03 ehLfspd; vOr;rp - E-thaksalawa · ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf84 tuyhW> juk; - 11 03,Ugjhk;...
Transcript of 03 ehLfspd; vOr;rp - E-thaksalawa · ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf84 tuyhW> juk; - 11 03,Ugjhk;...
84,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
0303030303 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; Mrpa
ehLfspd; vOr;rp
,q;F ehq;fs; ,e;jpah> [g;ghd;> rPdh Mfpa ehLfs; ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;bd; Kw;ghjpapy; vOr;rpaile;j tpjk;gw;wpf; fw;Nghk;.
gpupj;jhdpag; NguuRf;F mbikg;gl;bUe;j ,e;jpah vOr;rpaile;J
Rje;jpuk; ngw;wikAk; ve;jnthU me;epa Ml;rpf;Fk; Neubahf cl;glhj
[g;ghDk; rPdhTk; Vfhjpgj;jpa thjpfspd; neUf;Fjy;fspypUe;J tpLgl;L
Rje;jpuKk; jd;dhjpf;fKs;s muRfshfj; jiyepkpu;e;jikAk; Mrpahtpd;
rpwpa ehlhd ,yq;iff;F rpwg;ghd vLj;Jf;fhl;;LfshFk;.
gpupj;jhdpa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F cl;gl;bUe;j ehk; 1948 ,y; mjpypUe;J
tpLjiy ngw;whYk; Njrpa mgptpUj;jpia ,d;Dk; vk;khy; mila
KbahJs;sJ. vdNt ,e;jpah> rPdh> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfis top
fhl ;bfshff ; nfhs;tjd; %yk; vkJ ,yf;if va;jg ;ngw
KbAnkd;wgbahy; mitgw;wpf; fw;wwpe;Jnfhs;Nthk;.
,e;jpah
1498Mk; Mz;L th];nfhl-
fhkh vDk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa khYkp
,e;jpahtpd; fs;spf; Nfhl;ilia
mile;jJk;> Nky; ehl;ltUf;F
,e;jpahTf;F tUk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; Nky; ehl;ltu; tu;j;jf
Nehf;FlNdNa ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jdu;.
vdpDk; ehsiltpy ; mtu ;fs ;
murpay; tplaq;fspYk; jiyaplj;
njhlq;f pdu ; . Nghu ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; >
xy;yhe;ju;> gpuhd;rpau; MfpNahu;
,e;jpahtpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; jkJ
Ml ;r pia e pWtpdu ; . 1848Mk ;
Mz;lstpy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; jkJ
Ml;rpia epWTtjpy; gpupj;jhdpau;
ntw;wp fz;ldu;. ,e;jpahtpd; ,Wjp RahjPd murhd gQ;rhg;> gpupj;jhdpa
fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf rq;fj;jpd; fPo; te;jJld; gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rp fh\;kPu;
njhlf;fk; fd;dpahFkup tiuapYk; ,e;JF\; kiyj; njhlupypUe;J
mrhk; tiuapYk; gutpaJ.
th];nfhl fhkh
glk; 3.1
85,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
rpg;gha;f;fyfk;
,e;jpah KOtJk; gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jJk; tu;j;jfrq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf ,ilapilNa fpsu;r;rpfs; Vw;gl;ld. fp.gp. 1806> 1844>1849> 1850> 1852 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;l fpsu;r;rpfs; mlf;fg;gl;ld.1857 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l giltPuu; fyfk; (rpg;gha;f; fyfk;) gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fvjpuhf Vw;gl;l Kf;fpa fyfkhFk;. gpupj;jhdpag; gilapypUe;j giltPuu;fs;(rpg;gha;fs;) nra;j me;jf; fpsu;r;rp jpy;yp> yf;Ndh> fhd;G+u;> kj;jpagpuNj\;> Gd;njy;fhd;l;> cNuh`py;fd;l; Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fg; gutpaJ.
1857Mk; Mz;L fyfj;jpw ;Fmurpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rkafhuzpfs; gpd;dzpaha; mike;jd.mit gpd;tUkhW :
v Mq;fpNyau; ,e;jpahtpd; gpuNjrq;-fis ,izf;Fk; NghJ tQ;rfkhfnraw;gl;lik.
v ,e;jpaj; jiyth;fis kjpahik.
v Gifapujr;Nrit> je;jpr;Nrit>jghy; Nrit vd;gd Muk;gpf;fg;-gl;lik> ,jd; %yk; gpuNjrq;fSf;-fpilNa njhlu;G Vw;gl;lik.
v gpupj;jhdpau; fpwp];jt kp\dupkhu;fSf;F(kiwgug;ghsu;fSf;F) cjtp toq;fpaik.
v ,e ;j pahtpd ; tsq;fs ; ntspehLfisr ;nrd;wile;jik.
v ,e;jpahtpd; Njitfs; ftdpf;fg;glhik.
v Mg;fhdp];jhdpYk ; Vida gpu pj ;jhdpaFbNaw;wq;fspYk; <Lgl;l Nghu;fspy; rpg;gha;fis<LgLj;jpaik.
v Nghu; tPuu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fspy;gd;wpapdJk;> gRtpdJk; nfhOg;Gg; G+rg;gl;ljhf
tje;jp gutpaJ. ,];yhkpaUf;Fk;> ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; kj uPjpahf ,J cfe;jjhf,d;ikahy; mjid mtu;fs; Gwf;fzpj;jdu;. vdpDk; mtw;iwg;gad;gLj;Jk;gb giltPuu;fs; tw;GWj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,JNt NghUf;fhdcldbahd fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
1857Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 10Mk; jpfjp ,f; fyfk; kpfTk; nfh^ukhfmlf;fg;gl;lJld;> mjid mlf;Ftjw;Fg; 15 khjq;fs; tiuapy; nrd;wd.
tq;fhsj;jpy; rpg;gha;fs;
glk; 3.3
jpy;ypf; fpsh;r;rp
glk; 3.2
86,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
fyfk; Njhy;tpAw;wjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
v xOq;fhd jpl;lkpd;ik
v nghJ kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G ,d;ik
v xOq;fhd jiyikj;Jtk; ,d;ik
v nry;tKk;> gilg; gyKKs;stu;;fs; ,e;jf; fyfj;jpw;F MjuT
toq;fhik
v nghJf; Fwpf;Nfhs; ,y;yhik
v gpupj;jhdpauplk; nghUshjhuk;> gilg;gyk; vd;gd cau; epiyapy;
fhzg;gl;lik.
,e;jpahtpy; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf rq;fj;jpd; Ml;rp KbTw;W> ,e;jpah>
gpupj;jhdpaupd; Neubahd Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jikNa 1857 Mk; Mz;Lf;
fyfj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd tpisthFk;. fp.gp. 1858 Mf];l; 2Mk; jpfjp
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; %yNk ,e;jpah gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; fPo;
te;jJ. 1857 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l rpg;gha;f; fyfk; ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpa epfo;thFk;. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mila Ntz;Lnkd;w
vz;zk; ,jd; gpd;dNu ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;lJ. ehl;Lg;gw;W mjpfupj;j
Ntisapy; ,e;jpau;fs; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;.
1857 Mk; Mz;Lf; fyfk; Njhy;tpAw;wjd; %yk;> gpupj;jhdpaUf;F
vjpuhfg; Nghu; nra;tjw;Fj; jkf;Fg; gilg;gyKk;> nghUshjhug; gyKk;
,y;iynad;gij ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; NghUf;F Kd;dpd;W cioj;Njhu;
czu;e;jdu;. vdNt Ngr;Rthu;j;ij %yKk;> ju;f;f uPjpahfTk; jkJ
Njitfisg; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsUf;F vLj;Jiug;gJk;> FOthf
,ize;J nrayhw;WtJNk rpwe;jJ vdTk; ,e;jpau;fs; czu;e;jdu;.
,jdbg;gilapy; gbg;gbahfj; Njrpa ,af;fq;fs; cUthfpd. ,e;jpahtpy;
gpupj;jhdpau; filg;gpbj;j nfhs;iffs; ,e;jpau;fspilNa Njrpa czu;T
Vw;glTk; Njrpa uPjpapy; xd;WgLtjw;Fk; toptFj;jd.
tptrhak;
mjpfkhd epytup tptrhaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;F topNfhypaJ. ,e;j
tupapdhy; tptrhapfs; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. tptrhak; nra;ahJ epyj;ij
ntWkNd tpl;LtpLk; mstpw;F mtu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. mt;thW nra;jhy;
gl;bdpahy; kba NeupLk;. gapu; nra;jhy; mWtil midj;ijAk; tupahfr;
nrYj;j NeupLk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf RaNjitf; fpuhkg; nghUshjhuk;
tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.
87,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
ifj;njhopy;
gpupj;jhdpah; ,e;jpahtpd; ifj;njhopy; gw;wp vJtpj eltbf;ifAk;
vLf;ftpy;iy. Njapiy> Nfhg;gpg; gapu;r;nra;if vd;gtw;wpw;F
nry;te;ju;fSf;F Cf;fkspj;j gpupj;jhdpau;> kpff; Fiwe;j rk;gsj;jpw;Fj;
njhopyhsiu mku;j;jpdu;. njhopyhsupd; Copak; Ruz;lg;gl;lJ.
gQ;rk;
,e;jpahtpy; ,ilapilNa Vw;gLk; gQ;rj;jhy; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd
kf;fs; capupof;fpd;wdu;. ,jpypUe;J kf;fis kPl;gjw;F vt;tpj
eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy. fWg;Gr; re;ijf;fhuu; mjpf tpiyapy;
czTg; nghUl;fis tpw;wdu;. czTg; nghUl;fis thq;f KbahNjhu;
gl;bdpahy; capu; Jwe;jdu;. xUKiw tq;fhsj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gQ;rj;jhy;
35 ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; capu; Jwe;jdu;.
Nky;ehl;Lf; fy;tpKiw
gpupj;jhdpau; Nky;ehl;Lf; fy;tpKiwia mwpKfk; nra;jJ mtu;fsJ
murpay;> epu;thf> gz;ghl;Lj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;
nghUl;NlahFk;. mtu;fsJ Nky; ehl;Lf; fy;tp tpuptile;jNghJ
vjpu;ghuhj tpisTfs; Vw;gl;ld. Nky;ehl;Lf; fy;tpahy; INuhg;gpa
ehLfspy; epytpa [dehafk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij ,e;jpau;fs; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;ldu;. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; jhuf ke;jpukhd “Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;>
rNfhjuj;Jtk;” vd;gdtw;iw ,e;jpau;fs; cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. &Nrh>
Njhk];> Ngu;d;> fupghy;b> Nthy;Nuau;> nkhz;l];fpA Nghd;Nwhupd;
jhuhz;ikthjf; nfhs;if ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; Nt&d;wpaJ.
Mq;fpNyau; jkJ murdhd Kjyhk; rhu;s;];> nfh^u Ml;rpahsdhf,Ue;jikahy; mtidf; nfhd;wdu;. ,uz;lhk; N[k;]; me;jg; gjtpf;Fj;
jFjpaw;wtdhf ,Ue;jjhy; mtidg; gjtpapypUe;J ,wf;fpdu;.muru;fisr; rpur;Nrjk; nra;aTk;> mtu;fis rpk;khrdj;jpypUe;J ,wf;fTk;
Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F cupik ,Uf;FNkahdhy; jkf;Fk; me;j cupikcz;nld ,e;jpau;fs; vz;zpdu;.
gy;NtW nkhopfisg; NgRk; ,e;jpau;fspilNa neUq;fpa njhlu;igVw;gLj;j Mq;fpyf; fy;tp cjtpaJ. fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sTk;>
njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jTk;> Mq;fpy nkhop cjtpaJ. gpupj;jhdpau; jkJxNu epUthfj;jpd; %yNk ,e;jpahit xd;wpizj;jdu;. ,J gy;NtW
,dj;jtu;fshd ,e;jpau;fis xNu ,dkhf xd;wpizar; nra;a cjtpaJ.gpupj;jhdpaupd; jiyf;fdk;> ,e;jpau;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;> rl;lj;jpd; Kd;
,e;jpau;fs; rkkhf kjpf;fg;glhik vd;gd gpupj;jhdpah; Ml;rpia kf;fs;ntWf;ff; fhuzkhfpd.
88,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
gpupj;jhdpau; Gifapujg; ghijfisAk;> ngUe;njUf;fisAk;> jghy;
NritfisAk; Muk;gpj;jJ jkJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L
nry;tjw;NfahFk;. vdpDk; ,J Njrpa czu;Tf;F toptFf;Fk; vdg;
gpupj;jhdpau; vz;zpapUf;ftpy;iy. ,e;jpau;fs; vt;tpj gz;ghLk;
,y;yhjtu;fnsd;Nw gpupj;jhdpau; vz;zpapUe;jdu;. ,jdhy; ,e;jpau;fsplk;
jd;dk;gpf;if czu;T FiwTw;wpUe;jJ. N[hd; khu;\y;> tpy;ypak;
N[hd;];> nkf;%yu;> Nkhj;jpku; ctPyu; Nghd;w njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsu;fs;
,e;jpahtpd; `ug;gh ehfupfj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpajd; %yk; ,e;jpau;-
fspilNa tpopg;Gzu;r;rp Njhd;wpaJ.
nraw;ghL
v ,e;jpahtpy; Ngrg;gLk; nkhopfisf; nfhz;l gl;bay;
xd;W jahhpf;Ff.
v ,e;jpahtpd; khepyq;fs; mlq;fpa Njrg;glk; xd;iwj; jahhpf;Ff.
