03 Operating Systems
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OPERATING SYSTEMS
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• Application Software
• Programming Software
•
System Software
Types of Software
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• Offers different functions based on theuser’s needs
Application Software
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• A computer program
• Translates a source code written in ahigh level programming language toanother language understood by thecomputer
• Transforms code in order to createexecutable programs
Compiler
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Compiler
Source Code
High-level
Object Code
Executable File
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• A computer program that directlyexecutes another source code writtenin a programming language.
Interpreter
http://lolcode.org/
http://lolcode.org/http://lolcode.org/
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• A program used to test other programsfor errors
Debugger
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• Links object files to standard libraryfunctions for execution
Linker
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• Integrated Development Environment
• Single application that combines allprogramming softwares mentioned
IDE
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• Provides basic functions for computerusage and helps run the computerhardware and system
– Device drivers
– Servers
– Utilities
– Operating systems
System Software
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• A software that is implemented ineither hardware or firmware
Operating System
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• An interface between a user and acomputer
– OS translates the user’s actions to
commands that are understood bycomputers
Operating System
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• Provides a set of resources for drivingthe resources of the system
– The OS makes the different hardware
components of a computer work
Operating System
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• Provides a set of procedures formanaging the resources of the system
– The OS coordinates the use of a resource
when several users need it.
Operating System
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• To provide a convenient environmentfor the development and execution ofprograms
• To schedule computational activitiesto ensure good performance of thecomputing system
Operating System - Objectives
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• Convenient input/output operations
– You really don’t care how the letter ‘a’
appears on the screen when ‘A’ is
pressed on the keyboard
Services Offered by the OS
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• CPU Scheduling
– The CPU must be busy most of the time if
not all the time
Services Offered by the OS
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• Memory management
– Allocate the main memory to several
processes with the aim of making sure
that the process about to take the CPU isalready in the memory
Services Offered by the OS
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Services Offered by the OS
• File Systems
– Organize files forconvenience of thesystem and the user
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• Protection and Security
– Prevent unauthorized access by
applications and users to data and other
resources
Services Offered by the OS
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• Protection and Security
– Prevent unauthorized access by
applications and users to data and other
resources
Services Offered by the OS
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• Communication and Resource Sharing
– Provides a way for processes to
communicate and cooperate to
accomplish a specific task
Services Offered by the OS
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• Utilities
– Disk defragmenter, disk clean-up, date
and time, etc.
Services Offered by the OS
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• Command Interpreter
– Provides an interface between the user
and the computer that allows high-level
commands to be issued by the user
Services Offered by the OS
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• Operating systems have historicallybeen tied with the computer systemson which they run
Evolution of Operating Systems
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Evolution of Operating Systems
• First generation of
Computers (1945-
1955)
–
Vacuum tubes andplug boards wereused
http://fahmirahman.files.wordpress.com
/2011/01/1_1.jpg
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• First generation of Computers (1945-1955)
– Computers were enormous, very expensive tooperate, used a great amount of electricity andgenerated a lot of heat
Evolution of Operating Systems
http://the-eniac.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/eniaclogo_755x281.jpg
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• First generation of Computers (1945-1955)
– A single group of people designed, built,programmed, operated and maintained eachmachine.
Evolution of Operating Systems
http://the-eniac.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/eniaclogo_755x281.jpg
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• First generation of Computers (1945-1955)
– Punch cards were introduced during the early1950’s
Evolution of Operating Systems
http://punchcardreader.com/images/punch_card.75dpi.rgb.gif
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• First generation of Computers (1945-1955)
– There were no operating systems used
during the first generation of computers
Evolution of Operating Systems
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• Second generation of Computers(1955-1965)
– Machine language was used. There were
no programming languages yet.
Evolution of Operating Systems
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• Second generation of Computers(1955-1965)
– Computers became reliable enough
– Computers were sold to paying customers
Evolution of Operating Systems
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• Second generation of Computers(1955-1965)
– Batch Operating System
• Loading a program to a computer takes time
• Time is saved when jobs that require the sameprogram are grouped together andprocessed by batches
Evolution of Operating Systems
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• Second generation of Computers(1955-1965)
Evolution of Operating Systems
http://www.osinfoblog.com/contentsimages/an%20early%20batch%20system.JPG
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Evolution of Operating Systems
• Third generation of
Computers (1965-
1980)
–
Integrated Circuits – miniaturizedtransistors places onsilicon chips.
