03 formation of chinese characters
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Formation of Chinese characters
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Types of Chinese characters based on formation
• Pictograms• Simple ideograms• Ideogrammic compounds• Pictophonetic characters
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xiàng xíng
Pictograms ( 象 形 - form imitation)
• Words formed from things which can be drawn (such as animals, a person, or objects, etc.)
• Roughly 600 Chinese characters are pictograms
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Changes of Pictograms Pronunciation Meaning
日(rì) Sun
月(yuè) Moon
目(mù) Eye
木(mù) Tree
山(shān) Mountain
水(shuǐ) water
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What’s the difference between the pictographic characters and their modern version?
• -- The characters are no longer imitations of things they refer to, but in square forms;
• -- The second is the soft lines have turned solid strokes.
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zhǐ shì
• Simple ideograms ( 指 事 - indication)
• Simple ideograms express meaning by simple symbols.
• Characters of this sort either add indicators to pictographs to make new meanings, or illustrate abstract concepts directly.
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shàng上
Up
xià下
Down
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• 本(běn) ( "root" ) - a tree ( 木 mù) with the base indicated by an extra stroke.
• 末(mò) ( "apex" ) - the reverse of 本 (běn), a tree with the top highlighted by an extra stroke.
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huì yì
• Ideogrammic compounds ( 会 意 - "joined meaning")
• In ideogrammic compounds, two or more pictographic or ideographic characters are combined to suggest a third meaning.
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First part Second part Character
亻 (person) + 木 (tree)
→ 休(rest)
木 (wood) + 木 (wood)
→ 林(woods)
日 (sun) + 月 (moon)
→ 明(bright)
人 (person) + 人 (person)
→ 从(follow)
艹 (grass) + 田 (field)
→ 苗(seedling)
禾( grain ) + 火( fire ) → 秋( autumn )
爪( hand ) 木
( wood , bush
)
采( harvest )
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First part Second part Third part Character
木 (wood)+ 木 (wood)
+ 木 (wood)→ 森( forest )
木 (wood)+ 木 (wood)
+ 火
( fire )
→ 焚
( burn
)
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xíng shēng
• Pictophonetic characters ( 形 声 - "form and sound")
• Pictophonetic characters are made up by two parts: radical (semantic element) and phonetic element
• 90% of Chinese characters are pictophonetic characters.
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• Most often, the radical is on one side (often the left), while the phonetic is on the other side (often the right),
mù
• Example: 沐 (to wash one’s hair) = 氵 "water" + 木 " mù ".
radical phonetic
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• Also common is for the semantic and phonetic elements to be stacked on top of each othercài
• 菜 (vegetable, food) = 艹 "plant" + 采 " cǎi ".
radical
phonetic
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• More rarely, the phonetic may be placed inside the semantic, yuán jiē
as in 園 (garden) = 囗 "enclosure" + 袁 , or 街 = 行 "go, movement" + 圭 .
radical
phonetic
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• More complicated combinations also exist, shèng
such as 勝 (win)= 力 "strength" + 朕 (zhèn), where the semantic is in the lower-right quadrant, and the phonetic is the other three quadrants.
radical
phonetic
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radical phonetic character
Char. Meaning Char. Pron. Char.
Pron. Meaning
氵 water +
林 lín =淋 lín to pour
艹 grass +
采 cǎi =菜 cài vegetable
艹 grass +
牙 yá =芽 yá bud
木 wood +
乔 qiáo =桥 qiáo bridge
日 sun +
青 qīnɡ =晴 qínɡ sunny
女 woman +
马 mǎ =妈 mā mother