,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa czu;T tsu;e;j tpjk; gw;wpa mwptpid ePq;fs;
ngw;wpUg;gPu;fnsd ek;GfpNwhk;. ,g;NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpAk;>
Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; ghLgl;l jiytu;fs;> epWtdq;fs; gw;wpAk; vkJ
ftdj;ijj; jpUg;GNthk;.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug; gFjpapy; Rje;jpuk; ngWk;
Nehf;Fld; gy;NtW murpay; mikg;Gf;fs; Njhd;wpd. mtw;Ws;
RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p vd;gtuhy; 1876 Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;l “fy;ff;jh
,e;jpau; rq;fk;” Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. gpupj;jhdpau; kPjpUe;j ntWg;ig
ntspg;gilahfj; njuptpj;j Kjy; mikg;G ,JthFk;. ghdu;[p ehL
KOtJk; gpuahzk; nra;J kf;fSf;Fj; jkJ rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ijj;
njspTgLj;jpdhu;. mtuJ Kf;fpa Ntz;LNfhs;fs; %d;;whFk;.
1 rptpy; Nritg; guPl;iria kPsha;T nra;jy;
2 MAjq;fs; rl;lj;ij kWguprPyid nra;jy;
3 gpupj;jhdpa gapu ;r ;nra;ifahsuplkpUe;J tptrhapfisg
ghJfhj;jy;.
RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[papd; gazq;fs; ngUk;
ntw;wpaspf;fhjjhy; mfpy ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk;
xd;wpid mikg;gjd; mtrpak; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jd; tpisthf Xa;Tngw;w gpupj;jhdpa Copauhd
Myd; xf;nltpad; ̀ pAk; vd;gtuhy; ,e;jpa Njrpa
rq;fk; (Indian National Union) Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F
,e;jpahtpd; gy ghfq;fspypUe;J gpujpepjpfs;
te;jdu;. lgps;A+. rP. ghdu;[p ,r;rq;fj;jpd;
jiytuhdhu;. ,f; $l;lj;jpy; rq;fj;jpd; ngau;lgps;A+. rp. ghdu;[p
glk; 3.4
89,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
“,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];”. (Indian National Congress) vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; itj;jpau;fs;> Mrpupah;fs;> nghwpapayhsu;fs;>
rl;lj;juzpfs;> Nguhrpupau;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW Jiwfisr; Nru;e;Njhu;
mq;fj;Jtk; tfpj;jdu;. Mdhy; nghJkf;fs; vtUk; mq;fj;Jtk;
ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
v ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fspilNa ehl;Lg; gw;iw
Vw;gLj;jy;.
v nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;ijg; ngWjy;.
v ,dk;> kjk;> gpuNjrk;> vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shJ Njrpa
thjj;ij tsu;j;jy;.
v nghJj; Njrpa mgpyhirfis gpupj;jhdpauplk; Kd;itj;jy;.
,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpurpd; tUlhe;jf; $l;lk; ehL KOtJk;
Kf;fpa efuq;fspy; eilngw;wd. mtu;fs; murplk; gy;NtW Nfhupf;iffis
tpLj;jdu;. mitfs; gpd;tUkhW :
v rptpy; Nritg; guPl;iriag; gpupj;jhdpahtpYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk; xNu
Neuj;jpy; elhj;Jjy;.
v fy;tpapd; nghUl;L Nkyjpf trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLj;jy;.
v cau; gjtpfSf;F ,e;jpau;fspypUe;J mjpfkhNdhiur; Nru;j;jy;.
v Nghu;r; nryitf; Fiwj;jy;.
v MAjq;fs; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd mDkjp mspj;jy;.
,e;jpaj;Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; kpjthjpfSk;> jPtputhjpfSk; ,Ue;jdu;.
Kjypy; fhq;fpurpy; mjpfhuk; tfpj;jtu;fs; kpjthjpfshtu; . fye;Jiuahly;>
tpthjpj;jy;> tpz;zg;gq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; jkJ Ntz;LNfhis
epiwNtw;wf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fnkd mtu;fs; ek;gpdhu;fs;. ,e;jf;
nfhs;ifAilNahu;> gpupj;jhdpau;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;gJ eyk; vdf;
fUjpdhu;fs;. cld; fl;il VWjy;> ghypaj; jpUkzk;> rhjp Ntw;Wik>
vd;gdtw;iw ,y;yhnjhopj;jy; vd;gd ,e;jpahtpw;Fg; ngUk; ed;ikNa
vd ,tu;fs; fUjpdu;. gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fk;> fhq;fpurpw;Fk; ,ilNa neUq;fpa
cwT ,Ue;jNjhL gy jlitfspy; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;w
mq;fj;jtufs; fhq;fpu]; $l;lq;fspYk; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. vdpDk;
90,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
gytpj tpku;rdq;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; kpjthjpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT
ntw;wpaPl;bdu;. mtu;fs; gpupj;jhdpaiuf; fz;%bj;jdkhfg; gpd;gw;wtpy;iy.
mtu;fs; nghWikia ,of;ftpy;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpy; tsu;r;rpaile;j ,e;jpa
murpaYf;fhd mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gl;lJ mtu;fshNyNaahFk;. mJ kl;Lkd;wp
,e;jpau;fspd; ,jaq;fspy; [dehafk;> rptpy; cupik Nghd;w vz;zq;fSk;
$l cjakhfpaJ ,tu;fs; %yNkahFk;.
,g;NghJ ehk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; rpyiug; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; rpy mq;fj;jtu;fs; gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rpia
ntspg ;gilahf tpku ;r pj ;j NghJ gpu pj ;jhdpaUf;Fk;> Njrpa
fhq;fpurpw;FkpilNa KWfy; epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpau;
Njrpa fhq;fpuirj; jho;j;jp> mjw;Fg; gjpyhf NtW ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jdu;.
kpjthjf; nfhs;ifAilNahupd; rpwg;ghd nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpg; gy;NtW
vz;zq;fs; ntspahfpAs;sd. mtu;fshy; jkJ Nehf;fq;fis
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s KbahJ NghdJ vd;gJ rpyupd; vz;zkhFk;.
vt;thnwdpDk; mtu;fs; fy;tpfw;w ,e;jpau;fis xNu Nkilf;Ff; nfhz;L
te;jik ngUk; ntw;wpahFk; vd;gJ vkJ fUj;jhFk;.
,e;jpaf; fhq;fpurpy; nghJ kf;fs; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpf;fhjjhy;
fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fSf;Fk;> kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ,ilntsp cUthdJ.
nraw;ghL:
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Nehf;fq;fis gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
jjhgha; egNuh[p
“,e;jpahtpd; Nkd;ikahsu;” vd miof;fg;gLk;
,tu; ,e ;j pa Njr pa rq ;fj ;j pd ; Muk ;g
cWg;gpduhthu;. gpupj;jhdpauhy; ,e;jpahtpy;
eilngw ;w Ruz;ly; > mePj p vd;gtw ;iwg ;
gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsUf;F mwptpf;Fk; nghUl;L
,q;fpyhe;jpy; jq;fpdhu;. gpupj;jhdpa ypguy;
fl;rpapd; cWg;gpduhd ,tu;> gpupj;jhdpag;
g h u h S k d ; w c W g ; g p d u h f j ; n j up T
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. mq;F mtu; ,e;jpau;fSf;fhfj; jkJ
Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;jpdhu;.jjhgha; egNuh[p
glk; 3.5
91,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
kpjthjf; nfhs;ifAilNahu; gytPdkile;jNghJ jPtputhjj;
jiytu;fs; Njhd;wpdu;. jPtputhjj; jiytu;fs; rpy ntw;wpfisaPl;bdu;.
mitfspy; fPNo njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sit rpythFk;.
v Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; nghJ kf;fis ,izj;jik> fy;tpkhd;fs;>
tptrhapfs;> njhopyhsu;fs; Nghd;Nwhiu Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lik.
v nlhkpdPad; me;j];J my;y G+uz Rje;jpuj;jpd; nghUl;Lg; Nghuhl;lk;
elj;jpaik
v ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jg;glhik.
v Ntiy epWj;jj;jpd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpag; nghUshjhuj;ij tPo;r;rpAwr;
nra;jik
nraw;ghL :
,e;jpaj; Njrpa fhq;fpuRld; njhlu;Gila NtW egu;fisg; gw;wpa
tpguk; mlq;fpa ifE}y; xd;W jahupf;Ff.
Nfhghy; fpU\;z NfhfNy
1856Mk; Mz;L kfhuh\;buj;jpy; gpwe;j
,tu; Mrpupauhff; flikahw;wpa gpd; ngh;Frd;
fy;Y}upapd; mjpguhdhu;. gpupj;jhdpa MSehpd;
rl;l rigapy; cWg;gpduhfp> Muk;gf; fy;tpiaf;
fl;lhakhf;f rl;lnkhd;iwf; nfhz;L te;jhu;.
RNue;jpuehj; gdh;[p
,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fj;jpd; je;ijnad ,tu; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whu;.
tq;fhsk; vDk; gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupauhd ,tu;> upg;gd; fy;Y}hpapd;
Muk;g fu;j;jhTkhthu;. ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf ,U Kiw
njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; gw;wp mwpNthk;.,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; gw;wp mwpNthk;.,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; gw;wp mwpNthk;.,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; gw;wp mwpNthk;.,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; gw;wp mwpNthk;.
Nfhghy; fpU];z
NfhfNy
92,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
v gj;jpupiffspd; %yk; kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;lik.
,g;NghJ ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fisg; gw;wpg;
gbg;Nghk;.
ghy fq;fhju jpyfu; (1856 - 1920)
kfhuh\;buj;jpy; gpwe;j ,tu;> njhopypy; xU tof;fwpQu;. ,e;jpahtpy;
khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L tUtjw;Ff; fy;tp Kf;fpa Clfkhf cs;sJ
vd;gjid ek;gpdhu;. “Nf\up” > “kUj” vDk; gj;jpupiffis Muk;gpj;jhu;.
“cyf mgpkhdp” vDk; ngaupYk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
gpgpd;re;jpuNghy; (1858 - 1932)
m]hkpy; gpwe;j ,tu; 1887 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fj;jpy;
Nru;e;j mtu;> ,e;jpahtpd; G+uz Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; ghLgl Ntz;Lnkdf;
$wpdhu;.
yhyh y[;gjpuha; (1865 - 1928)
gQ;rhgpy; gpwe;j ,tu; xU tof;fwpQu;. 1888Mk;
Mz;L Njrpa rq;fj;jpy; ,ize;jhu;. gpupj;jhdpa
muRf;F tpz;zg;gq;fs; mDg;GtJ gadw;wJ
vd;gij czu;e;j ,tu; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf
nraw;gl Ntz;Lnkd vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;.
20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];
,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fj;jpy; jPtputhjpfSf;Fk;> kpjthjpfSf;Fk;
,ilNa epytpa fUj;J NtWghLfspd; fhuzkhf 1907Mk; Mz;L
,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupe;jJ. kpjthjpfs; nlhkpdPad;
epiyapy; Rje;jpuk; Ntz;b epd;w Ntisapy;> jPtputhjpfs; G+uz
Rje;jpuj;ij Ntz;b epd;wdu;. ,f;fUj;J NtWghNl ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk;
,uz;lhfg; gpsTglf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. gpupj;jhdpau; jkJ FbNaw;w
ehLfspy; gpupj;jhSk; nfhs;iffis (Divide & Rule)f; filg;gpbj;jdu;.
rhjp> rka> ,d> nkhop Ntw;Wikfs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ jkJ Ml;rpia
vspjhff; nfhz;L nry;yyhk; vd mtu;fs; vz;zpdu;. ,e;J -
K];ypk;fspilNa gpuptpidia Vw;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L 1906 Mk; Mz;L
yhyh y[;gjp uha;glk; 3.7
93,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
tq;fhsk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. gue;j epyg;gug;igAila tq;fhsg;
gpuNjrj;ij Ml;rp nra;tJ fbdkhdJ vd;gjdhNyNa mJ ,uz;lhfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;ljhf `u;rd; gpuG $wpdhu;.
Njrpa ,af;fk; gyk; tha;e;j Xu; ,af;fkhf vOr;rpaile;J
tUtijf; fz;l gpupj;jhdpau; me;j ,af;fj;ijj; Jz;lhl Kad;wdu;.
rpWghd;ikapduhd K];ypk;fisj; jk; gf;fk; jpUg;Gtjw;fhf 1906 Mk;
Mz;L K];ypk;fisf; nfhz;L K];ypk; yPf; (Muslim League) fl;rpia
epWtpdu;. Mdhy; K];ypk; yPf;fpd; %j;j jiytuhd Nru; rh`pl; rd;e;
kf ;fis ,];yhkpaUf;Nfh ,e;Jf;fSf;Nfh gf;fk; rhuhky;
gpupj;jhdpaUf;Nf jhu;kPf Mjuit toq;FkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;.
Nkhfdjh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp F[uhj;
gpuNjrj;jpy; 2.10.1869 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;.
,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp gapd;w ,tu;> ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fg;
gup];lu; gl;lk; ngWk; nghUl;Lr; nrd;whu;. jdJ
fy;tpia epiwT nra;j gpd;du;> jd; njhopypd;
nghUl;Lj; njd;dhgpupf;fhTf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mq;F
RNjrpfisg; gpupj;jhdpau; elj;Jk; tpjj;ijf; fz;l
fhe;jp> Mr;rupaj;Jf;Fs;shdhu;. RNjrpfspd;
cu pikfisg ; ghJfhf ;Fk ; nghUl ;L
rj;jpahf;fpufk; vDk; eltbf;ifia Muk;gpj;jhu;.
nghJ kf;fspd; rptpy; cupikfisg; ghJfhf;Fk;
nghUl;L ,af;fk; xd;wpid Muk;gpf;Fk; Nehf;Fld;
fhe;jp 1915 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahTf;F te;jhu;.
