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Internet and Educational Research
Image Geralt at pixabay.com
First used in February 2014
in an MA course
Dr Palitha EdirisinghaInstitute of Learning InnovationUniversity of Leicester105, Princess Road EastLeicester LE1 7LG- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Tel: +44 (0)116 252 3753Mobile: +44 (0)7525 246592Email: [email protected]
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Session objectives
1. To raise awareness of the use of Internet for data collection for educational research
2. To be familiar with internet-based tools used for collecting data for educational research
3. To consider links between internet-based data collection methods specific ethical issues
4. To consider how ethical issues relating to Internet research might differ from research in traditional settings.
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Responses from the class[10 mins]
• Familiarity with / awareness of research projects in which the internet has played some role?
• Familiarity with data collection methods?
• Plans for using the Internet for data collection?
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Image Geralt at pixabay.com
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1. Educational research and the Internet
• The relationship between internet and educational research
• Definition of terms• Internet-mediated
data collection methods
• Rationale for using them
• Issues, ethics4
OpenClips
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Caution!‘In thinking about technological innovations in social research, it seems important to steer a path between a number of different positions. Quite obviously one of these is the kind of naïve enthusiasm that is largely a matter of being in thrall to the latest fads. The newness of a method can lead to unthinking application and a distancing of users from the craft aspects of a particular methodological approach. Hine (2005) notes that areas that are new, as the Internet was in the 1990s, tend to attract hype and undiscriminating enthusiasm. One implication here might be that new methods are used, not because they are appropriate to particular situations, but because they are easy, novel and fashionable’
(Lee et al., 2008: 6).
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Caution!
‘It is important methodologically to assess what we gain and what we lose with any new way of doing things’.
‘Any assessment of Internet methodologies needs to be sober enough to undermine exaggerated claims, but open-minded enough to spot potentially where it exists.’
6(Lee et al., 2008: 6).
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Internet in social science research
Examples from / for educational research?
‘A major data resource’ Databases / achieves:http://www.data-archive.ac.uk/Department of Education (http://www.education.gov.uk/researchandstatistics)
‘A lens through which to observe the subjects of research and how they construct their identities and communities online’
Leicester Second Life project (MOOSE)
Data that can be obtained from VLEs
Analysis of discussion boards, chatlogs, MOOCs
‘A tool for gathering and analysing social science data on a large scale’
A laboratory for the social sciences [much like astronomers using an observatory to study the sky]
Mechanism for communicating and collaborating with a distributed community of peer researchers (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, blogs)
(Eynon et al., 2008)7
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Approaches to gathering internet-based data
Approach Data collection methods used Examples
1. Online methods to gather data directly from individuals
surveys, interviews, focus groups, documents (artefacts)
Pelicans, MOOSE
1. Analysing online interaction within virtual environments
Participant observation, logging and visualising interactions among participants.
Dissertation research project
1. Large-scale analysis of online domains
Emerging! Capture and analysis of digital traces that people leave online (patterns of their search behaviour, text analysis of emails, and hyperlinks)
Learning Analytics MOOCs
(Eynon et al., 2008)8
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Researching some aspects of learning / teaching
Methods (offline and online)
Questn’res Interviews Observations Documents Other?
Physical Classroom Printed Q. F2F In physical
settingsPaper-based ?
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Researching some aspects of learning / teaching
Methods (offline and online)
Questn’res Interviews Observations Documents Other?
Physical Classroom
Printed Q. F2F In physical settings
Paper-based ?
Online Q. Skype ? ? ?
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Researching some aspects of learning / teaching
Methods (offline and online)
Questn’res Interviews Observations Documents Other?
Physical Classroom
Printed Q. F2FPhysical space / setting
Paper-based ?
Online Q. Skype ? ? ?
Online classroom /
learning
Printed F2F -- Paper ?
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Researching some aspects of learning / teaching
Methods (offline and online)Questn’res Interviews Observations Documents Other?
Physical Classroom
Printed Q. F2FPhysical space / setting
Paper-based ?
Online Q. Skype ? ? ?
Online classroom /
learning
Printed F2F -- Paper ?
Online Q. Skype Int. Virtual ethnography
Web content analysis
Learning Analytics
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2. Tools and examples
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3. Ethical implications
Ethical issues to consider in using internet-based methods for educational research
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How / why do the ethical issues emerge
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Why consider ethical implications?
“You owe a duty to yourself as a researcher, as well as to other researchers and to the subjects of and audiences for your research, to exercise responsibility in the processes of data collection, analysis and dissemination” (Blaxter et al, 1996: 146).
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To help you ‘leave the field [in such a way] that future researchers are not disadvantaged’
(Eynon et al, 2008: 31).
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Ethical frameworks
Doing good without qualification
Doing good with qualification
Not dependent on consequences
Dependent on consequences
Inner sense of duty based on principles
Duty done in terms of consequences
Categorical (imperatives judgments)
Conditional or hypothetical judgments
Deontological and consequentialist approaches to ethics (Hart, 2005: p. 280)
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Deontological Consequentialist
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Ethical frameworks
Participant as a research subject
Medical sciencesSocial sciences
Protection of the subject (anonymity, confidentiality, informed consent
Participant/poster as an author
Humanities
Copyrights, fair use
(Ess, 2007: pp. 490-91)
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Ethics – Stake-holders
• Your institution• Professional associations• Research participants and the wider
population• Profession• The researcher
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(Punch, 2008: 56-57)20
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Internet research methods and ethics
• Debates on ethical issues – on going!• Internet for social researchers –
opportunities!• Link between ethical issues and research
methods and tools (e.g., social and participatory media)
• Consequences of ignoring ethical codes!
