTANDS

ICC 300-2007American National Standard

International Code Council

500 New Jersey Avenue, NW, 6th Floor

Washington, D.C. 20001

Approved January 29, 2007

American National Standard Institute

25 West 43rd Street

New York, NY 10036

2007 ICC Standard on Bleachers, Folding and Telescopic Seating, and Grandstands

(ICC 300-2007 IS-BLE)

First Printing: May 2007Second Printing: December 2007

Third Printing: April 2008

ISBN: 978-1-58001-562-2

COPYRIGHT © 2007by

International Code Council, Inc.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This 2007 ICC® Standard on Bleachers, Folding and Telescopic Seating, and Grandstands is a copy-righted work owned by the International Code Council, Inc. Without advance written permission from the copyright owner, no partof this book may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic,optical or mechanical means (by way of example, and not limitation, photocopying, or recording by or in an information storageretrieval system). For information on permission to copy material exceeding fair use, please contact: Publications, 4051 W.Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478-5795.

Trademarks: “ICC,” the International Code Council logo and “Standard on Bleachers, Folding and Telescopic Seating, and Grandstands” (ICC300-2007) are trademarks of the International Code Council, Inc.

PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.

AmericanNationalStandard

Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus andother criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer.

Consensus is established when in the judgement of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reachedby directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarilyunanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolu-tion.

The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whetherhe or she has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing or using products, processes or proceduresnot conforming to the standards.

The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of anyAmerican National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an AmericanNational Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to thesecretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard.

CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the AmericanNational Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise or withdraw this standard. Purchasers ofAmerican National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Stan-dards Institute.

ICC STANDARD ON BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, AND GRANDSTANDS iii

iv ICC STANDARD ON BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, AND GRANDSTANDS

FOREWORD

Introduction

In March 2000, the ICC Board of Directors, responding to a need highlighted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission’s(CPSC) Roundtable in December 1999 on Bleachers and Grandstands, appointed a consensus committee to develop a standard tocover new and existing installations of all types of bleachers and bleacher-type seating, including fixed and folding bleachersintended for indoor, outdoor, temporary and permanent use. This followed the submission of a bill to the U.S. House of Representa-tives entitled the Bleacher Safety Act of 1999 (H.R. 836), which authorized the CPSC to issue a standard for bleacher safety.

Development

ICC 300-2007 has been developed utilizing a consensus process under the provisions of the ICC Consensus Procedures, datedANSI approved July 2005. The ICC Consensus Committee on Bleacher Safety (IS-BLE) was established. The meetings of theIS-BLE Consensus Committee were open to the public and interested individuals and organizations from across the country partici-pated. Views and objections were solicited through public proposal and comment periods. All views and objections were consid-ered by the consensus committee and an effort was made toward their resolution. A vote by the consensus committee approved thispublication.

The technical content of currently published codes and documents on bleachers was reviewed and considered by the committee.While there were many similarities among the documents reviewed, there were marked philosophical differences that were consid-ered carefully by the committee. The requirements in ICC 300-2007 are based on the intent to establish provisions consistent withthe scope of the ICC family of codes and standards that adequately protect public health, safety and welfare; provisions that do notnecessarily increase construction costs; provisions that do not restrict the use of new materials, products or methods of constructionand provisions that do not give preferential treatment to particular types or classes of materials, products or methods of construction.

Adoption

The ICC 300-2007 edition will be made available for adoption and use by jurisdictions internationally. Its use within a governmentaljurisdiction is intended to be accomplished through adoption by reference in accordance with proceedings establishing the jurisdic-tion’s laws. At the time of adoption, jurisdictions should insert the appropriate information in provisions requiring specific localinformation, such as the name of the jurisdiction.

International Code Council Consensus Committee on Bleacher Safety (IS-BLE)

Consensus Committee SCOPE: The ICC Consensus Committee on Bleacher Safety (IS-BLE) shall have primary responsibilityfor safety provisions for new and existing installations of all types of bleachers and bleacher-type seating, including fixed and fold-ing bleachers intended for indoor, outdoor, temporary and permanent use.

This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the ICC Consensus Committee on Bleacher Safety (IS-BLE).Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval.

Representatives on the Consensus Committee are classified in one of three voting interest categories. The committee has beenformed in order to achieve consensus as required by ANSI Essential Requirements. At the time it approved this standard, theIS-BLE Consensus Committee consisted of the following members:

General Interest (G) - User Interest (U) - Producer Interest (P)

Stanton M. Alexander (U), North American Testing Company, Daytona Beach, FL

Roger Beu (P), BR Bleachers, Woodstock, IL

Brian Boudreau (P), Hussey Seating Co., North Berwick, ME

Gregory L. Buckner (P), GT Grandstands, Lakeland, FL

Gerard A. Hathaway (G), NYS Department of State Building Codes Division, Albany NY

Wade F. Hill, AIA, (G), Department of Codes Administration, Nashville TN

Anthony C. Meister (U), FP & C Consultants, Inc., Kansas City MO

Thomas Wandrie (G), City of Phoenix Development Services Department, Phoenix AZ

Committee Secretary: Kimberly Paarlberg, RA, Senior Staff Architect, Codes & Standards, International Code Council, CountryClub Hills, IL

ICC STANDARD ON BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, AND GRANDSTANDS v

Voting Membership in Each Category

Interest CategoriesGeneral Interest: Individuals assigned to the General Interestcategory are those who represent the interests of an entity,including an association of such entities, representing the gen-eral public, or entities that promulgate or enforce the provi-sions within the committee scope. These entities includeconsumers and government regulatory agencies.