,e;jpahTf;F te;j fhe;jp gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;w ehLfspy;
njhopyhsuhfg; gzpGuptjd; nghUl;Lg; ngwg;gl;l cWjpr; rPl;il uj;Jr;
nra;Ak;gb rj;jpahf;fpufk; xd;wpid Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mjd; gpd;du; me;jf;
Nfhupf;iffSf;Fg; gpupjhdpau; ,zq;fpdu;. tq;fhsj;jpy; rk;gh gpuNjrj;jpy;
,z;bNfh mTup (JzpfSf;F rha%l;lg; gad;gLk; xUtifg; gapu;)
gapupLNthupd; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;j;jJk; rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpd; %yNkahFk;.
,t;thW fhe;jp Vio kf;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhfg; Nghuhbdhu;.
kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; cjtpAld; xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ij (1920 - 1922) Muk;gpj;jhu;. ePjpkd;wk;> rl;l kd;wk;> fy;tp
epWtdq;fs; vd;gdtw;iwAk;> gpupj;jhdpag; nghUl;fisAk; gfp\;fupf;fTk;>
gpupj;jhdpauhy; toq;fg;gl;l gjtpfs;> gl;lq;fs; vd;gdtw;iwj; Jwf;fTk;>
kf;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j ,af;fk; ehL KOtJk; tpiutpy;
gutpaJ. ,e;j ,af;fj;jpy; Njrpa nghUl;fspd; ghtid> rhjpKiwia
kfhj;kh fhe;jpglk; 3.8
Njrpa ,af;fKk;> kfhj;kh fhe;jpAk;.
94,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
xopj;jy;> ,e;J - K];ypk; xw;Wik vd;gd Kf;fpa ,lk; ngw;wd. ,e;j
,af;fj;jpd; nraw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhfg; gpupj;jhdpaupd; epu;thfk; Kw;wpYk;
rPu;Fiye;jJ. kpfTk; ,f;fl;lhd epiyikia vjpu;Nehf;fpa gpupj;jhdpau;>
gpur;rpidiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. kyghu;
gpuNjrj;jpy; Muk;gkhd nrhg;shh;fspd; fpsu;r;rp> gQ;rhgpd; mj;jhyp
,af;fk; vd;gtw;wpdhy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; epiy NkYk; NkhrkhdJ. ,e;j
,af;fj;jpYs;s xU FOtpdu; cj;ju gpuNjrj;jpy; nghyprhu; rpyiuf;
nfhd;wjhy;> Ntjid mile;j fhe;jp> me;j ,af;fj;ij ,ilepWj;jpdhu;
,jdhy; kdKile;j Nkhjpyhy; NeUTk;> S. M. jh]; MfpNahUk;
fhe;jpia tpl;Lr; nrd;W Rauh[;a fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jdu;.
1921 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa rl;lj;jpd;gb elj;jg;gl;l Nju;jypy; Rauh[;af;
fl;rp rpy ,lq;fis ntd;wJ. murpDs; Eioe;J ahg;gpidf;
Fog;gptpLtNj mtu;fsJ Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,d> nkhop Ngjq;fs;
kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;fpajhy; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ,e;j rl;lj;ij tpUk;gtpy;iy.
1921 Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd; %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; ahg;Gj;
njhlu;ghf Muha;e;J mwpf;if rku;g;gpf;Fk; nghUl;L 1927 Mk; Mz;L
irkd; Mizf;FO ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; FOtpy;
,e;jpau;fs; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpf;fhjgbahy; Njrpa fhq;fpu];> Mizf;FOtpd;
Kd; rhl;rpakspf;f Kd;tutpy;iy. Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kj;jpapYk; irkd;
Mizf;FO jk; mwpf;ifia 1930 Mk; Mz;L muRf;Fr; rku;g;gpj;jJ.
vt;thnwdpDk; me;j mwpf;ifahy; vt;tpj gaDk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
kfhj;khfhe;jpapd; mLj;j nraw;ghlhf mike;jJ rptpy; rl;lj;ij
kPWtjhFk;. kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; rptpy; rl;lj;ij kPWk; ,af;fk;
ghjahj;jpiuapd; %yNk Muk;gkhdJ. cg;G tup njhlh;ghd rl;lj;ij
kPWk; nghUl;L rgHkjp Mr;rpukj;jpypUe;J jz;b flw;fiu tiu nrd;w
,e;jg; ghj ahj;jpiuahdJ midj;J ,e;jpau;fsJk; ,jaq;fisf; ftu;e;j
xd;whf mike;jJ. ehL KOtJk; ,t;thwhd ghj ahj;jpiufs; xOq;F
nra;ag;gl;ld. fhe;jp cl;glg; gyu; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldu;.
,e;jpaf; fhq;fpu]; fye;J nfhs;shjjhy; rl;lk; njhlh;ghd
KjyhtJ tl;lNkir kfhehL Njhy;tpaile;jJ. rpiwapy; ,Ue;J
kfhj;kh fhe;jpia mioj;J te;j MSeu; ,Htpd;> kfhj;kh fhe;jpAld;
,zf;fj;jpw;F te;jhu;;. mjd;gb rpiwapy; ,Ue;j murpay; ifjpfs;
tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldu;. kf;fspd; vjpu;g;GfSf;F cs;shd ahg;gpd; rpy gFjpfs;
ePf;fg;gl;ld. mjw;Fg; gjpyhff; fhe;jp rptpy; rl;lj;ij kPWk; nraiy
,il epWj;jpdhu;. rl;lk; njhlu;ghd ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir kfhehl;Lf;F
fhe;jp miof;fg;gl;lhu;. kfhehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l fhe;jp> ,e;jpahTf;Fg;
G+uzkhd Rje;jpuj;ijg; gpupj;jhdpah; toq;fkhl;lhu;fs; vd;w
vz;zj;JlNdNa ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhu;. rhjp uPjpahfj; njhFjpfs;
95,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifapdhy; %d;whtJ tl;lNkir
kfhehLk; Njhy;tpaile;jJ. Njhy;tpaile;j tl;lNkir kfhehl;il
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 1935k; Mz;L ,e;jpar; rl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
1935 ,e;jpa murpay; ahg;gpd; %yk; rk\;b Ml;rp Kiwia
Vw;gLj;j eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;l nghOjpYk;> ahg;gpid xOq;fikj;j
Kiwapy; ,e;jpaj; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; jpUg;jp nfhs;stpy;iy.
,e;jpahtpy; K];ypk;fSf;Fj; jdpahd ,uhr;rpak; Njit vd;w
fUj;ij Vw;w Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dh clNd ,J njhlu;ghf nraw;gl;lhu;.
mtu; K];ypk;fSf;nfdj; jdpahd ehL Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;lhu;. me;j
ehl;by; gQ;rhg;> tl Nkw;F vy;iyg; gpuNjrk;> fh\;kPu;> rpe;J> gYr;rp];jhd;
Kjypa gpuNjrq;fs; mlq;f pd. ,e ;jf ; fUj ;ij Kjd; Kjy;
ntspg;gLj;jpatu; nkhfkl; my;yhkh ,f;ghy; vDk; ftpQuhthu;.
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; Muk;gkhFk; NghJ
,e;jpah gpupj;jhdpaUf;F rhu;ghf cs;sJ vd ,e;jpa
MSeu; $wpa $w;wpw;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;J> ,e;jpa
fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruitapd; mikr;ru;fs; gjtp
tpyfpdu;. ,e;jpau;fsJ gpur;rpidia tpiutpy; jPu;f;Fk;
nghUl;L> murpay; ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; rpytw;Wld;
Nru; ];nlgu;l; fpupg;]; vd;gtu; ,e;jpahTf;F
mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; nraw;gLj;Jk;>
Nehf;Fld; mike;j ,e;j ahg;gpid “vjpu;fhyj; jpfjp
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fhNrhiy” vdf; fhe;jp $wpdhu;. fpupg;rpd;
MNyhridia ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fKk;> K];ypk; yPf;Fk;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. K];ypk; yPf; ghf;fp];jhd; vDk; ngaupy; jdpehL
NfhupaJ.
,e;j epiyapy; gpupj;jhdpaiu ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;Wk;
nghUl;L “nts;isaNd ntspNaW” vDk; ,af;fk; fhe;jpahy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JNt kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; Kf;fpa ,af;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
K];ypk;fs; njhlu;ghf rP. ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupahupd; jpl;lj;ijg;
gpd;gw;Wk;gb> fhe;jp Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dhitf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.
Mdhy; me;jf; Nfhupf;if epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. jkJ jpl;lj;jpd;gb
ghf;fp];jhd; vDk; ehl;il cUthf;FtNj Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dhtpd;
vz;zkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpw;Fk;> K];ypk; yPf;fpw;Fk;
,ilNa ,zf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j “rpk;yh kfhehL” xOq;F nra;ag;gl;lJ.
mJ Kw;wpYk; Njhy;tp fz;lJ.
Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dh
glk; 1.9
96,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghu; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];
gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplhJ tpl KbahJ. ,e;jpa jghy; Nritapy; ,Ue;j mtu;>
mjpypUe;J tpyfp> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; Nru;e;jhu;. fUj;J
NtWghl;bdhy; mjpypUe;J tpyfp 'Kd;Ndw;wf; fl;rp" vDk; fl;rpia
Muk;gpj;jhu;. gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhf ,ufrpakhfr; nraw;gl;lhYk;>
mJ gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fj; njupatuNt ehl;il tpl;Lr; nrd;whu;. gpupj;jhdp-
auplkpUe;J [g;ghdpau; ifg;gw;wpa gu;kh> kyhah Mfpa ehLfSf;Fr;
nrd;W mq;Fs;s ,e;jpau;fisf; nfhz;l gil xd;iwj; jpul;bdhu;.
me;jg; giliaf; nfhz;L ik#u;> ng\hthu; Mfpa gpuNjrq;fis
Mf;fpukpj;J> mg;gpuNjrqfspy; 10>000 rJu iky;fisf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.
vdpDk; gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; tpkhd tpgj;jpy;
capu; Jwe;jhu;.
,e;jpahTf;F Rje;jpuk; mspg;gjhf cWjpaspj;j njhopw;fl;rp
,q;fpyhe;jpy; Ml;rpf;F tuNt> 1946 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpau;fsJ
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;Fk; nghUl;L ke;jpuprig (fgpdl;) J}Jf;FO xd;W
,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ.
ghfp];jhd; vd;nwhU ehl;bid mikg;gJ gw;wpa Nahrid
epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpau;fsplKk;> mur Fkhuu;fsplKk; ,Ue;j
gpuNjrq;fis xd;wpizj;J xNu ,e;jpa ehl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;gpg;
gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F Ra Ml;rpiaf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w Nahrid
Kd; itf;fg;gl;lJ. ghJfhg;G> ntspehl;L mYty;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>
tUkhdk; njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfs; kj;jpa murplk; ,Ue;jd. ,j;jpl;lj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;jj; jw;fhypfkhd murhq;fk; Njitg;gl;lJ. jw;fhypf
muir mikf;FkhW miog;G tpLf;fg;gl;lJ. me;j murpy; mikr;ru;
gjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L K];ypk; yPf;fpw;Fk; miog;G
tpLf;fg;gl;l nghOjpYk; mtu;fs; mjid epuhfupj;jdu;. ,jdhy; ,e;jpah
KOtJk; ,df;fytuk; Vw;gl;lJ. 1948 Mk; Mz;L [_d; khjj;jpw;F
Kd; gpur;rpid jPu;j;J itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdg; gpujku; fpsnkd;l; Mu;l;yp
$wpdhu;. mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; MSduhf kTz;l; Ngl;ld; gpuGit epakpj;jhu;.
,e;jpahtpd; murpay; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;f;Fk; Kfkhf mtu; jpl;lnkhd;iw
Kd; itj;jhu;. KfkJ myp [pd;dhtpd; nraypdhy; ,e;jpah ,uz;lhfg;
gpsTgl Ntz;ba epiyapy; cs;sJ vd kTz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG $wpdhu;.
mjd;gb ,e;jpah 15.08.1947 ,y; Rje;jpukile;jJ. 14.08.1947 ,y;
ghf;fp];jhd; cjakhfpaJ. 26.01.1950 Kjy; ,e;jpahtpd; Gjpa murpay;
ahg;G eilKiwf;F te;jJ. mJ Kjy; ,e;jpah G+uz Rje;jpuKila
[dehaf muR vd;w epiyiag; ngw;wJ.
