05 Closing cycles
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Closing Water, Nutrient and Energy
cycles
Starting in wastewater treatment systems…
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Wastewater in The Netherlands• Production almost 2 billion m3 clean effluent per year• Originating from industry and approximately 7.2 million
households• Treated in 350 WWTP’s• Electricity use of 0.37 kWh/m3 treated wastewater
(but heating of water 60 Mjprimair/m3) • 15-20% of imported phosphate rock ends up in wastewater
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Wastewater treatment focus;changes in the past 60 years
Removal of Organics
Removal of organics, Nitrogen and phosphate
MultifunctionalArea use
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Is this enough?• Water Framework Directive (WFD-EU)• Changing focus to more “sustainable” wastewater treatment:
• Grey water, black water and rainwater treatment;• Less energy use + energy recovery;• Wastewater as source
Possibilities & limits of the activated sludge
processSTOWA 2007
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Drinking water purification
N P
P
NProduct formaton
Changes in the next (60) jaar?
E&Q
Wasteprocessing
Nutrient re
covery
Newsanitation
Sewer management
(waste)(water)chain
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Demand driven research?!Commitments of the waterboards:
• Water Framework Directive EU• Good ecological status surface water (Nutrients, Micro Pollutants,
metals, EDC’s, pharmaceuticals etc.)• Reduction energy consumption
• 2% / year (2005-2020: 30%)• Climate agreement with the National Government, March 2010
• 40% sustainable energy production in 2020• 30% reduction GHG 1990 en 2020• 100% sustainable purchase
• Green deal, October 2011• 12 Energy factories + 5 Phosphorus recovery plants
• Covenant Phosphorus Cycle, October 2011
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Themes for the coming years
Water reuse
Nutrientrecovery
Energy recovery
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Roadmap 2030 – “sources-factory”
Water
EnergyNutrients
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Water reuseWater
EnergyNutrients
Water
EnergyNutrients
Water
EnergyNutrients
Important characteristics for WWTP configuration
• Physical removal of COD
• Biological removal of N
• Biological and chemical/physical removal of P
• Biological processes based on activated sludge
and attached growth (membrane, sand filters,
activated carbon).
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Projects• Irrigation in greenhouses
• Pilot at Harnaschpolder with filtration methods;
• Sewermining
• Production of high quality process water from sewer, preferably energy neutral
• Anaerobic Membranes
• uncoupling HRT and SRT, resulting in high quality nutrient rich, pathogen free effluent;
• Fouling, shear and costs
Water
Energy
Water
Energy
WaterWater
Water
EnergyNutrients
Water
EnergyNutrients
Water
EnergyNutrients
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Nutrient recoveryProduct recovery
Important characteristics for WWTP configuration
• Separate nutrients and COD
• Concentrate nutrients (precipitation)
• Recover other products or produce products (bioplastics, other polymers, fine sieve
material, algea?, duckweed?)
EnergyNutrients
EnergyNutrients
Water
EnergyNutrients
Water
EnergyNutrients
Water
EnergyNutrients
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Chances for decentralized treatmentor different wastewater collection
Feaces; 35%
Urine; 47%Grijs water
18%Grey water
Urine; 85%
Feaces; 11,6%
Grijs water 3,4%
NitrogenGrey water
Phosphate
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Energy production or Energy-factory
Important characteristics for WWTP configuration
• Separation of COD instead of aerobic degradation (optimization biogas production and energy consumption at
aeration)
• Energy: economic removal of N, P and residual COD (anammox)
• Maximal recovery of sludge caloric content
Chances for heat recovery in the sewer
Water
EnergyNutrients
Water
EnergyNutrients
Water
EnergyNutrients
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14 www.energiefabriek.com
• Realisation• Research/development
• Marketing
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Research topics formulated by the waterboards
treatmentconcept (11)Separation solids and waterSeparation C and N treatmentRejectionwater treatmentSmall WWTP’sLow energy technologies
Sludge treatment (5)Optimalisation digestionprocesAlternatives digestionCo-digestionFinal sludge treatment
Energyconversion, -supply (7)Energy conversionEnergie supply Heat from watercycle
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Role of Anammox in the E-factory
Sewage “Sewage treatment with Anammox”
Kartal et al., 2010 - Science
Based on: Lower COD for N-removal (denitrification) more COD for biogas production
Rejection Water“Anammox brings WWTP closer to energy
autarky due to increased biogas production and reduced aeration energy for N-removal”
Siegrist et al., 2008
Revival of the A/B system: Lower COD for N-removal (Anammox in the B-stage) more COD for biogas production
(Biomass production in A-stage)
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Anammox technology at low temperatures(Paques, TUD, RUN, WSHD, STOWA)
Main concern:Competition ammonium and nitrite oxidizing
bacteria and Anammox at pilot (and full scale) conditions
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Combining old and new goalsAerobic granular sludge technology: Excellent settling properties sludge Granules without carrier material High biomass concentrations Extensive nutrient removal
Low area requirement Simple single-tank concept Sustainable (energy and additives) Low costs
Activated sludge
Aerobic Granules
Water
EnergyNutrients
Water
EnergyNutrients
Water
EnergyNutrientsProducts
???!
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Example of technology development
Successful cooperation needed,In this Nereda Case:University (TUD), Industry (DHV) and Government (waterboards, stowa, stw, EU)
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Questions?