User Interest: Individuals assigned to the User Interest cate-gory are those who represent the interests of an entity, includ-ing an association of such entities, which is subject to theprovisions or voluntarily utilizes provisions within the com-mittee scope. These entities include academia, appliedresearch laboratory, building owner, design professional, gov-ernment nonregulatory agency, insurance company, privateinspection agency and product certification/evaluation agency.

Producer Interest: Individuals assigned to the Producer Inter-est category are those who represent the interests of an entity,including an association of such entities, which produces,installs or maintains a product, assembly or system subject tothe provisions within the committee scope. These entitiesinclude builder, contractor, distributor, labor, manufacturer,material association, standards promulgator, testing laboratoryand utility.

NOTE — Multiple Interests: Individuals representing enti-ties in more than one of the above interest categories, one ofwhich is a Producer Interest, are assigned to the Producer Inter-est. Individuals representing entities in the General Interest andUser Interest categories are assigned to the User Interest.

vi ICC STANDARD ON BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, AND GRANDSTANDS

FOREWORD

Category Number

General (G) 3

User (U) 2

Producer (P) 3

TOTAL 8

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 APPLICATION ANDADMINISTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Section

101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

102 Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

103 Compliance Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

104 Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

105 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Section

201 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

202 Defined Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

CHAPTER 3 CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Section

301 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

302 Permitted Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

303 Structural Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

304 Interior Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

305 Spaces Beneath Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

306 Clear Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

307 Roof Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

308 Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

309 Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

310 Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

311 Open Spaces Beneath Footboards and Seatboards 6

CHAPTER 4 EGRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Section

401 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

402 Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

403 Occupant Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

404 General Means of Egress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

405 Aisles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

406 Aisle Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

407 Aisle Accessways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

408 Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

409 Handrails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

CHAPTER 5 EXISTING BLEACHERS, FOLDINGAND TELESCOPIC SEATING, ANDGRANDSTANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Section

501 Application and Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

502 Maintenance and Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

503 Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

504 Open Spaces at Footboards and Seatboards. . . . . 14

ICC STANDARD ON BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, AND GRANDSTANDS vii

viii ICC STANDARD ON BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, AND GRANDSTANDS

CHAPTER 1

APPLICATION AND ADMINISTRATION

SECTION 101GENERAL

101.1 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to establish theminimum requirements to safeguard public health, safety andgeneral welfare through structural strength, means of egress fa-cilities, stability, and safety to life and property relative to theconstruction, alteration, repair, operation and maintenance ofnew and existing temporary and permanent bench bleachers,folding and telescopic seating and grandstands. This standardis intended for adoption by government agencies and organiza-tions setting model codes to achieve uniformity in technical de-sign criteria in building codes and other regulations.

SECTION 102APPLICABILITY

102.1 Applicability. The construction of new temporary andpermanent bleachers, folding and telescopic seating and grand-stands shall comply with Chapters 1 through 4. Existing tem-porary and permanent installations shall comply with Chapters1, 2 and 5. Temporary installations are those that are erected fora period of less than 180 days in a calendar year.

SECTION 103COMPLIANCE ALTERNATIVES

103.1 Compliance alternatives. Nothing in this standard isintended to prevent the use of designs, products or technologiesas alternatives to those prescribed by this standard, whereequivalence is provided, and such equivalence is approved bythe administrative authority adopting this standard.

SECTION 104CONVENTIONS

104.1 Dimensions. Dimensions that are not stated as “maxi-mum” or “minimum” are absolute. All dimensions are subjectto conventional industry tolerances.

SECTION 105INSPECTION

105.1 Required installation and construction inspection.After construction or installation, an inspection shall be per-formed to evaluate compliance with this standard.

105.2 Yearly inspection required. The owner shall cause allbleachers, folding and telescopic seating, and grandstands tobe inspected at least once a year in order to verify that the struc-ture is maintained in compliance with the provisions of thisstandard. All folding and telescopic seating shall also beinspected to evaluate compliance with the manufacturer’s

installation and operational instructions, including aninspection during the opening and closing of such seating.

Exception: Existing installations shall be inspected inaccordance with the provisions of Chapter 5.

ICC STANDARD ON BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, AND GRANDSTANDS 1

2 ICC STANDARD ON BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, AND GRANDSTANDS

CHAPTER 2

DEFINITIONS

SECTION 201GENERAL

201.1 General. For the purpose of this standard, the termslisted in Section 202 have the indicated meaning.

201.2 Undefined terms. The meaning of terms not specificallydefined in this document or in referenced standards shall haveordinarily accepted meanings such as the context implies.

201.3 Interchangeability. Words, terms and phrases used inthe singular include the plural and the plural the singular.

SECTION 202DEFINED TERMS

AISLE. An exit access component that defines and provides apath of egress travel.

AISLE ACCESSWAY. That portion of an exit access thatleads to an aisle.

BLEACHERS. Tiered seating supported on a dedicated struc-tural system and two or more rows high (see "Grandstands").

BUILDING CODE. The locally adopted building code.

CODE OFFICIAL The officer or other designated authoritycharged with the administration and enforcement of this stan-dard, or a duly authorized representative.

ELECTRICAL CODE. The locally adopted electrical code.