97,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
[g;ghd;
,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l ,af;fk; njhlu;ghfg; Nghjpa tpsf;fj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;l cq;fSila ftdj;ij mLj;J nrYj;j Ntz;baJ
[g;ghd; etPd ,uhr;rpak; xd;whf khw;wkile;j tuyhw;W tplaq;fis
mwpe;J nfhs;tjpyhFk;.
nlhFfhth N\hFNew;Wfspd; fPo; [g;ghd;
[g;ghdpd; khdpa Kiwapd; Fog;gfukhd fhyfl;lk; 16 Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;Jld; Kw;Wg; ngw;wJ. gy E}w;whz;Lfshf epytpa
khdpa Kiw Aj;jq;fs;> xU jiyKiwf; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa %d;W
tPuu;fshy; ntw;wpfukhf KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. mtu;fSila
nraw;ghLfs; ,uj;jk; rpe;Jjy;> <tpuf;fkpy;yhj; jd;ik> JNuhfk;
vd;gtw;why; epuk;gg;ngw;wjhf ,Ue;jhYk; [g;ghdpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F
mtu;fspd; gq;fspg;G kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjha; ,Ue;jJ.
v nehGdfh : fpNahNlh gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;
nfhz;L mq;fpUe;j Ml;rpahsidj;
Juj;jpabj;jhd;. ngsj;j Nfhtpy;fis
mopj;J mjd; gpf;Ffs; Mapuf;fzf;fh-
Ndhiu nfhd;W xopj;jhd;. ngz;fs;>
gps;isfisAk; Mapuf;fzf;fpy; nfhiy
nra;tpj;jhd;. 1583 ,y; ,td; Aj;j
fsj;jpNyNa kuzpj;jhd;.
v `pNjNah\p : nehGdfhtpd; gilj; jiytu;fspy;
xUtdhd ,td; [g;ghdpa tuyhw;wpd;
rpNu\;l kdpjdhf kjpf;fg;gLfpwhd;.
cau;e;j mwpTj;jpwd;> rhpahd jPu;khdj;ij
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; vd;gdtw;iwf;
nfhz;bUe;j mtd; rpwe;j mjpfhupahthd;.
[g;ghdpa ,uhZtj;jpd; mbkl;lj;jpy;
,Ue;J Ml;rpahsd; tiu cau;e;j xNu
egu; ,tdhthd;.
v nlhFfhth ,ah \_ : ,td; nehGdfhtpd; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSld;rz;ilapl;L mtu;fis mlf;fp 1603 ,y;[g;ghdpd; Ml;rpahsdhf khwpdhd;.Kd;ida ,U jiytu;fshYk; Mw;wg;gl;l
gzpfspypUe;J gyid mDgtpj;jtd;
,tdhthd;.
98,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
nlhFfhth fhyfl;lj;jpy; (1603 - 1867) [g;ghdpd; khdpaKiw
Ml;rpaikg;G njhlu;r;rpahf ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,k;Kiw muRf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;l
Xuikg;ghf ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,ah \_> jdJ
jiyefukhf <Nlh (Nlhf;fpNah) itj; Nju;e;njLj;jhd;. ghJfhg;Gf;fhf
ePu; mfopahy; #og;gl;l rf;jptha;e;j Nfhl;il xd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gpdhd;.
gyk; kpf;f kj;jpa muirg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf KOehl;bYk; gue;Jgl;Lr;
nraw;gLk; tz;zk; ,ufrpa ghJfhg;Gr; Nrit xd;iw cUthf;fpdhd;.
kj;jpa muRf;F vjpuhd rfy nraw;ghLfisAk; Fwpg;ghf gyhj;fhu
eltbf;iffs; gw;wpAk; ,jd; %yk; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;.
,uz;liu E}w;whz;Lfshfj; jpfo;e;j rpwe;j Ml;rpf;fhd mikg;G xd;iw
Vw;gLj;jpath;fs; N\hFd;fNs.
nlhFfhth N\hFd;fspd; fPo; Ml;rp
[g;ghdpa murhq;fk; ,uz;L mikg;Gfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa
nraw;gl;lJ. mjpy; xd;W [g;ghdpa mur FLk;gkhFk;. kw;iwaJ fpNahNlh
gpuGf;fspd; rigahFk;. mjpfhu ikakhd <Nlhtpy; N\hFd;fNs
fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs;> ,iwtdpd; Vw;ghl;Lf;fika jhk; ehl;il
Ms;tjhff; $wpdu;. Ml;rpahsupd; J}a;ikahy; mtu;fSf;F ve;jnthU
mepahaj;ijAk; nra;a KbahJ vd;w mgpg;gpuhaj;ij ehnlq;Fk;
gug;Gtjw;F Kaw;rpj;jdu;.
nlhFfhth Ml;rpapd; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; mjhtJ 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; ];ghdpaUk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; [g;ghDld;
tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdu;. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; xy;yhe;jUk;
gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpaUk; ,t;tu;j;jfj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;ldu;. [g;ghdpau;fshy;>
INuhg;gpau;fs; Nguhu;tj;Jld; tuNtw;fg;gl;likf;F> mtu;fsplkpUe;J
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba gy tplaq;fs; fhzg;gl;likNa fhuzkhFk;.
RL gilf; fyq;fisj; jahupg;gij [g;ghdpau;> Nghu;j;Jf;NfauplkpUe;J
fw;Wf; nfhz;L 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; mtw;iw
cw;gj;jp nra;J Aj;jq;fspy; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdh;. ,t;thAjq;-
fSf;fhd ntbkUe;ijj; jahupf;Fk; jpwikiaAk; [g;ghdpau; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;ldu;.
nlhFthf;fspd; fPo; kp\dup nraw;ghL
INuhg;gpa tu;j;jfu;fspd; gpd; te;jtu;fs; fpwp];jt kjj;ijg; gug;Gk;
kp\dupfNsahtu;. [g;ghdpau;fs; ,tu;fis mt;tsthf tpUk;gtpy;iy.
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa ,NaR rigf; FUkhu;fspdJk;> ];ghdpa gpuhd;rp];fd;
rigf; FUkhu;fspdJk; mu;g;gzpg;ghd gzpahy;> [g;ghdpd; midj;Jj;
jug;G kf;fspypUe;Jk; fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijj; jOtpNahu; fhzg;gl;ldu;
[g;ghdpd; njw;F> Nkw;F tu;j;jf epiyaq;fisr; #o tho;e;j Rkhu;
%d;W ,yl;rk; Ngu; cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fj;ijj; jOtpaikahy;
99,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
mr;rkaj;ijj; jil nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd Ml;rpahsu; fUjpdu;. Gjpa
rkaj;jhy;> jkJ fyhrhuj;jpw;Fj; jPq;F tpisAnkd;Wk; ehL
,uz;LgLtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; fUjpa N\hFd;fs; Kjypy;
fpwp];jtj;ijj; jOtpatu;fSf;F vr;rupf;if tpLj;jdu;. ,jw;F vjpu;g;Gj;
njuptpj;j kp\dupfs;> kjk; gug;Gjiyj; njhlu;e;Jk; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
,jdhy; kp\dupfSf;F vjpuhff; fLk; eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;l
N\hFd;fs;> ngUe;njhifahd kp\dupkhu;fisf; nfhiy nra;jdu;.
,jid vjpu;j;J fpwp];jt rkaj;jtu; murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp
nra;jdu;. N\hFd;fs;> mtu;fis Kw;whff; nfhd;nwhopj;jdu;. mjd;
%yk; fpwp];jt rkaj;ij [g;ghdpypUe;J Kw;whfj; Jilj;njwpe;jdu;.
nlhFthf;fspd; fhyj;jpy; INuhg;ghTf;Fk; [g;ghDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
cwT
fpwp];jtu;fs; fLikahf mlf;fpnahLf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;> midj;J
INuhg;gpau;fSf;Fk; [g;ghdpy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;Fj; jiltpjpj;jdu;.
xy;yhe;ju;fs; murpay; uPjpahf Mgj;jhdth;fs; my;yu; vdf; fUjpa
N\hFd;fs;> mtu;fSf;F kl;Lk; tUlj;jpw;F xU fg;gy; jdJ
JiwKfj;jpw;F tu mDkjp toq;fpdu;. jkJ gyj;ij INuhg;gpau;fSf;Ff;
fhz;gpg;gjw;fhd xU re;ju;g;gkhf N\hFd;fs; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;ldu;. mj;NjhL [g;ghdpau;fspd; ntspehl;Lg; gazq;fs;
midj;jpw;Fk; jil tpjpj;jdu;. jilia kPwpNahu;fSf;Ff; fLikahd
jz;lidfs; tpjpj;jdu;. [g;ghdpa fly; vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; nry;yj;jf;f
ghupa fg;gy;fs; fl;LjYf;Fk; jil tpjpj;jdu;. mg;gbapUe;j NghjpYk;
rPdhTld; Kd;G NghyNt njhlu;ig Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdu;. N\hFd;fspd;
,t ;thwhd nfhs ;iffshYk ; nraw ;ghLfshYk ; [g ; ghd ;
jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l ehnlhd;whf khwpaJ.
nlhFfhth Afk;> [g;ghDf;F ePz;l fhy rkhjhdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jNjhL epu;thfKk; Kiwikg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
nlhFfhthf;fspd; fhy Kd;Ndw;wk;
gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; [g;ghdpd; rdj;njhif Kg;gJ
kpy;ypad; mstpy; ,Ue;jJ. [g;ghdpaupilNa FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;L
eltbf;iffshy; gpwg;G tPjk; Fiwthf ,Ue;jik ,jw;fhd fhuzkhf
,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. KOikahfg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> ehL jd;dpiwTld;
fhzg;gl;lJ. ntspehl;L tpahghuk; Jz;bf;fg;gl;bUe;j epiyapYk;.
ifj;njhopy;> cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;> vd;gd gue;Jgl;l mstpy;
tsu;r;rpaile;J te;jJ. njhiyj;njhlu;G> tPjpj; njhFjp> ePu;topfs;>
ehnlq;Fk; gue;J fhzg;gl;ld. ifj;njhopy;> tptrha cw;gj;jpfs;
100,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
Ntfkhfg; gupkhwg;gLjy;> Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhu Kiw
tsu;r ;r pailtjw;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. muprp tpahghupfs;
gzf;fhuhpilNa Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. mtu;fs; jkJ
epWtdj;jpypUe;J muprpapd; tpiyia ehshe;jk; mwptpg;gJ> tzpf
eltbf;iffSf;fhff; fld; nfhLg;gJ vd;git etPd gq;Fr; re;ijia
epidTgLj;jj;jf;fjha; ,Ue;jJ. ehl;bd; kj;jpa gFjpapy; efuq;fs;
ngUfpd. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kbtpy; xU kpy;ypad; rdj;njhifiaf;
nfhz;bUe;j Nlhf;fpNah mf;fhy cyfpd; kpfg;ngUefuhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
r%f epiy
nlhFfhth N\hFd;fspd; fPo; [g;ghdpa r%fk; ngUkhw;wq;fSf;F
cs;shdJ. [Nuhg;ghtpy; khdpa Kiwf;fhyj;jpy; jsgjpfs; Nghd;W
nraw;gl;l iel;Lfspd; epiyia [g;ghdpy; rhKuha;fs; tfpj;J te;jdu;.
mf ;fhyj ;j py ; rhKuha ;fSf ;F Aj ;j Nritia toq ;f pa
gilg;gpuhjhdpfshd ilkpNahf;fspd; guk;giuiar; Nru;e;j nlhFfhth
N\hFd;fspd; Ml;rpapy;> rhKuha;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtkw;w xU gpuptpduhf
khwpdu;. r%fj;jpy; cau; epiyapy; ,Ue;j rhKuha;fs; fPo; epiyf;Fj;
js;sg;gl;l mNj Ntisapy;> fPo; epiyapypUe;j ilkpNahf;fs;
Ml;rpahsu;fshf cau;e;jikahy;> r%fj;jpy; ngUkhw;wq;fs; Vw;glf;
fhuzkhapd.
nlhFfhth fhyj;jpy; rhKuhaq;fspd; epiynlhFfhth fhyj;jpy; rhKuhaq;fspd; epiynlhFfhth fhyj;jpy; rhKuhaq;fspd; epiynlhFfhth fhyj;jpy; rhKuhaq;fspd; epiynlhFfhth fhyj;jpy; rhKuhaq;fspd; epiy
nlhFfhthf;fspd; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l Ml;rp mjpfhuj;Jld;
nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpAk; xd;wpize;jikahy;> Aj;j eltbf;iffspy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tfpj;j rhKuhaq;fspd; epiyik f Po ; e piyf ;Fj ;
js;sg;gl;lJ.
N\hFd;fspdhy; ehl;bYs;s gpur;rpidfs; jPu;f;fg;gl;likahy;>
rhKuha;fSf;Fj; jkJ njhopy; njhlu;ghd gapw;rpfisf; $lg;
ngw ,aytpy;iy.
,f;fhyj;jpy; ntspehl;L Aj;jq;fs; vJTk; ,lk; ngwhikahy;
rhKuha;fs; Kd;tUtjw;fhd vr;re;ju;g;gKk; fpl;lhky; NghdJ.
,e;epiyapy; rhKuha;fs; nfsutkhd kf;fs; $l;lj;jpd; xU
gFjpahf khwpdu;.
,tu;fs; nlhFfhthf;fshy; ngUk;ghYk; epu;thf eltbf;iffSf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.
