05/09/20101 The Great Awakening: 18 th Century America “From the Reformation to the...
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Transcript of 05/09/20101 The Great Awakening: 18 th Century America “From the Reformation to the...
05/09/2010 1
The Great Awakening:18th Century America
“From the Reformation to the Constitution”
Bill Petro
your friendly neighborhood historian
www.billpetro.com/v7pc
05/09/2010 2
ObjectivesBy the end of this session you should be able to
• Trace development of the Great Awakening
• Identify the key players: 3 W’s
• Outline the life of Jonathan Edwards
05/09/2010 3
American Church History
Colonial National Modern
1787 1865
Calvinism ArminianismBiblistic Rationalism
LiberalismSubjectivismExistentialism
Theocentrism Anthropocentrism Liberalism
05/09/2010 4
Revivalism
1. God’s saints are revived
2. They share their faith locally
3. Missionary enterprise beyond the locale
4. Social outreach
05/09/2010 5
Colonies: 1750
05/09/2010 6
Middle Colonies Course of Awakening
• 1720’s: Theodore Fruelinghausen
N. New Jersey Dutch pastor – Rariton River Valley
• He noticed some of his Deacons were becoming
converted
• New Brunswick, NJ – Presbyterians
William Tennent and his Irish sons
05/09/2010 7
William Tennent
• 1673-1745
• Presbyterian evangelist
• Log College
05/09/2010 8
Northern Course of Awakening
• 1734-37: Connecticut River Valley -
Congregationalists: Northampton to the Atlantic
• Died down for 3 years
• Enflamed under Whitefield:
Boston, Salem, Portsmouth, all of New England
• Leadership and writings of Jonathan Edwards
05/09/2010 9
“Evangelicalism”• Premise: conversion, “new birth”
• Puritans: public profession
• 1730s, 40s: “Awakenings” Colonies, England, Wales, Scotland
• Mass conversions, open air preaching of the Word
• Split churches: “New Lights/New Side” vs. “Old Lights/Old Side”
05/09/2010 10
Southern Course of Awakening
• Presbyterians in N. Virginia
• Baptists (Separate Congregationalists) in
New England (Connecticut) expands to
Separate Baptists in N. Carolina
• From 6,000 – 20,000 in 3 years, foundation of
Southern Baptists
05/09/2010 11
Baptists
• In America since
17th century
• Galvanized by
Great Awakening
05/09/2010 12
The 3 W’s
Whitefield
EdWards Wesley
05/09/2010 13
George Whitefield
• 1714 - 1770• In 1738 made 1st of
7 visits to the America• Ordained Anglican• “Great Itinerant”• Member of Wesley’s Oxford
“Holy Club”• Popular as G. Washington• Huge crowds: 30,000
05/09/2010 14
Preaching in the Field
• Collapsible Field pulpit
05/09/2010 15
The New Birth
• John 3:1-8
• Whitefield: “How this glorious Change is wrought in the Soul cannot easily be explained."
05/09/2010 16
Ben Franklin on Whitefield
• Heard Whitefield
preach in Colonies &
England:
• Philadelphia Hall
• Georgia orphanage
• Size of crowds
• Pleased with discourse
05/09/2010 17
John Wesley
• 1703 - 1791
• “a brand plucked
from the burning”
05/09/2010 18
Wesley vs. WhitefieldSon of Anglican rector Son of tavern keeper
Strict religious upbringing Worldly influences
Conversion: Aldersgate, 35 Oxford, 21
Preaching: Intellectual, doctrinal Dramatic, emotional
Arminian (semi-Augustinian) Calvinistic
Exceptional organizer Exceptional preacher
05/09/2010 19
Methodism
• Hierarchical
• Episcopal
05/09/2010 20
Methodists: Francis Asbury
• 1745-1816
• Leader in
2nd Great Awakening
05/09/2010 21
05/09/2010 22
Jonathan Edwards
• 1703-1758
• Interpreter of and
apologist for the
Great Awakening
05/09/2010 23
First Churches, Northampton
• Fifth Meeting House
05/09/2010 24
Jonathan Edwards
In memory of Jonathan EdwardsMinister of Northampton
From Feb 15, 1727 to June 22, 1750
“The law of truth was in his mouth, and iniquity was not found in his lips: he walked with me in peace and equity, and did turn many
away from iniquity” Malachi 2:6
05/09/2010 25
Sinners in the
Hands of an
Angry God.
Enfield, July 8,
1741
05/09/2010 26
Revival of Northampton
05/09/2010 27
Jonathan Edwards, A Life
02/14/2010 28
05/09/2010 29
“Denominationalism”
• Primary expression of American Christianity, post 1740’s
• Based, in part, on freedom to differ
• Denomination vs. Sect
• Inclusive vs. Exclusive
• The true church cannot be identified with any single ecclesiastical structure
• Seed planted by Reformers: not of bishops but of believers
• Architected by Congregationalists at Westminster Assembly
05/09/2010 30
Effects of the Great Awakening
• 80% of Americans unified in common understanding of Christian life and faith
• Dissent/dissenters enjoyed greater respect: Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians
• Emphasis on education: Univ. of Penn, UNC
05/09/2010 31
Effects of the Great Awakening, cont
• Preaching to Indians and Slaves
• Reinterpreted Covenant: man’s response
• Dissolution of Theocracy: disestablishment in VA & NC, democratization
• Breakdown in theological consensus: New/Old Lights
05/09/2010 32
1-Word Summary
• Pilgrims Separatists
• Puritans Saints
• Denominations Inclusive
• Whitefield Dramatic
• Wesley Methodism
• Edwards Glory
• Great Awakening Fire