EXIT ACCESS. That portion of a means of egress system thatleads to an exit. For the purposes of this standard, aisleaccessways, aisles and cross aisles are considered componentsof exit access.

FIRE CODE. The locally adopted fire code.

FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING. Tiered seatingcapable of being reduced in overall size and shape for purposesof moving or storing.

GRANDSTAND. Tiered seating supported on a dedicatedstructural system and two or more rows high (see "Bleachers").

GUARD. A building component or a system of building com-ponents located at or near the open sides of elevated walkingsurfaces that minimizes the possibility of a fall from the walk-ing surface to a lower level.

HANDRAIL. A horizontal or sloping rail intended for grasp-ing by the hand for guidance or support.

MEANS OF EGRESS. A continuous and unobstructed pathof vertical and horizontal egress travel from any point on ableacher, folding and telescopic seating, and grandstand to apublic way. A means of egress consists of three separate anddistinct parts: exit access, exit and exit discharge.

PRESS BOX. A limited-size structure attached to tiered seat-ing intended for limited use.

RAMP. A walking surface that has a running slope steeper thanone unit vertical in 20 units horizontal.

SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY SEATING. Seatingserved by a means of egress that is not subject to smoke accu-mulation within or under a structure.

TRANSITION AREA. Changes in slope of tiered seatingsections or access to a platform or balcony from tiered seating.


CHAPTER 3

CONSTRUCTION

SECTION 301GENERAL

301.1 General. The construction or installation of new bleach-ers, folding and telescopic seating, and grandstands and pressboxes shall comply with the provisions of this chapter.

301.2 Location on lot. Outdoor installations shall be located atleast 10 feet (3048 mm) from adjacent lot lines and from otherbuildings on the same lot unless the exterior walls and openingsof the adjacent building are protected in accordance with thebuilding code.

SECTION 302PERMITTED MATERIALS

302.1 Combustibility and flame spread. Bleachers, foldingand telescopic seating, and grandstands shall be permitted to beconstructed of combustible or noncombustible materials. Suchinstallations within a building shall not be considered interiorfinish relative to the application of the building code.

302.2 Durability. Materials used in the construction ofoutdoor installations shall be weather resistant. Where wood isused, it shall be naturally durable or preservative-treated woodas defined in the building code or other approved material.Where ferrous metal is used, it shall be protected from corro-sion. Fasteners shall consist of aluminum or other approvedcorrosion-resistant materials or shall be provided withapproved corrosion-resistant coatings such as copper or zinc.

302.3 Interior corrosive environment. Installations locatedin interior corrosive environments, such as those located inconjunction with indoor pools, shall be corrosion resistant.

SECTION 303STRUCTURAL DESIGN

303.1 Design. The structural design shall be in accordancewith the building code.

303.2 Loads. Bleachers, folding and telescopic seating, andgrandstands shall be designed for a uniform live load of 100pounds per square foot (psf) (4788 Pa). Press boxes shall bedesigned for a uniform live load of 50 psf (2394 Pa). The com-ponents of the installation shall be designed to support theloads listed in Table 303.2.

303.3 Other loads. Bleachers, folding and telescopic seatingand grandstands, and press boxes and platforms attached tosuch installations, subject to wind, snow, seismic and otherloads, shall be designed in accordance with the building code.

303.4 Stress increases. Where handrails and guards aredesigned in accordance with the provisions for allowable stressdesign (working stress design) exclusively for the loads speci-fied in Section 303.2, allowable stress for the members andtheir attachments is permitted to be increased by one-third.Stresses permitted in the design standards of the various mate-rials shall be permitted to be increased by one-third due to swayor wind loads or by a combination of sway or wind loads andvertical loads, provided that no such increases shall be allowedfor stresses due to vertical loads alone. All other allowablestress increases relative to the design of the installation shall bein accordance with the building code.

303.5 Deflections. Live load deflection of structural membersshall be limited to 1/200 of the span.

Exception: Deflection of members in folding and tele-scopic seating shall not be limited.


TABLE 303.2DESIGN LOADS

TIERED SEATING ELEMENT LOAD

Seats (vertical) 120 pounds per linear foot.

Horizontal sway loads24 pounds per linear foot parallel to the seats and 10 pounds per linear foot perpendicular to the seats.These loads need not be assumed to act concurrently and need not be applied simultaneously with otherlateral forces such as wind or seismic loads.

Treads Stair treads and aisle stair treads shall be designed to resist a minimum concentrated load of 300 pounds onan area of 4 square inches.

Handrails and guards, uniformload

Handrail assemblies and guards shall be designed to resist a load of 50 pounds per linear foot (pound perfoot) applied in any direction at the top. The supporting elements shall transfer this load to the structure.

Handrails and guards,concentrated load

Handrail assemblies and guards shall be able to resist a single concentrated load of 200 pounds, applied inany direction at any point along the top. Attachment devices and supporting elements shall transfer thisload to the structure. This load need not be assumed to act concurrently with the uniform load.

Guards, infill components

Intermediate rails (all those except the handrail), balusters and panel fillers shall be designed to withstand ahorizontally applied normal load of 50 pounds on an area equal to 1 square foot, including openings andspace between rails. Reactions due to this loading are not required to be superimposed with the uniformloads or concentrated loads.

For SI: 1 square inch = 645.46 mm2, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2, 1 pound = 4.448 N, 1 pound per linear foot = 14.594 N/m.