,jdhy; Kd;G r%fj;jpy; Kd;dzpapy; jpfo;e;j rhKuha;fs;>
Gjpa Kiwapdhy; ilkpNahf;fspd; fPo; gzpahsu;fshf khWifapy;
101,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
r%f mikg;gpd; mbkl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j tu;j;jfu;fs;> gzj;ij rk;ghjpj;Jf;
nfhz ;L > KOg ; nghUshjhuj ; j pd ; k PJk ; nry ;thf ;Fr ;
nrYj;jf;$batu;fshf khwpdu;. Ntfkhf Kd;NdWk; efu r%fj;jpy;
kj;jpaju tu;fj;jpduhf ,tu;fNs jpfo;e;jdu;.
tptrhapfspd; epiy
N\hFd; Ml;r papd; NghJ tptrhapfs; kpf Nkhrkhfg;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs; vd;Nw ,Jtiu tuyhw;wpayhsu;fs; ek;gpdu;. Mdhy;
tptrhapfspd; ciog;G Nky;tFg;G mjpfhupfSf;F mj;jpahtrpa-
khapUe;jJ vd;gJ guprPyidfspypUe;J njupa te;jJ. vd;whYk;
tptrhapfs; Jd;gg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fSk; ,Ue;jJ. tptrhaj; njhopy;
ehl;bd; jd;dpiwTf;Ff; fhuzkhd xd;whapUe;jJ. MAje;jupj;jy;
mtu;fSf;Fj; jLf;fg;gl;bUe;jikahy; ,uhZt NritapypUe;J mtu;fs;
tpLtpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. nlhFfhth> ,ah\_ Ml;rpfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy;
njhlu;e;Jk; rkhjhd fhyNk epytpaJ.
tptrha> ifj;njhopy; tshu;r;rp
² ,jw;F Kd;ida fhyq;fspy; fhzg;glhj msTf;F N\hFd;fspd;
fPo; tptrhak; tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. tpistpf;fg;gl;l epyj;jpd; msT
,U klq;fhdJ.
² Gjpa gapu;fs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ld.
² grisaply;> ,ae;jpurhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;why;
tpisr;ry; Jupjkhfg; ngUfpaJ.
² tptrhak; Nghd;Nw ifj;njhopYk; fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpy; tsu;r;rpAw;wJ.
² gl;L> gUj;jp> cg;G> Gifapiy> rPdp vd;gd fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpy;
tsu;r;rpaile;j ifj;njhopy;fshf tpsq;fpd.
nlhFfhth N\hFd; Ml;rp KbT ngwy;
1867 Mk; Mz;by; N\hFd; Ml;rp KbTw;wJ. mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy;
[g;ghdpy; Gul;rpfukhd khw;wq;fs; gy epfo;e;jd. nlhFfhth N\hFd;
fhyj;J tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg ;g pLtJ XusTf;Ff;
f\;lkhdjhFk;. cs;ehl;lstpy; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ N\hFd; Ml;rpapy;
rk;gpujhaq;fs; jPtpukhff; iff;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,t;thl;rpapd; Kf;fpakhd
gz;ghf [g;ghdpd; ngUk;gFjp N\hFd;fspd; XNu Ml;rp Kiwf;Fs;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mNjNghd;W ,e;eph;thff; fhyj;jpy;
ePz;lfhy mikjp epytpaikAk; ghJfhg;Gf; fhzg;gl;likAk; tpNrl
gz;GfshFk;. r%fk; tFg;Gthupahfg; gpupe;jpUe;jhYk; mJ mt;tsT
J}uk; ,Wf;fkhd mikg;ghf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ngUkstpy; r%f rkj;Jtk;
102,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
fhzg;gl;lJ. njhlu;ghly; tpA+fk; tphptile;jpUe;jJ. fy;tp tpiuthd
khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gl;lJ. vOj;jwpT tPjk; Mz;fspdJ 45% MfTk;>
ngz;fspdJ 15% MfTk; fhzg;gl;ld.
[g;ghd; etPd munrhd;whfg; gupzhkk; miltjw;fhd mj;jpthuk;
nlhFfhth> N\hFd; fhyj ;j pNyNa ,lg ;gl ;lJ. r py
tuyhw;wpayhsu;fs; N\hFd;fspd; fhyj;ijg; “nghw;fhykhff;”
fUJfpd;wdu;.
etPd munrhd;whf khw;wKwy;
[g;ghdpah;fspd; jdpg;gl;l nfhs;if 17Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy;
,Ue;Nj N\hFd;fshy; ftdkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jJ. Nkw;fj;jpa
ehLfs; fPioj;Nja ehLfspy; jkJ tu;j;jf eltbf;iffisg; ngUf;fpf;
nfhz;bUe;j fhyfl;lk; ,JthFk;. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa gFjp
tiu [g;ghdpd; fjTfis tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhf jpwe;Jnfhs;tjw;F
INuhg;gpau;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l vy;yh Kaw;rpfSk; Njhy;tp fz;ld.
filrpahf ,t;tplaj;jpy; If;fpa mnkupf;fh jiyapl;lJ. If;fpa
mnkupf;fh ,f;fhykstpy; fPioehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; fzprkhd gFjpiaj;
jkjhf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jjhfj; njupatUfpwJ. 1800 ,y; If;fpa mnkupf;f
fg;gy;fs; [g;ghdpaf; flypD}lhf rPdhTf;Fg; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhz;ld.
ePuhtpahy; ,aq;Fk; fg;gy;fs; Gof;fj;jpw;F te;j gpd;du;> vupnghUs;>
ePu;> czT vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf JiwKfq;fs;
mtrpakhapd.
Nkw;F ehLfSldhd tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G
1853 [_iy khjk; nfhkhz;lu; gpaupapd; flw;gil Nlhf;fpNah
FlhTf;Fs; te;jJ. If;fpa mnkupf;f murhq;fk; gpaupf;F gpd;tUk;
Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itf;Fk;gb gzpj;jpUe;jJ.
1. gOjile;jpUe;j If;fpa mnkupf;f fg;gy;fisAk;> khYkpfisAk;
ghJfhj;jy;
2. tu;j;jff; fg;gy;fSf;F vupnghUs;> ePu;> czT vd;gtw;iw
toq;Fjy;
3. fg;gy;fisg; gOJghu;j;jy;.
4. tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSf;F mDkjp toq;Fjy;.
103,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
,f;Nfhupf;iffs; [g;ghdpa murhq;fj;jplk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lNghJ
If;fpa mnkupf;f tu;j;jf Mizahsu; n`up]; lTd;l;nrd; tp[ak;
nra;Ak; tiuAk; vt;tpj khw;wq;fSk; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. lTz;l;nrd;
je;jpukhd Kiwapy; Ml;rpahsu;fsplk; fPo;tUk; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itj;jhu; :
v rPdh> INuhg;gpah;fSf;F tpahghuj;jpw;F mDkjp toq;fhikahy;
gpupj;jhdpahTk; NtW rpy ehLfSk; mjid Mf;fpukpf;f Neu;e;jik.
v rPdhtpy; mikjp mw;Wg; Nghdik.
v tpahghuj;jpw;F mDkjp fpilj;jhy;> tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis
rkhjhdkhd Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$bajhapUf;Fk;.
n`hp]; lTz;nrz;l;> 1858,y; [g;ghDld; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l
xg;ge;jj;jhy;> rpy JiwKfq;fspy; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSf;F mDkjp
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;du; ,t;tpU ehLfSf;fpilNa uh[je;jpuj;
njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ.
[g;ghdpd; fjTfs;> ntsp cyfj;jpw;Fj; jpwf;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; Kjypy;
Vw;gl;l tpisT N\hFd;fspd; Ml;rp ,y;yhkw; NghdjhFk;. murpd;
etPd Nfhl;ghLfspd; kPJ> kPsTk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhFk; vd;wgbahy; N\hFd;fspd; Ml;rp ,y;yhky; Nghdij
Kf;fpakhd tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtkhff; fUjyhk;. ehd;F jsgjpfspd; fPo;
,g;gpuNjrq;fs; Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;ld. nrh\_> rj;Rk> `pnrd;> njh]
vd;Nghu; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspd; jiytu;fshtu;. nlhFfhth Afk; Kw;Wg;
ngWtij ,t;tPuu;fs; (rKuha;) nghWikapoe;J ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
,f;N\hNjhtpy; ,Ue;j Nguuru; cz;ikahd Ml;rpahsuhf Ntz;Lk;
vd;W mtu;fs; $wpf;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mtu;fs; INuhg;gpau;fis
kpNyr;ru;fshff; fUjpdu;. INuhg;gpau;fis [g;ghdpypUe;J ntspNaw;wptpl
Ntz;Lk; vd mtu;fs; $wpf;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,jw;Fg; gopjPu;f;Fk; tifapy;
1863 ,y; rj;Rk rhKuhapd; tPuu;fshy; Mq;fpNyau; xUtu; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.
gpupj;jhdpaf; flw;gil rj;Rktpd; jiyefuj;ij Fz;L tPrpj;jhf;fpaJ.
rpy jpdq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpa> gpuhd;]pa> xy;yhe;j> If;fpa
mnkupf;f flw;gilfs; \pNkhNdhn]f; vDk; ,lj;jpy; flw;gil
xj;jpif xd;iw elj;jpd. ,jd;gb kpfTk; FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; gpujhd
Ml;rpg; gpuNjrq;fs; ehd;fpdJk; Ml;rpahsu;fs; ntspehl;lhu; kPJ
nfhz;bUe;j mgpg;gpuhaq;fis khw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.
104,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
nka;[p rPu;jpUj;jk;
1867 ,y; N\hFd;fs; jkJ mjpfhuq;fs; midj;ijAk; Nguuruplk;
xg;gilj;jdu;. gilj;jsgjpg; gjtpia ,tu;fs; ehba NghJk; mJTk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy. 700 Mz;Lfshf [g;ghid Ml;rp nra;j nlhFfhth
tk;rj;jpdh; Kw;whf mfw;wg;gl;ldu;. Nguurupd; Ml;rp ikak; ,f;NahNjhtpy;
,Ue;J Nlhf;fpNahTf;F ,lkhw;wg;gl;lJ. ,r;nraw;ghLfNs nka;[p
rPu;jpUj;jk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
nka;[p rPu;jpUj;jk; ,lk;ngWk; NghJ [g;ghdpag; Nguuruhf ,Ue;j
Kl;R`pNjh gjpide;Nj tajhd rpWtdhf ,Ue;jhu;. [g;ghdpa
mikg;Gfs;. kPs khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l NghJ mtu; fhl;ba Mu;tk;
tpaf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. mtupd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; (1868 - 1912) “nka;[p” -
“xspkakhdJ” vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. 1871 ,y; Nguuruhy; khdpaKiw
xopf;fg;gl;lJ. [g;ghdpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F khdpa Kiw jilahf
cs;snjd mtu; fUjpdhu;.
[g;ghid rf;jptha;e;j ehnlhd;whff; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F Raeykw;w
Mir ,Uf;Fkhapd;> khdpaKiw mikg;Gfshy; vt;tpj gaDkpy;iy
vd;gij czh;e;J mjw;Fg; gjpyhf Jhpjkhf etPdkag;gLk; epWtdq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd czug;gl;lJ. tu;j;jfg; nghUshjhunkhd;iw
Nehf;fpg; gazg;gLifapy; khdpaKiw mikg;Gfs; ngUe; jilfshf
miktJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu> mwpT rhu;e;j Jiwfspy; nka;[p
fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Jupj mgptpUj;jp> Gul;rp xd;Wf;F rkkhdjhFk;.
,r;rPu;jpUj;jk; ngUk; Nfh\q;fshNyh r%fj;jpd; fPo;kl;lj;jpypUe;J vOe;j
Gul;rp xd;whNyh epfo;e;jjy;y. ,jid epu;tfpj;jtu;fs; cau;
jiytu;fshtu;. nlhFfhth fhyj;jpy; ehl;il xd;WgLj;jpaJ fLikahd
eltbf;iffs; %yNkahFk;. ,t;thNw nka;[p rPu;jpUj;j fhyfl;lj;jpYk;
nghJ kf;fs; jkJ jiytu;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;ltu;fshf nghWikAld;>
[g;ghd; etPd munrhd;whf khWtjid mtjhdpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
nka;[p jiytu;fs; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifNaw;wjd; gpd;du; Nkw;F
ehLfspd; murpay; jpl;ltsu;r;rp gw;wp Mokhd Ma;Tfspy; <Lgl;ldu;.
mt;tha;Tfspd; Kbtpy;> [g;ghdpYk; murpay; ahg;Gf;F cl;gl;l
munrhd;iw cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vdj; jiytu;fs; jPu;khdpj;jdu;. mjd;
gpd;du; murpay; ahg;G xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;fhd fhyj;ijf; Fwpj;J
mwptpj;jy; xd;iw ntspapl;ldu;. njupT nra;ag;gl;l FO xd;wpdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l ahg;G 1889 ,y; Nguuruhy; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J
1871 - N[u;kdpa Nguurpd; murpay; ahg;ig xj;jpUe;jJ.
105,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
Gjpa murpay; ahg;G
~~lal;|| vdg;gLk; ,U rigfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. gpuGf;fs; rig> gpujpepjpfs; rig vd;gd ,t;tpuz;L-
khFk;. gpujpepjpfs; rigf;F rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. epjp
rhu;e;j tplaq;fspy; ,r;rigf;F XusTf;Nf mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. mbg;gil
cupikfs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; ahg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jd. thf;Fupik
epyr;Rthe;ju;fSf;Fk; gzf;fhuu;fSf;Fk; kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. mtu;fs;
nkhj;j Fbj;njhifapy; xU tPjj;jpdu; kl;LNkahtu;. Nguuru;
Kg;gilfspdJk; jiytuhthu;. ntspehl;L tptfhuk; mtuJ
nghWg;gpNyNa ,Ue;jJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;l%ynkhd;W
mtuJ mq;fPfhuj;jpd; gpd;dNu eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. mikr;ruit
kd;dUf;fd;wp ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;Gr; nrhy;yNtz;bajpy;iy.
fhyhl;gilapdJk;> flw;gilapdJk; nghWg;ghd mikr;ru;fs; Neubahfg;
NguurUld; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUe;jdu;.
