PRESENTATION NAME

CHAPTER THREE:NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR

MODULE 7: Neurons: The Basic Elements of BehaviorWhy do psychologists study the brain and nervous system?

What are the basic elements of the nervous system?

How does the nervous system communicate electrical and chemical messages from one part to another?

The Structure of the NeuronNeurons (Nerve cells)Basic elements of the nervous systemAs many as 1 trillion

NEURONS the basic elements of behaviorNerve cellsThe building blocks of the nervous systemA specialized cell that transmit neural impulses to other neurons, glands and muscles

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The Structure of the NeuronDendritesClusters of fibers that receive messages from other neurons

AxonCarries messages received by the dendrites to other neurons

Structure of a NeuronDendrites - a cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron receive information from other neurons and transmit towards the cell body.Cell bodykeeps the neuron alive and determines whether it will fire.

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Behavioral Neuroscience5/9/20131999 Prentice Hall6Figure Davis 2.17 fromDavis, S.F., & Palladino, J.J. (1997). Psychology, Davis 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

The Structure of the NeuronTerminal buttonsSends messages to other neurons

Myelin sheathProtective coating of fat and protein that wraps around the axon like links of sausage

Structure of a Neuron

Myelin SheathFatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron.8

Behavioral Neuroscience5/9/20131999 Prentice Hall8Figure 2.6 from:Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Source:

Myelin sheathA protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axonServes to increase the velocity with which electrical impulses travel through axonsif your hand touches a painfully hot stove, the information regarding the pain is passed through axons in the hand and arm that have a relatively thick coating of myelin sheath, speeding the message of pain so that you can react instantly.9

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NerveBundle of axons belonging to many neurons

Nucleusa group of cell bodies in the brain and spine

GanglionA group of cell bodies outside the brain and spine

Glial cellsNonneuronal cells that hold the neurons in place and remove dead neurons and waste productsStructure of a Neuron11

Behavioral Neuroscience5/9/20131999 Prentice Hall11

Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and describe how they communicate information.

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Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and describe how they communicate information.

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How Neurons FireTransmit an electrical impulse along the axonAll-or-none lawResting stateAction potential Mirror neurons

Where Neurons Meet: Bridging the GapSynapseSpace between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages

Where Neurons Meet: Bridging the GapNeurotransmittersChemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrite of a receiving neuronExcitatory messagesIncrease likelihood that neuron will fireInhibitory messages Decrease likelihood that neuron will fireReuptakeReabsorption by the terminal button SSRIs

Neurotransmitters: Multitalented Chemical CouriersAcetylcholine (ACh)GlutamateGamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)Dopamine (DA)SerotoninEndorphins

Acetylcholine

i. Found at many synapses and is usually excitatoryii. Prevalent in the hippocampus where memories are formedHas a role in Alzheimers diseaseiii. Released at every synapse where a neuron terminates at a skeletal muscle fiber Directed onto end plates located on the muscle cells which cause them to contract

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NorepinephrinePart of the monoamines and is produced mainly in the brain stemCocaine and amphetamines prolong the action of norepinephrine leading to elevated mood statesLithium speeds up norepinephrine reuptake leading to depressed mood

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DopamineSimilar to norepinephrine and related to feelings of pleasureToo much dopamine may cause schizophrenia and too little is associated with Parkinsons disease

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SerotoninPlays an important role in the regulation of mood, sleep and appetite Antidepressant drugs, called serotonin reuptake inhibitors, increase serotonin levels21

GlutamateAn excitatory neurotransmitter is present in neurons of the central nervous systemBelieved to play a role in learning and memory

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GABAA major inhibitory transmitter used in the majority of synapses in the brain Used as anxiety reducing drugs23

MODULE 8: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communicating Within the Body

How are the structures of the nervous system linked together?

How does the endocrine system affect behavior?

The Nervous System: Linking NeuronsCentral and Peripheral Nervous SystemsCentral nervous systemSpinal cordReflexSensory (afferent) neuronsMotor (efferent) neuronsInterneurons

The Nervous System: Linking NeuronsCentral and Peripheral Nervous SystemsPeripheral Nervous SystemSomatic divisionVoluntary movementsAutonomic divisionControls organs that function automatically

Activating the Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous SystemSympathetic DivisionActs to prepare the body for action in stressful situations by engaging all of the organisms resources to run away or confront the threatFight or flight

Parasympathetic Division Calms the body after emergency ends

The Evolutionary Foundations of the Nervous SystemEvolutionary PsychologyBranch of psychology that seeks to identify how behavior is influenced and produced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

The Evolutionary Foundations of the Nervous SystemBehavioral GeneticsStudies the effects of heredity on behaviorMolecular genetics and psychological disordersGenetic markersBehavioral genetics, gene therapy, and genetic counseling

The Endocrine System: of Chemicals and GlandsChemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstreamHormonesPituitary glandMaster gland

MODULE 9: The BrainHow do researchers identify the major parts and functions of the brain?

What are the major parts of the brain, and for what behaviors is each part responsible?

MODULE 9: The BrainHow do the two halves of the brain operate interdependently?

How can an understanding of the nervous system help us find ways to alleviate disease and pain?

Studying the Brains Structure and Functions: Spying on the BrainElectroencephalogram (EEG)

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

The Central Core: Our Old Brain Central CoreHindbrainMedullaBreathing and heartbeat Pons Transmitter of motor informationCerebellum Balance

The Central Core: Our Old Brain Central CoreReticular formationPasses through the midbrain and into the forebrainActivates other parts of the brain to produce bodily arousal

The Central Core: Our Old Brain Central CoreThalamusRelay station for information about the sensesHypothalamusHomeostasis

The Central Core: Our Old Brain The Limbic System: Beyond the Central CoreAmygdalaHippocampus

The Cerebral Cortex: Our New Brain Cerebral CortexGives the ability to think, evaluate, and make complex judgmentsLobesFrontal Parietal Temporal Occipital

The Cerebral Cortex: Our New BrainThe Motor Area of the CortexLargely responsible for the bodys voluntary movement

The Sensory Area of the CortexCorresponds to body sensationsSomatosensory areaTouch Pressure

Somatosensory Area

The Cerebral Cortex: Our New BrainThe Association Areas of the CortexExecutive functionsHigher mental processes such as thinking, language, memory, and speechBrocas aphasiaWernickes aphasia

Neuroplasticity and the BrainNeuroplasticityThe brain continually reorganizing itself

Neurogenesis New neurons created in certain areas of the brain during adulthood

The Specialization of the Hemispheres: Two Brains or One?Left and right symmetrical halvesLateralized Left Verbal competenceProcesses information sequentiallyRightSpatial relationshipsRecognition of patterns and drawingsMusic Emotional expression Processes information globally

The Split Brain: Exploring the Two HemispheresSplit-brain patientsCorpus callosum surgically cut