05 john vandermeer
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Roya de café: Informando la intuición con la ecología teórica
John Vandermeer University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, EEUU
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El ciclo de vida
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Fuerzas ecológicasTransmisión
Germinación
Sobrevivenciade esporas
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Fuerzas ecológicasTransmisión
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Sistema de manejo
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Región = y Fincas = x
dispersión regional por viento
dispersión local
Vandermeer and Rohani (2014) http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.8247
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Tasa de infección en una finca promedio
Tasa
de in
fecc
ión
en u
na p
lant
a pr
omed
io
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Tasa de infección en una finca promedio
Tasa
de in
fecc
ión
en u
na p
lant
a pr
omed
io
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Tasa de infección en una finca promedio
Tasa
de in
fecc
ión
en u
na p
lant
a pr
omed
io
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Tasa
TransmissiónTransmisión
Area de bosque en el paisaje
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Area de bosque en el paisaje
Taza
de in
fecc
ión
de ro
ya
Prop
ortio
n of
farm
s in
fest
edArea de bosque en el paisaje
Tasa
de in
fecc
ión
de ro
ya
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Prop
orci
ónde
finc
asin
fest
ada
Area de bosque en el paisaje
Sorpresa
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Prop
ortio
n of
farm
s in
fest
ed
Area de bosque en el paisaje
histeresis
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Prop
ortio
n of
farm
s in
fest
ed
Area de bosque en el paisaje
histeresis
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El ciclo de vida
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Sistema de manejo
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Cantidad de sombra
Tasa
Transmisión Germinación
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Cantidad de sombra
infe
cció
n de
roya
Cantidad de sombra
Tasa
Transmisión
Germinación
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Cantidad de sombra
Infe
cció
n de
roya
Protección contra el viento
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Cantidad de sombra
Infe
cció
n de
roya
Viento
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Cantidad de sombra
Infe
cció
n de
roya
Viento
Vandermeer et al., (2015) http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.05849
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Fuerzas ecológicas
Sobrevivenciade esporas
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Sobrevivenciade esporas
Fuerzas ecológicas
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Azteca sericeasur
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Azteca atendiendo escamas
Vandermeer et al., (2008) Nature, 451:457-459.
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Lecanicillium lecanii: hongo blanco
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Enfermedad de escamas y roya
Vandermeer et al., (2008), Plant Pathology58:636-641
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Jackson et al., (2012) Biological Control.
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Escama verde
Hormiga
+
+
Hongo blanco
Roya
+
-
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Den
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la roya Den
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la roya
Den
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la roya
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Den
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la roya Den
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la roya
Den
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la roya Den
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la roya
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Vandermeer et al.(2014): Bioscience, (
Prop
ortio
n of
farm
s in
fest
edSusceptibilidad al ataque del depredador
Prop
orci
ónde
finc
asin
fest
adas
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Prop
ortio
n of
farm
s in
fest
edSusceptibilidad al ataque del depredador
Vandermeer et al.(2014): Bioscience, (
Prop
orci
ónde
finc
asin
fest
adas
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Prop
ortio
n of
farm
s in
fest
edSusceptibilidad al ataque del depredador
Vandermeer et al.(2014): Bioscience, (
Prop
orci
ónde
finc
asin
fest
adas
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Prop
ortio
n of
farm
s in
fest
edSusceptibilidad al atacque del depredador
Vandermeer et al.(2014): Bioscience, (
Prop
orci
ónde
finc
asin
fest
adas
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Prop
ortio
n of
farm
s in
fest
ed
Taza de ataque del depredadorPr
opor
ción
de fi
ncas
infe
stad
as
Prop
orci
ónde
finc
asin
fest
adas
Area de bosque en el paisaje
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Vandermeer et al., (2015) http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.05849
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Vandermeer et al., (2015) http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.05849
Prop
orci
ónde
finc
asin
fest
adas
Area de bosque en el paisaje
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Area de bosque en el paisage
Estabilidadescondida
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13 semanas en una planta en México
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Una parcela en Puerto Rico
La Roya Mycodiplosis
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Escama verde
Hormiga
+
+
Enemigos naturales
Roya
+
-
Escama verde
Hormiga
+
+
Hongo blanco
Roya
+
-
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Escama verde
Hormiga
+
+
Enemigos naturales
Roya
+
-
MicodiplosisAcaros
Escama verde
Hormiga
+
+
Enemigosnaturales
Roya
+
-
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1. Transmisión por viento en escalas distintas, resuta en histeresis y transiciones crítcas – sorpresas inevitables
2. El efecto de sombra en transmisión y germinaciónfortalesa el patrón de histeresis.
3. Micoparásitos y depredadores son comunes, aunque son bastante variables en espacio.
4. La combinación de transmisión a diferentes escalas y enemigos naturales pueden resultar en complicacionesinesperadas, como, por ejemplo, histeresis y estabilidades escondidas.
5. El “estilo” de manejo de la finca, y especialmente el paisaje, puede minimizar la roya mediante el control autónomo de transmisión y control autónomo biológico.
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Gracias
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Avelino et al., (2012). Ecological Applications.
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Burdon and Childers, (1982). Ann Rev Phytopathology
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Prop
ortio
n of
farm
s in
fest
edArea de bosque en el paisaje
Taza
de in
fecc
ión
de ro
ya
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Den
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la roya
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Den
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la royaDen
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la roya
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Den
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la roya Den
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la roya
Den
sida
d de
l los
dep
reda
dore
s
Densidad de la roya
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La comunidad de micoparásitos
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Eurotium
Verticillium
Simpliicillium
Acremonium
Fellomyces
Cryptococcus
Didymella
Trichosporon
Kockovaella Candida
Rhodotorula
Lecanicillium
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Taza de infección en una finca promedio
Taza
de
infe
cció
n en
una
pla
nta
prom
edio
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Taza de infección en una finca promedio
Taza
de
infe
cció
n en
una
pla
nta
prom
edio
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Taza de infección en una finca promedio
Taza
de
infe
cció
n en
una
pla
nta
prom
edio
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Los enemigos naturales
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Fuerzas ecológicasTransmisión
Germinación
Enemigos naturales
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Cantidad de sombra
Taza
de
infe
cció
n
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Cantidad de sombra
Cantidad de sombra
Taza
de
infe
cció
n
Taza
de
infe
cció
numbral crítico
“meta” estable
“meta” inestable y
inacesible
“meta” estable
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Finca Irlanda
Finca Guaraguao
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México Puerto Rico
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Número de Mycodiplosis por hoja
Proporción de lesiones de roya con Lecanicillium
Mexico 0.89 0.06Puerto Rico 2.84 0.24
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Finca Irlanda
Finca Guaraguao
201520142013
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Avelino et al., 2006. Ecol. Modelling
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Cantidad de sombra Cantidad de sombraCantidad de sombra
Infe
cció
n de
roya
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Vandermeer et al., (2015). arXiv at: http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.05849
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Finca Irlanda
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Finca Irlanda
VientoFinca Guaraguao
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La comunidad de
micoparásitos
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Prop
ortio
n of
farm
s in
fest
ed
Area de pastos en el paisage
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Cantidad de sombra
infe
cció
n de
roya
Vientoinsuficienteparadispersiónde esporas
Humedadinsuficiente para germinación
Zona en la cual la transmisión local no puede mantener la transmisión neta positiva
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Lecanicillium