[g;ghdpa murpay; ahg;gpd; rpwg;Gg; gz;ghf> Guhjd [g;ghdpa
gz;ghl;L tplaq;fs; gyTk; mjDs; mlq;fp ,Ug;gijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,it nfhd;gpA+]pa]pd; jj;Jtq;fSld; njhlh;GilaitahFk;.
mit gpd;tUkhW
v kdpjd; ,aw;ifapNyNa mrkepiyahdtd;. jho;e;j kdpjd;
cau;e;j kdpjDf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
v rl;lj;jpd; %yk; elj;jg;gLk; Ml;rpiatpl> kdpju;fshy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ml;rp rpwe;jjhFk;.
v jdpkdpju;fistpl r%fk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
v muRf;F Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJ je;ij topr; r%fkhFk;.
murpay; fl;rpfs;
murpay; ahg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gb gpujpepjpfs; rigapd; cWg;gpdu;fisj;
njupT nra;tjw;fhf Nju;jy; fl;rp mbg;gilapy; elj;jg;gLk;. 1881 ,y;
ypguy; (jhuhz;ikthjf;) fl;rp Kjyhtjhfj; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ
njh] gpuNjrj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,j;jfp rKuha; vd;gtuhy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1882 ,y; `pnrd; gpuNjr fTd;lhthf ,Ue;j xFkh vd;gtuhy;
Kw;Nghf;Ff;fl;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpujpepjpj;Jt Ml;rp Kiwiag;
gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; mtrpakhditahFk;. [g;ghdpa
murpay; fl;rpfs; jdp egh;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mike;jjd;wp>
nfhs;iffs; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;litay;y. mit neLq;fhyj;jpw;F
epiyj;jpUf;fTkpy;iy.
106,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
[g;ghdpy; ahg;Gf;F mikthd murhq;fnkhd;iw cUthf;fpf;
nfhz;lgpd;du;> gyk;tha;e;j jiug;giliaAk;. flw;giliaAk;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;. gpupj ;jhdpa Kiwg;gb
flw;giliaAk;> N[u;kdpa Kiwg;gb jiug;giliaAk; cUthf;FtNj
mtu;fspd; Nehf;fkhapUe;jJ.
nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if
nka;[p fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;> murpay;
tsu;r;rpiatpl Mr;rupakspg;gjha; ,Ue;jJ. nlhFfhth Afj;jpy;
tptrhaj;ij Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;bUe;j [g;ghd;> nka;[p Afj;jpy;
tpahghuj;ij Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;ljhf khwpaJ. Kjyhspj;Jtg;
nghUshjhuKiw tsu;r;rpAw;wJ. Gjpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; ifj;njhopy;
kaj;jpy; $ba ftdQ; nrYj;jpdu;. etPd njhopEl;gj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L njhiyj;njhlu;G tiyaikg;nghd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Gifapujg; ghijfs;> je;jpj; njhlu;Gfs;>
njhiyNgrp> fg;gy;> ghupa ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cw;gj;jp
nra;tjpy; murhq;fk; ftdQ; nrYj;jpaJ. ,tw;wpy; jdpahu; JiwAk;
<Lglj; njhlq;fpaJ. Gifapujg; ghijfs;> njhiyj; njhlu;G> Njrpa
ghJfhg;G vd;gd murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nraw;gl;ld.
ePq;fs; “kpl;Ra;” rpnke;J> ‘kpl;Rgp]p’ Nkhl;lhu; tz;bfs; gw;wp
mwpe;jpUg;gPu;fs;. ,j;jhgdq;fs; ,uz;Lk; nka;[p fhyfl;lj;jpy;
rKuha;fspdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;litahFk;. kpl;Ra; jhgdk; kp];l;iu
vd;gtuhYk; kpl;Rgp\p jhgdk; rj;Rkh rKuhAld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltu;fshYk;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;litfshFk;.
19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug; gFjpapYk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kd;diug; gFjpapYk; INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopy; tsu;r;rp
Nkw;fj;ija ehLfistplg; gy;NtW topfspYk; NtWgl;ljhFk;. cw;gj;jp
vt;tsT Ntfkhf ,lk; ngw;wJ vd;gjw;F> xU guk;giuapDs; (20
taJ) nghUl;fs; $basT kpifg;gLk; tz;zk; cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;s
mtu;fshy; Kbe;jjpypUe;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. Nkw;fj;ija ehLfspd;
njhopy;El;gj;ij ,wf;Fkjp nra;J ifj;njhopy;Gul;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lik
mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f gz;ghFk;.
[g;ghdpd; ifj;njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; tpNrl gz;ghf cw;gj;jp
msT Ntfkhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lhYk;> njhopw;rhiyfs; gyTk; mstpy;
rpwpadthfNt fhzg;gl;ld. ghupa njhopw;rhiyfs; Fiwe;j mstpNy
fhzg;gl;ld. 1930 Mk; Mz;lstpy; [g;ghdpd; njhopyhsu; njhif
MW kpy;ypadhFk;. mtu;fSs; Kf;fhy; gq;fpdUk; E}W NgUf;Ff;
107,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
Fiwthf ciof;Fk; MiyfspNyNa njhopy; nra;jdu;. rpy
njhopw;rhiyfspy; Ie;J njhopyhsh;fNs fhzg;gl;ldu;.
Mjpf;fg; guk;gy; - nfhupahtpy; rPd - [g;ghd; Aj;jk;
fpof;F Mrpahtpy; jd; Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtNj [g;ghdpd;
vz;zkhftpUe;jJ. 1876 ,y; nfhupahtpd; jdpikg; gz;ig [g;ghd;
Kbj;J itj;jJ. N\hFd; fhyj;jpy; nfhupah ntspAyFld; njhlu;G
nfhs;tJ jLf;fg;gl;lJ. nfhupahtpd; jdpikiag; Nghf;Ftjw;Fj;
jahupf;fg;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb nfhupah Rje;jpu murhFk; vd;gJ xg;Gf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,q;F rPdh> ‘kQ;R’ tk;r Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj mJ
jdJ gpuNjrk; vd;W $wpf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. ‘kQ;R’ mjpfhupfs; ,J
njhlu;ghf vjidAk; $whjpUe;jJ> [g;ghDld; Nghu; nra;a NeUNk
vd;gjdhyhFk;. ,g;NghJ Nghu; xd;wpw;fhd #o;epiy cUthfp te;jJ.
nfhupah MrpahtpNyNa Vio ,uhr;rpankhd;whFk;. epu;thfNkh Coy;
kype;jjhFk;. ftdpahJ tplg;gl;likahy; tptrhapfs; gupjhgj;jpw;Fup-
Nahuha; ,Ue;jdu;. [g;ghd; tu;j;jf> ,uhZt eltbf;iffspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjpNa nfhupahkPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. nfhupahTf;F
tlf;fhff; fhzg;gl;l gRgpf; rKj;jpuf; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ij u\;ah
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. nfhupahtpy; ,lk; ngw;w fytuk; xd;iw
mlf;Fk; Njhuizapy; [g;ghDk; rPdhTk;> nfhupahTf;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jd.
,t;thW [g;ghdpa - rPd Aj;jk; Muk;gkhdJ.
1895 ,y; [g;ghdhy; rPdh Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. Mrpahtpy;
epyg;gug;Gf;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;tNj [g;ghdpd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
nfhupahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij rPdh mq;fPfupg;gNjhL> jdJ NghUf;fhd
nryitAk; ju Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> Nghu;Nkh]h> ng];fNjhu; jPTfs;>
kQ;#upahtpd; njd; gFjp kPJ rPdh cupik ghuhl;Ltij epWj;jpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; [g;ghd; epge;jidfis tpjpj;jJ.
u\;ah - ag;ghd; Aj;jk;
u\;ah nfhupahitj; jhf;fpajw;F vjpu;tpisthf 1904 ,y; u\;ahit
[g;ghd; jhf;fpaJ. flw;giliaAk; jiug;giliaAk; Njhy;tpAwr; nra;j
[g;ghd;> u\;ahTf;Fr; nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;j rfypd; jPtpd; njd; gFjpiaf;
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. ,J epyg;gug;gpd; mbg;gilapy; rpwpaNjhu;
gpuNjrkhf ,Ue;jhYk; ,jd; %yk; [g;ghd; gpugy;akhd ehlhf khwpaJ.
rPd - [g;ghdpa Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; u\;ah> gpuhd;];> N[u;kdp Mfpa
ehLfs; xd;Wgl;L kQ;#upahtpy; ,Ue;J [g;ghd; ntspNaw Ntz;Lk;
vd;W Nfhupf;iftpl;ld.
108,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
[g;ghd; kQ;#upahtpypUe;J ntspNawpaTld; rPdh> u\;ahTld;
xg;ge;jk; xd;iwr; nra;J nfhz;L kQ;#upah [g;ghDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdjy;y
vd;W Fwpg;gpl;L u\;ahtplk; mjd; ghJfhg;Gg; nghWg;ig xg;gilj;jJ.
gpuNahf mbg;gilapy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ> kQ;#upahtpd; njd;gFjpf;F
kl;Lky;y> KO kQ;#upahTf;FNk u\;ahtpd; nry;thf;F tpuptile;jJ.
nfhupah> kQ;#upah tplaq;fspy; VjhtJ cld;ghnlhd;iwr; nra;J
nfhs;s [g;ghd; vt;tsT Kad;Wk; rhu; murhpd; gps;isfspd; ftsaPdk;
fhuzkhf mJ rhj;jpag;gltpy;iy. u\;ahTld; Aj;jnkhd;Wf;Fr; nry;tJ
mghafukhdJ vd;W [g;ghd; njupe;J itj;jpUe;jhYk;> mg;NghJ mJ
gpupj;jhdpahTld; xg;ge;jk; xd;iwr; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jikahy;> cyfpd;
rf;jp tha;e;j flw;gilapd; cjtp mjw;Ff; fpl;baJ.
[g;ghd; - u\;a Aj;jj;jpy; ngupa gpupj;jhdpahTk;> If;fpa
mnkupf;fhTk; [g;ghDf;Fr; rhu;ghf ,Ue;jikahy;> u\;ah Njhy;tpa-
ile;jJ. If;fpa mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp jpNahlu; &];nty;l;bd;
topfhl;Ljypy; epA `k;\aupy; Nghu;l;]; kTj; JiwKfj;jpy; itj;Jr;
nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l rkhjhd xg;ge;jj;Jld; Aj;jk; Kbtile;jJ.
u\;ahtpy; Nghy;N\tpf;Ffspd; vOr;rpf;F ,j;Njhy;tp toptFj;jJ.
[g;ghdpa - u\;ag; Nghupd; gpd;du;> [g;ghd; ,oe;j jdJ Aj;j
rf;jpia kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jpaJ. ,jw;fpilapy;
uh[je;jpuj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpYk; ftdQ; nrYj;jpaJ.
1907 ,y; u\;ahTld; nra;J nfhz;l ,ufrpa xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk;
kQ;#upahit ,uz;LgLj;jp mjidf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s Kaw;rpj;jJ.
1910 ,y; [g;ghd; nfhupahit Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
,uz;lhk; cyfkfh Aj;jf; fhyj;jpy; [g;ghd;
1914 ,y; Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; Muk;gkhd gpd;du; [g;ghDf;Fj;
jdJ gyj;ijg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; tha;j;jJ. rPdhtpy;
N[u;kDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gpuNjrq;fs;> gRgpf; jPTfs; vd;gd [g;ghdhy;
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,jw;F Nkyhf Mrpa> Mgpupf;f ehLfSf;F
MAj cgfuzq;fis tpw;gjd; %yk; ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ij <l;bf;
nfhs;s Kbe;jjdhy;> [g;ghdpd; nghUshjhuk; Ntfkhf tsu;r;rp
mile;jJ.
Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd;NghJ u\;ahtpy; (1917) Gul;rp Vw;gl;L>
khf;]pa murhq;fk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mt;turhq;fk; Nghupy;
,Ue;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mq;F rpf;fpf;
nfhz;l nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpa gilfis kPl;f> Nghupd; Kbtpy;
NerehLfspd; gilfs; mDg;gg;gl;ld. ,jpy; [g;ghdpag; gilfSk;
109,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
<LgLj;jg;gl;ld. gilnaLg;gpdhy; [g;ghDf;F ve;jnthU ed;ikAk;
tpisatpy;iy. [g;ghd; ,uhZtj;jpd; Gfo; fPNo rupe;jJ. cyfg;
ngUk; Nghupd; Kbtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l cyf rkhjhdj;jhy; khu;\y;>
kupahdh> nfNuhypdh jPTfs; [g;ghDf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd.
1922 - 1930 fhyfl;lj;jpy; [g;ghd; jdJ ftdj;ij cs;ehl;L
tplaq;fspy; kl;LNk nrYj;jpaJ. u\;ahtpy; Vw;gl;l ,uhZt
mgfPu;j;jpiag; Nghf;fpf;nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; mjidf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy;
Kjypy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpaJ. [g;ghdpd; Fbj;njhifg; ngUf;fk;
mjpfstpy; fhzg;gl;lik ngUk; gpur;rpidahf ,Ue;jJ. czTg;
nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;tjw;Fg; ngUksT gzj;ijr; nrytplNtz;b
Vw;gl;lJ. Vw;Wkjp tUkhdj;jpd; ngUk; gFjpia ,jw;fhfr; nrytpl
Ntz;b Neu;e;jJ. mjpfkhd INuhg;gpa ehLfs;> [g;ghdpa cw;gj;jpfspd;
kPJ mjpf jPu;it tpjpj;jik [g;ghdpd; kPJ tpOe;j mbahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Mrpa re;ijfisf; iftpl;likahy; mtw;iwg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F [g;ghdhy; KbAkhapUe;jJ.