303.6 Foundations. A foundation, designed to support allloads, shall be provided as required by the building code.

Exception: Outdoor installations that are directly sup-ported on the ground that is adequate to support the super-imposed loads.

SECTION 304INTERIOR INSTALLATIONS

304.1 Interior installations. Interior installations shall be sup-ported on building facility floors. Folding or telescopic seatingshall be supported on building facility floors specificallydesigned to accommodate both the live and dead loads associ-ated with the movement of such installations.

SECTION 305SPACES BENEATH SEATS

305.1 Spaces beneath seats. Spaces beneath or adjacent toseating structures shall comply with the building code and firecode.

SECTION 306CLEAR HEIGHT

306.1 Clear height. The clear height of aisle accessways,aisles and portions of the means of egress system shall be aminimum of 80 inches (2032 mm).

SECTION 307ROOF HEIGHT

307.1 Roof height. A smoke-protected assembly seating areawith a roof shall have the lowest portion of the roof deck notless than 15 feet (4572 mm) above the highest aisle or aisleaccessway.

Exception: A roof canopy above an outdoor installationshall be permitted to be less than 15 feet (4572 mm) abovethe highest aisle or aisle accessway provided that there areno objects less than 80 inches (2032 mm) above the highestaisle or aisle accessway.

SECTION 308ELECTRICAL

308.1 Electrical. The electrical system shall comply with theelectrical code.

SECTION 309FIRE PROTECTION

309.1 Fire protection. Fire protection systems shall be pro-vided where required by the building code.

SECTION 310ACCESSIBILITY

310.1 Accessibility. Tiered seating shall be accessible asrequired by the building code.

SECTION 311OPEN SPACES BENEATH FOOTBOARDS AND

SEATBOARDS311.1 Open spaces at footboards and seatboards. Where anopening between the seatboard and footboard is located morethan 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or ground below, theopening shall be closed with construction such that a4-inch-diameter (102 mm) sphere cannot pass through.


CONSTRUCTION

CHAPTER 4

EGRESS

SECTION 401GENERAL

401.1 General. The means of egress for new bleachers, foldingand telescopic seating, and grandstands shall comply with thischapter.

SECTION 402TRAVEL

402.1 Exit access. Travel within tiered seating shall be consid-ered exit access. Exit access includes aisles, cross-aisles,sloped or level walking surfaces, vomitories, tunnels, stairs andramps connecting the tiered seating structure to other portionsof a building, structure or grade.

SECTION 403OCCUPANT LOAD

403.1 Occupant load. Where bench seating is used, the num-ber of persons shall be based on one person for each 18 inches(457 mm) of length of the bench. Where individual seats areprovided, the occupant load shall be based on one person perseat. The occupant load of reviewing stands and press boxesshall be based on 5 square feet (0.465 m2) per person for stand-ing space and 7 square feet (0.65 m2) per person for movablechair seating space. The occupant load for security, audio andcamera platforms shall be based on the actual number of occu-pants.

SECTION 404GENERAL MEANS OF EGRESS

404.1 Minimum number of exits. The minimum number ofexits shall be provided from the seating area based on the fol-lowing occupant loads and in accordance with the calculatedwidth requirement for egress capacity in Section 404.5.

OCCUPANT LOAD REQUIRED MEANS OF EGRESS

0-250 1

251-750 2

751- 2,500 3

Over 2,500 4

404.2 Room or space means of egress. Rooms or spaces inwhich tiered seating is located shall be provided with therequired means of egress in accordance with the building code.

404.3 Exterior installations. For exterior installations wherethe means of egress converges, a minimum of two egress pathsshall be provided, sized to accommodate the occupant loadserved. Where the exit discharge does not lead directly to astreet or public way, it shall lead to an area of refuge sized to

contain the full capacity and located a minimum of 50 feet (15240 mm) from the structure.

404.4 Travel distance. For installations located inside a build-ing, the travel distance from each seat to an exit shall complywith the building code. For exterior installations, the travel dis-tance from each seat to the perimeter of the seating structureshall not exceed 400 feet (122 m). Where aisles are providedfor seating, the distance shall be measured along the aisles andaisle accessway without travel over or on the seats.

404.5 Required width. The clear width of aisles and othermeans of egress for indoor smoke-protected assembly seatingshall not be less than the occupant load served by the egress ele-ments multiplied by the appropriate factor in Table 404.5(1).The clear width of aisles and other means of egress for indoorassembly seating that is not smoke protected shall not be lessthan the occupant load served by the egress elements multi-plied by the appropriate factor in Table 404.5(2). The clearwidth of aisles and other means of egress for outdoorsmoke-protected assembly seating shall not be less than theoccupant load served by the egress elements multiplied by theappropriate factor in Table 404.5(3). The total number of seatsspecified shall be those within the space exposed to the sameenvironment.

Aisles shall also comply with Section 405. The clear widthshall be measured to walls, edges of seating and tread edgesexcept for permitted projections. There shall be no obstructionsin the required width of aisles except for handrails as providedin Section 409.7.

SECTION 405AISLES

405.1 Aisles. The minimum width of aisles shall be in accor-dance with Section 404.5, but not less than that required by thissection. An aisle is not required in seating facilities where all ofthe following conditions exist.

