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James Stephen (politician)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

James Stephen (30 June 1758 10 October 1832) was the principal Englishlawyer associated with

the abolitionist movement. Stephen was born in Poole, Dorset; the family home later being removed

to Stoke Newington. He married twice and was the father of Sir James Stephen and grandfather of Sir

James Fitzjames Stephen and Sir Leslie Stephen.[1]

Early life

James Stephen began his career reporting on parliamentary proceedings. Later he held an official

post in the Caribbean at St. Kitts; at that time a British colony. During a visit to Barbados he

witnessed the trial of four black slaves for murder. The trial, which found the men guilty as charged, was considered by many to be a grave

miscarriage of justice. The men were sentenced to death by burning, and Stephens' revulsion at both the trial and the verdict led him to vow

never to keep slaves himself, and to ally himself with the abolitionist movement. He opposed the opening up of Trinidad through the use of slave

labour when ceded to the British in 1797, recommending instead that Crown land should only be granted for estates that supported the

immigration of free Africans. He considered that, besides the evangelical arguments in support of freedom from slavery, internal security,

particularly from potential French interests, could be obtained in the British West Indian Islands by improving the conditions of slaves.

Stephen was a skilled lawyer whose specialty was the laws governing Great Britain's foreign trade. He was a defender of the mercantilist system

of government-licensed controlled trade. In October, 1805 the same month that the British fleet under Lord Nelson defeated the French fleet

his book appeared: War in Disguise; or, the Frauds of the Neutral Flags. It called for the abolition of neutral nations' carrying trade, meaning

America's carrying trade, between France's Caribbean islands and Europe, including Great Britain. Stephen's arguments two years later became

the basis of Great Britain's Orders in Council, which placed restrictions on American vessels. The enforcement of this law by British warships

eventually led to the War of 1812, even though the Orders were repealed in the same month that America declared war, unbeknown to the

American Congress.

Abolitionism

James Stephen's second marriage was to Sarah, sister of William Wilberforce, in 1800, and through this connection he became frequently

acquainted with many of the figures in the anti-slavery movement. Several of his friendships amongst the abolitionists were made in Clapham

(home to the Clapham Sect) where he had removed from Sloane Square in 1797; also in the village of Stoke Newington a few miles north of

London, where James Stephen's father leased a family home from 1774 onwards called Summerhouse. The property adjoined Fleetwood House

and Abney Houseat Abney Park and stood where Summerhouse Road is built today. Close by were the residences of three prominent Quaker

abolitionists: William Allen (17701843), Joseph Woods the elder, and Samuel Hoare the younger (17511825). The latter two were founder

members of the predecessor body to the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade.

Anna Letitia Barbauld, author of An Epistle to William Wilberforce(1791) also came to live in Stoke Newington in 1802. Inevitably, Wilberforce

also became a frequent visitor to Stoke Newington, combining meetings with William Allen and his Quaker circle with visits to his sister Sarah

and brother-in-law James.

James Stephen came to be regarded as the chief architect of the Slave Trade Act 1807, providing William Wilberforce with the legal mastermind

he needed for its drafting. To close off loopholes pointed out by some critics, he became a Director of the Africa Institution for the Registration of

Slaves through which he advocated a centralized registry, administered by the British government, which would furnish precise statistics on all

slave births, deaths, and sale, so that "any unregistered black would be presumed free". Though he introduced many successful ideas to

strengthen the legal success of the abolitionist cause, this mechanism which he believed to be "the only effective means to prevent British

colonists from illicitly importing African slaves" was never taken up. His last public engagement was a speaking engagement at a meeting of the

Anti-Slavery Society at Exeter Hall in 1832.

Member of Parliament

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Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.

(November 2009)

James Stephen

Contents[hide]

1 Early life

2 Abolitionism

3 Member of Parliament

4 Death

5 Works

6 References

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From 1808 to 1815 James Stephen became an MP, and in 1811 Master in Chancery. In 1826 he issued An Address to the People and Electors

of England, in which, echoing his speeches, he had some success in urging the election of Members of Parliament who would not be "tools of

the West India interest", paving the way for the second Abolition Bill which succeeded in 1833.

Death

Stephen's second wife, Sarah, died in 1816. Her sister-in-law, Barbara Wilberforce, died in 1821, and in 1832 Stephen himself died. All three are

buried at St Mary'schurchyard, Stoke Newington, London, along with Stephen's first wife, his mother and father and two of his infant daughters.

Three sons from Stephen's first marriage (m. Anna Stent at St Leonard, Shoreditch 1783) survived him, and achieved prominence in law,

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abolition and the civil serviceSir James Stephen (17891859), Henry John Stephen (17871864), and George Stephen (17941879).

Works

The Slavery of the British West Indies (1824)

The Crisis of the Sugar Colonies(1802)

Reasons for Establishing a Registry of Slaves(1815)

An Inquiry Into the Right and Duty of Compelling Spain to Relinquish Her Slave Trade in Northern Africa(1816)

England Enslaved by Her Own Slave Colonies: An Addressto the People and Electors of England(1826)

References

1. ^"Stephen, Sir James (1789 - 1859)" . Australian Dictionary of Biography. 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-24.

Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs

Categories: 1758 births | 1832 deaths | British abolitionists | British lawyers | Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for Irish

constituencies (18011922) | Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies | People from Poole | Clapham Sect | UK

MPs 18071812 | UK MPs 18121818

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Parliament of the United Kingdom

Preceded by

Evan Foulkes

Member of Parliament for Tralee

18081812

Succeeded by

Henry Arthur Herbert

Preceded by

Charles Rose Ellis

Member of Parliament for East Grinstead

18121815

Succeeded by

Sir George Johnstone Hope

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