1939 ,y; Vw;gl;l ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpy; [g;ghd; mr;R
ehLfshd N[u;kd;> ,j;jhypAld; ,ize;J Ner ehLfSf;F vjpuhfg;
Nghupl;lJ. [g;ghd; kQ;#upahit Mf;fpukpj;jij If;fpa mnkupf;fh
fz;bj;jJ. mj;NjhL> [g;ghDldhd tu;j;jfj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ.
rpy tifg; nghUl;fis [g;ghDf;F tpw;gijAk; mJ jtpu;j;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
[g;ghd; rPdhtpypUe;Jk; ,e;NjhrPdhtpypUe;Jk; ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vdTk;
NfhupaJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; [g;ghdpa vjpu;g;Gf; nfhs;ifahy;>
gRgpf; rKj;jpuj;jpypUe;j If;fpa mnkupf;f fhty; epiyaq;fisj; jhf;f
[g;ghd; jpl;lkpLtjhfTk; If;fpa mnkupf;f csTr; Nrit vr;rupf;if
tpLj;jpUe;jJ.
1941 brk;gu; 7 Mk; jpfjp [g;ghdpa Aj;j tpkhdq;fs; Ngu;s;
JiwKfj;ijj; jhf;fp> fg;gy;fs; Ie;ij %o;fbj;J> E}w;iwk;gJ Nghu;
tpkhdq;fisAk; mopj;njhopj;jJ. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; gpuNtrpj;j
[g;ghd; Kjy; %d;W khjq;fspy; tpaf;fj;jf;f ntw;wpfs; gytw;iwg;
ngw;wpUe;jJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; Fthk; gilKfhk;> jha;yhe;J>
kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+u;> vd;gtw;iwf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;L gRgpf; rKj;jpuj;jpy;
epiy nfhz;bUe;j gpupd;]; xg; Nty;];> upgy;l; vDk; ,uz;L Aj;jf;
fg;gy;fisAk; rpq;fg;G+upd; mUNf %o;fbj;jJ. mLj;J gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk;
xy;yhe;Jf;Fk; nrhe;jkhd gRgpf; jPTfisf; ifg;gw;wp mT];jpNuypahitj;
jhf;Ftjw;F Maj;jkhdJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; fg;gw;gil nfhuy;
flypd; mUNf Nkw;nfhz;l rz;ilapdhNy [g;ghd; njhlu;r;rpahfg;
ngw;Wte;j ntw;wpfisj; jLf;fKbe;jJ.
110,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
N[u;kdpapdJk; ,j;jhypapdJk; Njhy;tp epr;rak; vd;w epiyapy;>
[g;ghid epge;jidapd;wp ruzilAkhWk; ,y;iyNay; Nguopit
vjpu;nfhs;s NeUk; vd;Wk; If;fpa mnkupf;fh vr;rupf;if tpLj;jJ.
[g;ghNdh mijg; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy.
If;fpa mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp n`up l;&kDk;> gpupj;jhdpag; gpujku;
fpsnkd; ml;ypAk; nghl;];Nlk; efupy; $b vLj;j Kbtpd; gb> Gjpjhff;
fz;lwpag;gl;l mZ Fz;Lfs; 1945 Xf];l; 6 Mk; jpfjp `pNuh\pkh
efu;kPJk;> 9 Mk; jpfjp ehf\hfp efu;kPJk; tPrg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;
xUyl;rj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; ,we;jJld; ,U efuq;fSk; Nkhrkhfr;
;rpjwbf;fg;gl;ld. 1945 nrg;nlk;gh; khjk; 2Me; jpfjp [g;ghd; epge;jidapd;wp
ruzile;jJ.
,uz;lhk; cyfg; ngUk;Nghuhy; Nkhrkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd;
nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g cjtp toq;Ftjw;fhf ~khH\y; jpl;lk;|
vDk; xd;iwr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F If;fpa mnkupf;fh eltbf;if vLj;jJ.
,j;jpl;lk; N[hu;[; khu;\y; vd;gtuhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. nghUshjhu
uPjpahfg; ngUksTf;Fg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfs; fk;A+dp] nry;thf;fpw;F
cl;gLtijj; jLg;gjw;fhfNt ,j;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Aj;jj;jpy;
mope;njhope;j [g;ghDf;Fk; ,jd;fPo; cjtp toq;fg;gl;lJ. [g;ghid
gw;wpa jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf rd;gpuhd;];rp];Nfh efupy;
eilngw;w khehl;by; ,yq;ifapd; gpujpepjpahff; fye;Jf;nfhz;ltu;
j pU.N[.Mu; . [atu;j ;jd mtu;fshthu ; . mr;rkak; md;dhu ;
~~ituhf;fpaj;jhy; nty;y KbahJ|| vDk; Gj;jngUkhdpd; Nghjidia
Kd;itj;J ciuahw;wpajd; %yk; [g;ghDf;F kd;dpg;G toq;Ftjw;F
Vida ehLfspd; ,zf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. md;W Kjy; [g;ghd;
,yq;ifapd; ey;y ez;gdhf khwpaJld; ed;wpf; flDf;fhf vkJ
ehl;Lf;F epiwa cjtpfisAk; Gupe;J tUfpd;wJ.
Aj;jj;jhy; mopTz;l [g;ghd; fle;j 60 Mz;LfspDs; midj;Jj;
JiwfspYk; milag;ngw;w Kd;Ndw;wk; Mr;rupae; jUtjhFk;. mtw;iw
[e;jhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; fw;Wf; nfhs;Nthk;.
111,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
rPdh
,e;jpahtpdJk; [g;ghdpdJk; tuyhw;iwf; fw;w ePq;fs; mLj;J
rPd tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpakhd fl;lk; gw;wpf; fw;fg; NghfpwPu;fs;.
“ehLfSf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; Njit ,dq;fSf;F tpLjiy Njit.
kf;fSf;Fg; Gul;rp mtrpak;”
- Kd;dhy; gpujku; #-vd;-yha;
rPdhtpy; NjrpathjKk;> nfhkpA+dprthjKk;.
ePz;l fhyk; ,lk;ngw;w murpay; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; gpd;dh; 1911
,y; kd;-# murtk;rk; mjpfhuj;ij ,oe;jikahdJ> rPd murpay;
tuyhw;wpy; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;thFk;. rPdhtpd; kuGfs;>
fyhrhuk; Kjypatw;wpy; vd;Wkpy;yhj Jupj khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf Vw;gl;l rk;gtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; rPdg; Gul;rpia
4 fl;lq;fshf mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
01. Athq; - \p - fhapapd; $l;lhl;rpf; fhyk; (1912 - 1916)
02. Nghu;j; jiytu;fspd; epu;thfKk; kj;jpa muR gytPdkiljYk;
(1916 - 1922)
03. Njrpathjg; Gul;rp (1923-1949)
04. nfhkpA+dprg; Gul;rp (1949)
nraw;ghL:
1. [g;ghdpd; Gtpapay; jd;ikfisf; fhl;Lk; GwTUtg; glk; xd;W
tiuf
2. [g;ghdpd; ,d;iwa Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fhz;gpf;Fk; glq;fisr;
Nrfupf;fTk;.
3 [g;ghd; etPd munrhd;whf vOr;rpailtjw;F nlhFfhth
Ml;rpahsu;fshy; Mw;wg;gl;l Nritfis tpsf;Ff.
4 nka;[p rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; NghJ nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; ahg;G
vt;thwhdJ?
112,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
1. kd; - # mur tk;rk; gjtpapwf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l gpd;du; rPdf;
$l;lhl;rpapd; KjyhtJ [dhjpgjpahd Athq; - \p - fhap kPz;Lk;
kd;duhl;rp Kiwia cUthf;Ftjw;Fupa Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;l
NghJk; mJ gadspf;ftpy;iy. mj;Jld; murpd; xUikj; jd;ikia
njhlu;e;Jk; Kd;ndLg;gjw;Fk; mJ ngUe;jilahf tpsq;fpaJ. 1916
,y; Athq; - \p - fhap fhykhdijj; njhlu;e;J Nghu;j; jiytu;fspd;
mjpfhuk; NkNyhq;fpaJ. (WAR LORDS.)
2. gPfpq; efiur; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; $l;lhl;rp Kiwnahd;W
nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l NghjpYk; Vida gpuNjrq;fspy; gilj;jiytu;fs;
mjpfhuk; ngw;wdu; Nghu;j; jiytu;fspy; rpyu; kd;-# mur tk;rj;jpy;
Nritahw;wpa mjpfhupfshfTk;> ,d;Dk; rpyu; ,uhZtj;jpy;
flikahw;wpa jsgjpfshfTk; Nghu; tPuu;fshfTk; fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs;
nfhs;isf; $l;lj;jpdu; Nghd;Nw nraw;gl;ldu;. ,g;Nghu;j; jiytu;fs;
rPdhtpd; gy gFjpfisAk; Ml;rp nra;jdu;. kdpjhgpkhdkw;w Kiwapy;
nghJ kf;fis eRf;fp mjpf tupfis mwtpl;lJld; nfh^ukhd Ml;rp
Kiwnahd;iwNa mKy;gLj;jpdu;. vdNt rPdg; nghJ kf;fs; kpfTk;
tWikahd epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;ldu;.
3. Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; eilngWk; fhyj;jpy; rPdh cs;ehl;Lf;
Fog;gk; epiwe;j ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,r;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; el;G ehLfSf;F
MjuT jUtjhff; $wpa rPdh N[u;kdpf;F vjpuhf Aj;jg;gpufldk;
nra;jJ. rPdf; $l;lhl;rpahsh;fs; rkhjhd cld;gbf;if xd;iw
Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; cs;ehl;Lf; Fog;g epiyia KbTf;Ff;nfhz;L
tuyhk; vd vjpu;ghu;j;jdu;. Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; Kbtpy; gup];
rkhjhd cld;gbf;if ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l khehl;by; rPdh Kd;itj;j
MNyhrid Kw;whfg; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. fyhepjp Rd; - aj; - nrd; mtu;fspd;
Nfhkpq;lhd; fl;rpapd; Ntiyj;jpl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
1912 fhyfl;lk; Gul;rpr; nraw;ghLfspd; %d;whtJ
fl;lkhf mike;jJ. fyhepjp Rd; - aj; - nrd;dpd;
Nfhkpq;lhq; Mjuthsh;fs; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp
Kiwnahd;iw Nehf;fpr; nry;tijNa ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. gPfpq; kw;Wk; rpy gpuNjrq;fspy;
,lk; ngw;w Nghh;j; jiytu;fspd; Ml;rpia
fhurhukhf tpku;rpj;j Rd; - aj; - nrd; mth;fspd;
Nfhkpq;lhq; fl;rp kpfTk; rpwpanjhU fl;rpahFk;.
,f; fl;rp mJ tpku;rpj;j Nghu;j; jiytu;fspd;
cjtpapNyNa jq;fpapUe;jJ. mj;Jld; rPdhtpd;
$l;lhl;rp> ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwf;F cjthj> ajhu;j;jj;Jf;F mg;ghw;gl;l
xd;whff; fhzg;gl;lJ. nghWg;gw;w Nghu;j; jiytu;fspd; Ml;rpapdhy;
fyhepjp Rd;-aj; -nrd;
113,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
rPdhtpd; mjpfkhd gpuNjrq;fs; rPuope;J fhzg;gl;ld. MapDk;
Nfhkpq;lhq;fpd; murhq;fj;jpd; Nghf;F xNuabahf khw;wKw;wJld;
nkd;ikahd Ml;rpf; fhynkhd;W cUthdJ. ,k;khw;wj;Jf;fhd fhuzk;;
mf;fl;rpf;Ff; fpilj;j u\;ahtpd; cjtpahFk;.
u\;ahtpy; 1917 ,y; Gul;rp %yk; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa Nghy;];tpf;
fl;rpf;Fj; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F cyf
ty;yuRfspd; cjtp Njitg;gl;lJ. nfd;ldpy; mjpfhuj;ij
epiyehl;bapUe;j fyhepjp Rd; - aj; - nrd;Dila cjtpia u\;ah
ehbaJ. Nfhkpq;lhq; fl;rpj; jiytu; nfhkpAdprthjj;ij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;shikf;Ff; fhuzk; Nkw;F ehLfspd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjhFk;. Nkw;Fyf ehLfspd; cjtpiag; NghyNt Rd; - aj; -
nrd; u\;ahtpd; cjtpiaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. 1923 ,y; u\;ag;
gpujpepjpfs; rPdhTf;F tUif je;jJld; rPdhTf;F cjtpaspg;gjw;Fk;
cld;gl;ldu;. md;iwa rPdhtpd; cldbj; Njitahff; fhzg;gl;lJ>
Njrpa uPjpahf If;fpag;gLjYk; ru;tNjr ty;yuRfsplkpUe;J rPdhitg;
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tJkhFk;. ,jd; nghUl;L u\;ahtpd; ,uhZt> murpay;
MNyhrfu;fs; nfd;lDf;F tUif je;jdu;.