1. Seats are without backrests.

2. The rise from row to row does not exceed 6 inches (152mm) per row.

3. The row spacing does not exceed 28 inches (711 mm)unless the seatboards and footboards are at the same ele-vation.

4. The number of rows does not exceed 16 rows in height.

5. The first seating board is not more than 12 inches (305mm) above the ground or floor below or a cross aisle.

6. Seatboards have a continuous flat surface.

7. Seatboards provide a walking surface with a minimumwidth of 11 inches (279 mm).

8. Egress from seating is not restricted by rails, guards orother obstructions.



EGRESS

TABLE 404.5(1)WIDTH OF AISLES AND MEANS OF EGRESS FOR INDOOR SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY SEATING

TOTAL NUMBER OF SEATS IN THESMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY

OCCUPANCY

INCHES OF CLEAR WIDTH PER SEAT SERVED

Stairs and aisle steps withhandrails within 30 inches

Stairs and aisle steps withouthandrails within 30 inches

Passageways, doorwaysand ramps not steeper

than in 1:10 slopeRamps steeper

than in 1:10 slope

Equal to or less than 5,000 0.200 0.250 0.150 0.165

10,000 0.130 0.163 0.100 0.110

15,000 0.096 0.120 0.070 0.077

20,000 0.076 0.095 0.056 0.062

Equal to or greater than 25,000 0.060 0.075 0.044 0.048

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.Note: Interpolation is permitted between specific values shown.

TABLE 404.5(2)

WIDTH OF AISLES AND MEANS OF EGRESS

FOR INDOOR NONSMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY SEATING

TOTAL NUMBER OF SEATS INTHE NONSMOKE-PROTECTED

ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCY


Stairs andaislestepswith

handrailswithin 30

inches

Stairs andaisle steps

withouthandrailswithin 30

inchesPassageways, doorways and ramps not steeper than in 1:10

slopeRamps steeper

than in 1:10 slope

All seating configurations 0.3 0.375 0.2 0.22

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.Note: The values in the table are applicable to steps with riser heights of 7 inches and below. Add 0.005 inch of additional stair width for each occupant for eachadditional 0.10 inch of riser height above 7 inches.

TABLE 404.5(3)WIDTH OF AISLES AND MEANS OF EGRESS FOR OUTDOOR SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY SEATING

TOTAL NUMBER OF SEATS INTHE SMOKE-PROTECTEDASSEMBLY OCCUPANCY


Stairs andaisle

steps withhandrailswithin 30

inches

Stairs andaisle steps

withouthandrailswithin 30

inchesPassageways, doorways and ramps not steeper than in 1:10

slopeRamps steeper

than in 1:10 slope

Equal to or less than 15,000 0.080 0.080 0.060 0.066

20,000 0.076 0.095 0.056 0.062

Equal to or greater than25,000 0.060 0.075 0.044 0.048

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.Note: Interpolation is permitted between specific values shown.

405.2 Minimum aisle width. The minimum clear width ofaisles shall be as follows.

1. Forty-eight inches (1219 mm) for aisle stairs havingseating on each side.

Exception: Thirty-six inches (914 mm) where theaisle serves less than 50 seats.

2. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) for aisle stairs having seatingon only one side.

3. Twenty-three inches (584 mm) between an aisle stairhandrail or guard and seating where the aisle has amid-aisle handrail.

4. Forty-two inches (1067 mm) for level or ramped aisleshaving seating on both sides.

Exceptions:

1. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) where the aisle servesless than 50 seats.

2. Thirty inches (762 mm) where the aisle does notserve more than 14 seats.

5. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) for level or ramped aisleshaving seating on only one side.

Exceptions:

1. Thirty inches (762 mm) where the aisle does notserve more than 14 seats.

2. Twenty-three inches (584 mm) between an aislestair handrail and seating where an aisle does notserve more than five rows on one side.

405.3 Aisle width. The aisle width shall provide sufficientegress capacity for the number of persons accommodated bythe catchment area served by the aisle in accordance with Sec-tion 404.5. The catchment area served by an aisle is that portionof the total space that is served by that section of the aisle. Inestablishing catchment areas, the assumption shall be madethat there is a balanced use of all means of egress, with the num-ber of persons in proportion to egress capacity.

405.4 Converging aisles. Where aisles converge to form a sin-gle path of egress travel, the required egress capacity of thatpath shall not be less than the combined required capacity ofthe converging aisles.

405.5 Uniform width. Those portions of aisles, where egressis possible in either of two directions, shall be uniform inrequired width.

405.6 Dead ends. The length of a dead-end aisle shall notexceed 16 rows in nonsmoke-protected assembly seating and21 rows in smoke-protected assembly seating.

Exceptions: Dead-end aisles terminating at a cross aisle orvomitory providing access to an exit at only one end andcomplying with any one of the following shall be permitted.

1. In nonsmoke-protected assembly seating,dead-end aisles exceeding 16 rows are permittedwhere seats beyond the 16th row are no more than24 seats from another aisle, measured along a rowof seats having an aisle accessway with a mini-mum clear width of 12 inches (305 mm) plus 0.6

inch (15.2 mm) for each additional seat beyondseven in the row.

2. For smoke-protected seating, dead-end aislesexceeding 21 rows are permitted where seatsbeyond the 21st row are no more than 40 seatsfrom another aisle, measured along a row of seatshaving an aisle accessway with a minimum clearwidth of 12 inches (305 mm) plus 0.3 inch (15.2mm) for each additional seat beyond seven in therow.