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Ethical issues associated with three approaches
22(Eynon et al., 2008)
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(1). Using online methods to gather data directly from individuals
• Online versions of traditional methods. What are they?
• Different ethical challenges to f2f context (Mann, 2003)
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Ethical challenges?Difficult to assess the risk to participants, reactions to questions
Confidentiality and anonymityInformed consent
Words much stronger when written down, permanent records, …
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(2). Analysing online interactions on the Web
• Examples? discussion boards / forums, chat rooms, 3D Virtual Worlds (e.g., Second Life), online games.
• Is online environment public, private or even a ‘third place’ (Oldenburg, 1989)
• How might we treat the interactions occur in a VLE?
• [disclosing identity as a researcher]
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(3). Large-scale analysis of the online medium
• Possibilities for gathering ‘powerful data … from the surveillance of online populations’ (Eynon et al, 2008: 31).
• ‘Recording, reproducing, and analyzing interactions, especially covertly, are more powerful’ than it is the case with off line world (ibid, p. 31).
• Learning Analytics, Google Analytics.• Ethical issues:
• Methodological (e.g., discourse analysis)
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Four main areas of ethical principles
(Diener and Crandall 1978, in Bryman 2008: 118)
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What might be the source of ethical concern?
The research question The sample The choice of method (e.g., rationale for the
choice of methods not clear, appropriateness of the method, how it is going to be implemented)
Other?
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1. Harm to participantsPotential problems Examples and implications
Physical harm
Harm to participants development
Loss of self-esteem
Stress
(Diener and Crandall (1978: 19)
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2. Informed consentPotential problems Examples and implications
Making sure participants have opportunity clarify their questions
Digital signatures?
Getting informed consent from participants from an online community (e.g., a MOOC)
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3. Invasion of privacyPotential problems Examples and implications
Search and download history
Potential access to information that can be harmful for peers
……
?
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4. DeceptionExamples of harm to participants
Examples and implications
Revealing your identity as a researcher
The duration of participation (being realistic!)
…
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A checklist of information to be included in an informed consent form
• Outline of the purpose of the project• Notification to the participants that:
– Participation is voluntary– Participants free to refuse to answer any of the questions (if interviews) – They could withdraw from the study at any time– They could withdraw their data within [specify the time] of the interview /
participation– Interview(s) would be recorded– nobody but the researcher and the supervisor(s) would listen to the interview– small sections might be heard by a few others – but interviewee would not be
identified– transcribed but all identifying information would be removed– parts of the interview might be used in research publication(s)– sign the form to confirm their consent
(Bryman, 2008: 123-24)
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4. A brief description a research project to be reviewed by participants
Dissertation research and supervision with technology
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5. Internet mediated qualitative interviews – examples and
critique• Two chapters from Salmons (2012, chapters 8
and 10)• A framework for the critique and analysis
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Presenting the critique and lessons that can be learned from each case.
[5 mins per group][10 mins]
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Ethics – professional associations
The association URL
Economic and Social Research Council, ‘Framework for research ethics
http://www.esrc.ac.uk/about-esrc/information/research-ethics.aspx
British Sociological Association, Statement of Ethical Practice
http://www.britsoc.co.uk/media/27107/StatementofEthicalPractice.pdf
Social Research Association (SRA), Ethical Guidelines
http://www.the-sra.org.uk/documents/pdfs/ethics03.pdf
British Psychological Society (BPS), Ethics and Standards
http://www.bps.org.uk/what-we-do/ethics-standards/ethics-standards
British Educational Research Association, Ethics and Educational Research
http://www.bera.ac.uk/category/keywords/ethics
American Sociological Association, Code of Ethics
http://www.asanet.org/about/ethics.cfm
South African?
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ReferencesBlaxter, L., Hughes, C. & Tight, M. (1996) How to research. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Bryman, A. (2008) Social Research Methods. 3rd Edn. Oxford: OUP.
Diener, E. & Crandall, R. (1978) Ethics in Social and Behavioural Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ess, C. (2007) Internet Research Ethics. In A. N. Joinson, et al., (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eynon, R., Fry, J., & Schroeder, R. (2008) The Ethics of Internet Research. In N. G. Fielding, R. M. Lee, & G. Blank (eds) (2008) The Sage Handbook of Online Research Methods. London: Sage.
Fielding, N. G., Lee, R.M. & Blank, G. (eds) (2008) The Sage Handbook of Online Research Methods. London: Sage.
Lee, R.M., Fielding, N. & Blank, G. (2008) The Internet as a Research Medium: An Editorial Introduction to The Sage Handbook of Online Research Methods. In N. Fielding, R. M. Lee. & G. Blank (eds) (2008). The Sage Handbook of Online Research Methods, pp. 3-20. London: Sage.
Mann, C. (2003) Generating data online: ethical concerns and challenges for the C21 researcher. In M. Thorseth (ed) Applied Ethics in Internet Research, pp.31-49. Trondheim: NTNU Publications Series No. 1.
Oldenburg, R. (1989) The Great Old Place, New York: Marlowe and Co.
Punch, K, F. (2008) Developing effective research proposals. 2nd Edn. London: Sage.
Salmons, J. (ed) (2012). Cases in Online Interview Research. London: Sage.
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