http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/iamnao/iamnao1202/iamnao120200110/12342990-integrated-circuits-on-computer-ram-memory.jpg
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• Third generation of Computers (1965-1980) – Because of computer families, OS was
very complex• It had to be with few peripherals as well as
with many peripherals
• It had to work in commercial as well as inscientific environments
• It had to run on small systems as well as inlarge systems
• It had to be efficient for all these different uses
Evolution of Operating Systems
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• Third generation of Computers (1965-1980)
– From batch processing to
multiprogramming
– In multiprogramming, while one job is
waiting for I/O, another job in the memory
can take control of the CPU
Evolution of Operating Systems
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• Fourth generation of Computers (1980-present)
– Large Scale Integration (LSI) circuits or
microprocessors fitted thousands oftransistors on a single silicon
Evolution of Operating Systems
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Evolution of Operating Systems
• Fourth generation
of Computers (1980-
present)
–
Operating Systemsevolved, addingnew a new featuresfor every newversion
– Network OperatingSystems
http://www.teach-ict.com/images/a_lan.jpg
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• Desktop/Laptop Computers
– Windows
– Linux
– Mac OS
• Mobile Devices
– Symbian
– Android
– iOS
Current Operating Systems
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• Introduced on November 20, 1985
• Graphical user interface added to MSDOS
• Holds 90% market share of OS in 2009
Microsoft Windows
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• Windows 1.0 (1985) – multi-tasking GUIbased OS environment
Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows
• Windows 2.0 (1987) – overlappingwindows and moreshortcuts; first
versions of Wordand Excel
• Windows 2.0.x(1988-1989) –
designed for Intel80286 and 80386processors
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• Windows 3.0 (1989) – revamped userinterface, 16-color icons, improvedmemory management
Microsoft Windows
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• Windows 3.0.x and NT (1992) – minorimprovements and bug fixes for 3.0;multimedia support;
Microsoft Windows
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• Windows 95 (1995) – MS DOS andWindows integrated; plug and playfeatures; start button
Microsoft Windows
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• Windows 98 (1998) – new hardwaredrivers; better support for FAT 32, mostreliable Windows 9x release
Microsoft Windows
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• Microsoft ME and 2000 (2000) – Systemrestore; criticized for stability; NT version
Microsoft Windows
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• Windows XP (2001) – Windows NTkernel and architecture; most popularWindows
Microsoft Windows
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• Windows 7 (2009) – improvedperformance on multi-core processors;multi-touch support.
Microsoft Windows
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• A family of UNIX-like OS
• Runs on a wide variety of computerhardware
• Open source
• Free
Linux
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• Pardus – Turkey’s National OS
• Debian – non-commercial distribution maintained
by a volunteer developer community witha strong commitment to free softwareprinciples
• Knoppix – One of the first to run on live CD/USB
Linux Distributions
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• Ubuntu
– 12 million users (estimated)
• Fedora
– A community distribution sponsored by
Red Hat
• Slackware
– One of Linux’s first distributions, founded in
1993
Linux Distributions
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Bayanihan Linux
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• Began in 2001
• Aims to create an alternative andopen source desktop solution by the
Advanced Science and TechnologyInstitute (ASTI) and the Department ofScience and Technology (DOST)
Bayanihan Linux
http://www.bayanihan.gov.ph/index.php/products/bayanihan-desktop
Linux as a great alternative to
http://www.bayanihan.gov.ph/index.php/products/bayanihan-desktophttp://www.bayanihan.gov.ph/index.php/products/bayanihan-desktop
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• Linux is very stable
• Linux is free to install on any number ofcomputers
• There are no viruses in Linux
• There are free alternatives to popularWindows programs
• Windows applications can be installedin Linux via Wine or VirtualBox
Linux as a great alternative to
Windows
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• First released on January 24, 1984
• Initially named “System”
• Popularized the GUI
• Developed for the Macintosh Line ofComputers
•
Co-founded by Steve Jobs (also theCEO)
Mac OS
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• System Software 1
Mac OS
http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm//wp-content/uploads/2012/08/1984_Mac_System_1_0.jpg
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• Classic Mac OS (1984-2001)
– No command line, purely graphical
– Cooperative multitasking
– Limited memory management, noprotected memory
Mac OS
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Mac OS
Logos/box-art of Mac OS X. From left to right: (Box 1) Mac OS X10.0 (Cheetah)/10.1 (Puma) (Cheetah and Puma shared the same
box art), (Box 2) 10.2 ( Jaguar ), (Box 3) 10.3 (Panther ), (Box 4) 10.4
(Tiger ), (Box 5) 10.5 (Leopard ), (Box 6) 10.6 (Snow Leopard ). The
icons for 10.7 (Lion) and 10.8 (Mountain Lion) are shown as well.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.0
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• Open Source OS designed forsmartphones
• Maintained by Nokia
• Bought by Nokia from Symbian Ltd. in2008
Symbian
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• Mobile OS
• Bought by Google from Android Inc. in2005
• Linux Kernel
• Maintained and Developed by theAndroid Open Source Project
Android
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Android Versions
http://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.html
http://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.htmlhttp://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.html
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• Apple’s Mobile OS
• Derived from Mac OS X
• For iPhone and iPod devices
iOS