405.6.1 Dead-end cross aisles. Dead-end cross aisles shall notexceed 20 feet (6096 mm).

SECTION 406AISLE STAIRS

406.1 Treads and risers. Aisle stairs shall consist of a series oftreads and risers that extend across the full width of the aisle.Aisle stairs shall be constructed in accordance with the require-ments of this section.

406.2 Tread depth. Tread depth shall be a minimum of 11inches (279 mm). The tolerance between adjacent treads shallnot exceed 0.188 inch (408 mm).

406.3 Tread construction. Treads constructed of more thantwo elements shall not have a gap of more than 0.25 inch (6.4mm) between adjacent tread surfaces. Treads constructed ofgrating shall not permit a sphere of 0.25 inch (6.4 mm) in diam-eter to pass through.

406.4 Riser height. Riser height shall be not less than 4 inches(102 mm) nor more than 8 inches (203 mm).

Exception: Riser height not exceeding 9 inches (229 mm)shall be permitted where necessitated by the slope of theadjacent seating areas to maintain sightlines.

406.5 Riser construction. Risers shall be of solid construc-tion.

Exceptions:

1. Openings in risers are permitted provided the openingdoes not exceed 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) in height andwidth.

2. Solid risers are not required in telescopic and foldingseating where necessary to maintain opening and closingoperational clearances.

406.6 Dimensional uniformity. Stair treads and risers shall beof uniform size and shape. The tolerance between the largestand smallest riser or between the largest and smallest treadshall not exceed 0.375 inch (9.5 mm) in any flight of stairs.

Exception: Treads and risers in transition areas and para-bolic seating configurations in accordance with Section406.6.1.

406.6.1 Tread and riser nonuniformity permitted. Treadsand risers located in transition areas between adjacent tieredseating elements, parabolic seating configurations or onto oroff of tiered seating are not required to be of uniform depth orheight where a mid-aisle handrail is provided. The handrailshall meet the requirements of Section 409. Mid-aisle handrails


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in transition areas shall extend the full length of the transitionand a minimum of one tread depth, parallel to the run of theaisle stairs, above and below the uppermost and lowermostriser in the transition. Where extensions of the aisle handrailinterfere with adjacent means of egress, the handrail extensionshall terminate at the riser.

406.6.2 Tread marking stripe. Where tread or risernonuniformity exceeds 0.188 inch (4.8 mm), a distinctivemarking stripe shall be provided on each tread adjacent to thenonuniform tread or riser. The marking shall be provided oneach tread at the nosing or leading edge such that the location ofeach tread is readily apparent when viewed in descent. Suchstripe shall be a minimum of 1 inch (25 mm) wide and a maxi-mum of 3 inches (76 mm) wide.

Exception: The contrasting marking stripe is permitted tobe omitted where tread surfaces are such that the location ofeach tread is readily apparent when viewed in descent.

SECTION 407AISLE ACCESSWAYS

407.1 Required aisle accessways. Aisle accessways shall beprovided above the first row of seating. Aisle accesswayslocated more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor orground below shall be constructed such that openings shall notallow the passage of a sphere greater than 4 inches (102 mm) indiameter. Where bleacher-type seating is utilized, such seatsshall be a minimum depth of 9 inches (229 mm).

407.2 Minimum width. Where seating rows have 14 or fewerseats, the minimum clear aisle accessway width shall not beless than 12 inches (305 mm) measured as the clear horizontaldistance from the back of the row ahead and the nearest projec-tion of the row behind. Where chairs have automatic or self-ris-ing seats, the measurement shall be made with seats in theraised position. Where any chair in the row does not have anautomatic or self-rising seat, the measurements shall be madewith the seat in the down position. For seats with folding tabletarms, row spacing shall be determined with the tablet armdown.

407.3 Dual access. For rows of seating served by aisles ordoorways at both ends, there shall not be more than 100 seatsper row. The minimum clear width of 12 inches (305 mm)between rows shall be increased by 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) for everyadditional seat beyond 14, but the minimum clear width is notrequired to exceed 22 inches (559 mm).

Exceptions:

1. For smoke-protected assembly seating, the row lengthlimits for a 12-inch-wide (305 mm) aisle accessway,beyond which the aisle accessway minimum clear widthshall be increased in accordance with Section 407.5.

2. Where seats are without backrests, 21 seats betweenaisles shall be permitted with a minimum clear width of12 inches (305 mm).

407.4 Single access. For rows of seating served by an aisle ordoorway at only one end of the row, the minimum clear widthof 12 inches (305 mm) between rows shall be increased by 0.6inch (15.2 mm) for every additional seat beyond seven seats,

but the minimum clear width is not required to exceed 22inches (559 mm). The path of egress travel, however, shall notexceed 30 feet (9144 mm) from any seat to a point where a per-son has a choice of two paths of egress travel to two exits.Where one of the two paths of travel is across the aisle througha row of seats to another aisle, there shall not be more than 24seats between the two aisles; and the minimum clear widthbetween rows for the row between the two aisles shall be 12inches (305 mm) plus 0.6 inch (15.2 mm) for each additionalseat above seven in the row between aisles.

Exceptions:

1. For smoke-protected assembly seating, the row lengthlimits for a 12-inch-wide (305 mm) aisle accessway,beyond which the aisle accessway minimum clear widthshall be increased, are in Table 407.5.

2. Where seats are without backrests, a maximum of 10seats to an aisle shall be permitted with a minimum clearwidth of 12 inches (305 mm).

3. In smoke-protected assembly seating, the path of egresstravel shall not exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm) from any seatto a point where a person has a choice of two paths ofegress travel to two exits.

407.5 Smoke-protected aisle accessways. The design ofsmoke-protected aisle accessways shall comply with Table407.5.

SECTION 408GUARDS

408.1 Required guards. Guards shall be provided in the fol-lowing areas.

1. Along open-sided walking surfaces, cross aisles, steppedaisles, ramps and landings of tiered seating areas whichare located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above thefloor or grade below. Such guards shall be not less than42 inches (1067 mm) high, measured vertically abovethe leading edge of the tread, adjacent walking surface oradjacent bench seat.

Exception: A guard is not required where the tieredseating is located adjacent to a wall and the spacebetween the wall and the tiered seating is less than 4inches (102 mm).

2. Where an elevation change of 30 inches (762 mm) or lessoccurs between a cross aisle and the adjacent floor orgrade below, guards not less than 26 inches (660 mm)above the aisle floor shall be provided.

Exception: Where the backs of seats on the front ofthe cross aisle project 24 inches (610 mm) or moreabove the adjacent floor of the aisle, a guard need notbe provided.

3. A guard shall be provided for the full width of an aislewhere the lowest point of the aisle is more than 30 inches(762 mm) above the floor or ground below. The guardshall be a minimum of 36 inches (914 mm) high and shallprovide a minimum 42 inches (1067 mm) measured


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diagonally between the top of the rail and the nosing ofthe nearest aisle step.

4. Unless subject to the requirements of Item 3, a guardwith a minimum height of 26 inches (660 mm) shall beprovided where the floor or footboard elevation is morethan 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade belowand the guard would otherwise interfere with thesightlines of immediately adjacent seating.

408.2 Opening limitations. Open guards shall be constructedof materials such that a 4-inch-diameter (102 mm) sphere can-not pass through any opening up to a height of 34 inches (864mm). From a height of 34 inches (864 mm) to 42 inches (1067mm) above the adjacent walking surfaces, a sphere 8 inches(203 mm) in diameter shall not pass.

Exceptions:

1. The triangular opening formed by the riser, tread andbottom rail at the open side of an aisle stair or tieredseating shall be of a maximum size such that a sphereof 6 inches (152 mm) in diameter cannot pass throughthe opening.

2. Guards at the end of aisles where they terminate at afascia of boxes, balconies and galleries shall have bal-usters or ornamental patterns such that a 4-inch-diam-eter (102 mm) sphere cannot pass through anyopening up to a height of 26 inches (660 mm). From aheight of 26 inches (660 mm) or greater above theadjacent walking surfaces, a sphere 8 inches (203mm) in diameter shall not pass.

3. The opening limitation shall not apply to guardsrequired in accordance with Item 2 of Section 408.1.

408.3 Guard design. Guards and their attachment shall bedesigned to resist the loads indicated in Section 303.

SECTION 409HANDRAILS

409.1 Required handrails. Where seats are located on bothsides of an aisle stair, a minimum of one mid-aisle handrailshall be provided. Where seats are located on one side of anaisle stair, a minimum of one handrail shall be provided on theside of the stair where there are no seats.

Exception: A handrail is not required for an aisle stair serv-ing a single row of seating.

409.1.1 Mid-aisle handrails. Where there is seating onboth sides of the aisle, the mid-aisle handrails shall bediscontinuous with gaps or breaks at intervals notexceeding five rows to facilitate access to seating andpermit crossing from one side of the aisle to the other.These gaps or breaks shall have a clear width of at least22 inches (559 mm) and not greater than 36 inches (914mm), measured horizontally, and the handrail shall haverounded terminations or bends. Such discontinuitiesshall also be permitted where there is seating on one orboth sides of the aisle, and where there are no guardrailscomplying with the graspability requirements for hand-rails. An additional rail shall be provided below thehandrail, located parallel to, and approximately 12inches (305 mm) below, the handrail. The additional railneed not comply with the graspability provisions of Sec-tion 409.3.

409.2 Height. Handrail height, measured above aisle stairtread nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 34 inches (864mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm).

409.3 Graspability. Handrails with a circular cross sectionshall have an outside diameter of at least 1.25 inches (32 mm)and not greater than 2 inches (51 mm) or shall provide equiva-lent graspability. If the handrail is not circular, it shall have a


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TABLE 407.5SMOKE-PROTECTED AISLE ACCESSWAYS

TOTAL NUMBER OF SEATS IN THE SMOKE PROTECTEDASSEMBLY OCCUPANCY

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SEATS PER ROW PERMITTED TO HAVE A MINIMUM12-INCH CLEAR WIDTH AISLE ACCESSWAY

Aisle or doorway at both ends of row Aisle or doorway at one end of row only

Less than 4,000 14 7

4,000 15 7

7,000 16 8

10,000 17 8

13,000 18 9

16,000 19 9

19,000 20 10

22,000 and greater 21 11

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

perimeter dimension of at least 4 inches (102 mm) and notgreater than 6.25 inches (159 mm) with a maximum cross-sec-tion dimension of 2.25 inches (57 mm). Edges shall have a min-imum radius of 0.01 inch (3.2 mm).

409.4 Continuity. Handrail-gripping surfaces shall be contin-uous, without interruption by newel posts or other obstruc-tions.

Exceptions:

1. Mid-aisle handrails in accordance with Section409.1.1.

2. Handrail brackets or balusters attached to the bottomsurface of the handrail that do not project horizontallybeyond the sides of the handrail within 1.5 inches (38mm) of the bottom of the handrail shall not be consid-ered to be obstructions.

409.5 Handrail termination. Handrails located on the side ofan aisle stair shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surfaceor shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent aisle stairflight.

409.5.1 Mid-aisle handrail termination. Mid-aisle handrailsshall not extend beyond the lowest riser and shall terminatewithin 30 inches (762 mm), measured horizontally, from theface of the lowest riser. Handrail extensions are not required.

409.6 Clearance. Clear space between a handrail and a wall orother surface shall be a minimum of 1.5 inches (38 mm). Ahandrail and a wall or other surface adjacent to the handrailshall be free of any sharp or abrasive elements.

409.7 Projections. Projections into the required width at eachhandrail shall not exceed 4.5 inches (11.4 mm) at or below thehandrail height.

409.8 Handrail design. Handrails and their attachment shallbe designed to resist the loads indicated in Section 303.


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CHAPTER 5

EXISTING BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING,AND GRANDSTANDS

SECTION 501APPLICATION AND ADMINISTRATION

501.1 General. Existing bleachers, folding and telescopicseating, and grandstands that exist prior to the adoption of thisstandard shall comply with this chapter and the applicable pro-visions of Chapter 1.

Exception: Tiered seating where the top of footboards,seatboards, aisles and cross aisles are not more than 30inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below, unlessjudged by the code official to represent a distinct hazard.

501.2 Inspection. All existing tiered seating shall be inspectedand evaluated at least once a year by a qualified person for com-pliance with the provisions of this chapter. All folding and tele-scopic seating shall be inspected to evaluate compliance withthe manufacturer's installation and operational instructions,including an inspection during the opening and closing of suchseating.

501.3 Violations. Where deficiencies are identified, the ownershall have until [DATE TO BE INSERTED BY JURISDIC-TION] to abate the unsafe condition as deemed necessary bythe code official.

501.4 Alterations. Alterations to any tiered seating shall con-form with the requirements of this standard for new construc-tion. Portions of the structure not altered and not affected by thealteration are not required to comply with the requirements inthis standard for a new structure.

SECTION 502MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS

502.1 Structural. Existing tiered seating shall be maintainedstructurally sound as follows.

1. Components or fasteners shall not be broken, damaged,badly deteriorated or missing.

2. Adequate bearing shall be provided. The structure shallbear uniformly on the floor or ground in a manner so as tosafely support the structure.

3. All components and systems shall be in proper workingcondition.

502.2 Durability. Materials used in the construction of out-door installations shall be weather resistant. Where wood isused, it shall be naturally durable or preservative-treated woodas defined in the building code or other approved material.Where ferrous metal is used, it shall be protected from corro-sion. Fasteners shall consist of aluminum or other approvedcorrosion-resistant materials or shall be provided withapproved corrosion-resistant coatings such as copper or zinc.

502.3 Interior corrosive environment. Installations locatedin interior corrosive environments, such as those located inconjunction with indoor pools, shall be corrosion resistant.

502.4 Spaces beneath seats. Spaces beneath or adjacent toseating structures shall comply with the building code and firecode.

SECTION 503GUARDS

503.1 Required guards. Guards shall be provided in the fol-lowing areas.

1. Along open-sided walking surfaces, cross aisles, steppedaisles, ramps and landings of tiered seating areas whichare located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above thefloor or grade below. Such guards shall be not less than36 inches (1067 mm) high, measured vertically abovethe leading edge of the tread, adjacent walking surface orcenter of adjacent bench seat.

Exceptions:

1. Where the uppermost seat is located less than orequal to 55 inches (1397 mm) above the floor orground below.

2. Where located adjacent to a wall and the spacebetween the wall and the tiered seating is less than4 inches (102 mm).

2. Unless subject to the requirements of Item 3, a guardwith a minimum height of 26 inches (660 mm) shall beprovided where the floor or footboard elevation is morethan 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade belowand the guard would otherwise interfere with thesightlines of immediately adjacent seating.

3. A guard shall be provided for the full width of the aislewhere the foot of the aisle is more than 30 inches (762mm) above the floor or ground below. The guard shall bea minimum of 36 inches (914 mm) high.

503.2 Opening limitations. Open guards shall be constructedof materials such that a 4-inch-diameter (102 mm) sphere can-not pass through any opening.

Exception: The triangular opening formed by the riser,tread and bottom rail at the open side of an aisle stair ortiered seating shall be of a maximum size such that a sphereof 6 inches (152 mm) in diameter cannot pass through theopening.

503.3 Guard design. Guards and their attachment shall bedesigned to resist the loads indicated in Section 303.


SECTION 504OPEN SPACES AT FOOTBOARDS AND

SEATBOARDS504.1 Open spaces at footboards and seatboards. Where anopening between the seatboard and footboard is located morethan 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or ground below, theopening shall be closed with construction such that a4-inch-diameter (102 mm) sphere cannot pass through.

Exception: Where the uppermost seat is located less than orequal to 55 inches (1397 mm) above the floor or groundbelow.


EXISTING BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, AND GRANDSTANDS

07 Bleacher

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