1923 - 1927 fhyg;gFjpapy; rPdhtpd; Njrpa ,af;fj;Jf;F
rpwg;ghdnjhU jiyikj;Jtk; fpilj;jJ. mj;Jld; njspthd
Nehf;fq;fSk; Njitahd kf;fl; gyKk; mjdplk; fhzg;gl;ld. ,uhZtf;
FOf;fspd; Ml;rp gytPdkile;jpUe;jJld; kf;fs; ,t;thl;rp Kiwia
ntWj;jpUe;jdh;. Rd; - aj; nrd;dpd; eltbf;iffs; rPd kf;fspilNa
Njrg;gw;iwAk; ,d czh;itAk; tsu;r;rpailar; nra;jpUe;jd.
ahq;rp gs;sj;jhf;fpy; njhopw;rhiyfis ikakhff; nfhz;L
njhopyhsu; mikg;Gf;fs;> njhopw; rq;f eltbf;iffs;> tptrhapfs;
,af;fq;fs;> ,isQu; ,af;fq;fs;> ngz;fs; tpLjiy mikg;Gf;fs;
vd;gd tsu;r;rpaile;jd. nfhkpA+dprj;Jf;F vjpuhd nfhs;ifAilatu;fs;>
rPdhtpy; Njrpa munrhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gp mjid murpay;> nghUshjhu
uPjpapy; gyg;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd;
MNyhrfu;fs; Rd; - aj; - nrd; kw;Wk; mtupd; Mjuthsu;fSf;Fk;
rpwg;ghd jiyikj;Jtg; gapw;rpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jdu;. Nfhkpq;lhq;
fl;rp u\;ahtpd; nfhkpA+dprf; fl;rpiag; Nghy fl;bnaOg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W ikf;fy; nghNuhbd; vDk; u\;a MNyhrfu; $wpdhu;. vdNt
Nfhkpq;lhq; fl;rpapd; gpurhu eltbf;iffspd; NghJ fPo;tUk; tplaq;fspy;
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
v ,uhZt Ml;rpia ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;.
v [dehafthj> Neh;ikahd murpay; thjpfis epakdQ; nra;jy;.
v MAj ghtidiaf; iftply;.
114,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
jkJ Nehf;fq;fis Rtnuhl;bfs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;
%yk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gug;gpdu;.
1925 mstpy; nfd;ld; muR rpwpajhdhYk; gpugykhdjhf tpsq;fpaJ.
,q;F tup mwtply;> tu;j;jf eltbf;iffs;> vd;gtw;Wld; etPd ,uhZt
mikg;nghd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; mjw;F Nkw;F ehLfspd; ,uhZtj;
jiytu;fspd; fPo; gapw;rpAk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. nfd;ld; muR
nfhkpAdprk; my;yhj xU Nrhtpaj; u\;a Kiwahfj; jd;idg;
gpugy;ag;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l NghjpYk; mNefkhd ehLfs; rPdhtpd;
murhq;fkhf mjid mq;fPfupf;ftpy;iy. Nrhtpaj; u\;ah 1924 ,y;
gPfpq; murhq;fj;ij mq;fPfupj;jpUe;j NghjpYk; gPfpq; murhq;fj;ij
ftpo;g;gjw;F Rd; - aj; - nrd;Df;F cjtp toq;fpaJ. jdJ nraw;ghLfspd;
t pisTfisf; fhz;gjw ;F Rd; - ahj ; - nrd; capUld;
,Uf;ftpy;iyahapDk;> mtuJ Nehf;fq;fs; fl;rpapd; kughf epiyj;J
epd;wJ. fyhepjp Rd; - aj; - nrd;Dila vOj;jhf;fq;fis Nfhkpq;lhq;
nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rp jdJ gpur;rhu eltbf;iffSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;lJ. mtuJ jj;Jtq;fs; “Rd; - kpd; - R” vDk; ngaupy;
ntspaplg;gl;lJld; mJ Nfhkpq;lhq; fl;rpapd; Ntj E}yhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
Nfhkpq;lhd; fl;rpapd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs; %d;Wk; tUkhW :
Njrpa thjk;
Njrpathjk; vd;gJ rPdhit ntspehl;L rf;jpfsplkpUe;J Rje;jpuk;
ngwr; nra;jy;> kf;fs; murhq;fj;Jf;F cWJizahf ,Uj;jy;
vd;gjhFk;.
[dehafk;
gpugykhd ,k;Kiwapdhy; kf;fs; ,iwikAldhd gpujpepjpj;Jt
Ml;rp Kiwnahd;iw njhlh;jy;.
ciog;G
,jdhy; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ vd;dntdpy; ngdjpf tsq;fspd;
tsu;r;rpAld; r%fj;ij khw;wpaikf;fyhk;. khf;rpaj;ij epuhfupj;j
Rd;- aj;- nrd; ,t;tplj;jpy; gaDs;s Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw Kd;itf;f
jtwpAs;shu;.
115,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
fyhepjp Rd;- aj; - nrd;Dila fUj;Jg;gb Gul;rpfukhd re;ju;g;gq;fs;
%d;whFk;.
1. Aj;j re;ju;g;gk; :-
ehl;bd; rl;lj;ij epiy ehl;Ltjw;fhf mjpfhuj;ijg;
gpuNahfpj;jy;.
2. nghWg;Ngw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; :-
kf;fSf;Fg; gapw ;rp mspj;jy;> Gul;rpj ; jiyikf;F
nfsutkspj;jy;.
3. ahg;nghd;iw cUthf;Fk; re;jh;g;gk; :-
gpujpepjpj;Jt Ml;rp Kiwf;fhd murpay; ahg;gpidj; jahupj;jy;.
jiyikj;Jtj;jpYk;> nfhs;if uPjpapYk; fyhepjp Rd; - aj;-
nrd;dplk; FiwghLfs; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; mtu; ~~Gul;rpapd; je;ij||
vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; kuzpj;j 1924Mk; Mz;by; tl rPdhtpy;
Nghu;j; jiytu;fs; %tupilNa Vw;gl;bUe;j gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf
mq;F nrd;wpUe;jhu;. mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mthpd; cly; epiy Nkhrkhfg;
ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtUila nfhs;iffs; mtu; epidahj msTf;F
nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jd. mtUila Mjuthsu;fs; kj;jpapy;
mtu; xU tPuGU\uhf tpsq;fpdhu;. cyfk; KOtJkpUe;j rPdu;fs;
$l;lhl;rp ahg;gpd; %yk; Gjpa murhq;fk; xd;W cUthFk; ed;dhis
vjpu;ghu;j;j tz;zkpUe;jdu;. rPdhtpy; fhzg;gl;l gioa fUj;Jf;fisg;
Gjpa tpQ;Qhdf; fUj;Jf;fSld; fye;J etPd murpay; rpe;jidnahd;iw
cUthf;Fjy; fyhepjp Rd; - aj; - nrd;Dila Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
1926Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ nfd;ld; murhq;fk; tlrPdhtpy;
Ml;rpapypUe;j ,uhZtj; jiytu;fSf;F rthy; tpLkstpw;F rf;jp
ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jJ. Njrpathjk; Gul;rpnahd;Wf;fhd kl;lk; tiu tsu;e;jJ.
Nfhkpd;lhq; mzpapdUf;Fj; jiyikj;Jtk; toq;Ftjw;F rpaq;fha;
\f; vDk; ,staJ n[duy; xUtu; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; Kjd;Kjypy;
aq;]p gs;sj;jhf;fpy; ,uhZtj; jiytu;fisj; Njhy;tpailar; nra;jhu;.
mjd;gpd;du; elhj;jpa njhlu; jhf;Fjy;fshy; gy khfhzq;fspdJk;
mjpfhuk; kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,j;njhlu; jhf;Fjy; “jz;lid
toq;Fk; nraw;ghL” vDk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
Nfhkpd;lhq;fl;rpapd; kuG topf; nfhs;if cilath;fs; nfhkpA+dpr
tpNuhjpfshff; fhzg;gl;lJld;> nfhkpA+dprthjpfisj; jkJ fl;rpapypUe;J
Juj;jptpLtijNa mtu;fs; Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;> Mdhy;
nfhkpA+dprthjpfs; tptrhapfisAk;. njhopyhsu;fisAk;> ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;L fl;rpiag; gykilar; nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; ,Ue;jdu;. ,jw;fpilapy;
\q;fha; efupy; Cu;tykhfr; nrd;w nfhkpA+dpr Mjuthsu;fs; kPJ rpaq;fha;
N\f;Fila gilapdu; Jg;ghf;fpg; gpuNahfk; elj;jpa fhuzj;jhy; rpyu;
116,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
,wf;f Neupl;lJ. rPdhtpd; murpay; epiyik KOtJkhf khw;wkile;jJ.
ikf;fy; nghNuhbd; Kjypa Nrhtpaj; MNyhrfu;fs; ehl;il tpl;L
ntspNawptpl;ldu;. FbauRthjpfs; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fj; jiyth;fs;
fl;rpapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;ldu;. NkYk; gy fl;rpapd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; u\;ahTf;Fr;
nrd;W milf;fyk; Nfhupdu;.
Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapypUe;j FbauRthjpfis ePf;fpa gpd;du; rpnaq; -
fha; - n\f; rPdh KOtJk; jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. md;wpypUe;J mtu; fl;rpapd; jd;dpfupy;yhj; jiytuhf
tpsq;fpdhu;. kuG uPjpahd nfhs;ifAilatu;fs; Nfhkpq;lhq; fl;rpf;Fj;
jkJ Mjuit toq;fpdu;. rpaq; - fha; - Nrf;fpd; kidtpahd Rd; - aj;
- ypd; vd;gth; Rd; - aj; - rd;dpd; rNfhjupahthu;. mtu; mnkupf;fg;
gy;fiyf;fofk; xd;wpy; fy;tp fw;wtuhthu;. ,uhZtj; jiyth;fspd;
Ml;rpg; gpuNjrq;fSf;$lhfj; jkJ gilfis efu;j;jpa Nfhkpd;lhq;
fl;rpapdu; rpukkpy;yhky; 1928 ,y; gPfpq; efiuf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldh;.
rpaq; - fha; - Nrf;fpd; gilapdu; ned;fpd; efiuf; ifg;gw;wp mjidj;
jkJ jiy efuhf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;.
Nfhk pd ;lhq ; mzpapduhy ; ehl ;bd ; gy ghfq ;fs ;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lhYk; njhlu;e;Jk; mjpfhuj;ij jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ
rpukkhdJ vd;gij rpaq; - fha; - nrf; czh;e;jhu;. Njrpaj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;ba ghupa nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;j ,th;fs; mjpfhuj;ijf;
ifg;gw;Wtjw;F Kd;dpUe;j epiy mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa gpwF
khw;wKw;wJ. ,d;Dk; rPdhtpy; ,uhZt Ml;rpapd; vr;rq;fisf;
fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapd; mjpfhuKk; ,uhZt
gyj;jpNyNa jq;fpapUe;jikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Nfhkpq;lhq; Njrpathjpfs; ehq;fpq; efupy; mjpfhuj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;L rpwg;ghd rpy Nritfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
gpd;dh; rPdhtpd; ngUk;gFjpia If;fpag;gLj;jpa Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf;
nfhz;L elj;Jtjw;F rpaq; - fha; - nrf;fpdhy; khj;jpuNk Kbe;jJ.
mjdhy; rPdhtpd; Gfo; vq;Fk; gutpaJld; Njrpathjpfis ru;tNjrk;
Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJld; gy ehLfSld; ntspehl;Lj; J}Jtuhya
cwTfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fh> rPdh
kPJ tpjpj;jpUe;j tu;j;jfj; jilia tpyf;fpf; nfhs;s KbT nra;jJ.
20 tUlq;fshf Ml;rpajpfhuj;jpypUe;j Njrpathjpfshd Nfhkpd;lhq;
fl;rp tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. ,jw;F 3 fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpd.
mitahtd :
01. rPd r%fg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F Kbahkw; Nghdik.
02. rPdhtpd; nfhkpA+dprthjpfspd; fLikahd vjpu;g;G
03. 1937 ,y; [g;ghd; rPdhit Mf;fpukpj;jik.
117,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
kh X NrJq;fpd; jiyikapy; fk;A+dp];Lf;fspd; vOr;rp
Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp mjpfhuj;jpypUe;j NghJ nfhkpA+dprthjpfis
xopj;Jf;fl;Lk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,t;tpU fl;rpapdUf;F
kpilapy; fUj;J Nkhjy;fs; jPtpukilAk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nfhkpA+dpr
thjpfs; jiykiwthfpdu;. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspYk;> efug;Gwq;fspYk; Fwpg;ghf
kj;jpa rPdhtpYk; njd; rPdhtpYk; jkJ eltbf;iffis nfhkpA+dpr
thjpfs; ,yFthfj; njhlu;e;jdu;. mJ khj;jpuky;yhJ Njrpa thjpfspd;
Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Nrhtpaj; u\;ah Nghd;w Xu; murhq;fj;ij fpaq;rp
khfhzj;jpy; nfhkpA+dprthjpfs; cUthf;fpdu;.
njhlu;e;Jk; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapdh; nfhkpA+dpr kj;jpa epiyaq;fs;
kPJ jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. vdNt jkJ capiug; gzak;
itj;J mtu;fSf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhl Ntz;ba epiy nfhkpA+dpr
thjpfSf;F Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt mtu;fs; tWikf;Fk; Jd;gj;Jf;Fk; Mshd
tptrhapfSf;F nfupy;yh Kiwapyhd Nghu;g;gapw;rpia mspj;jdu;. mJ
khj;jpuky;yhJ murpay; uPjpahfTk; tptrhapfis mzp jpusr; nra;Ak;
eltbf;iffisAk; nfhkpA+dprthjpfs; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,e;
eltbf;iffspd; gpd;dzpapy; epd;W nraw;gl;ltu; kh - X - NrJq;
Mthu;.
kh - X - NrJq; kj;jpa juj;jpyhd tptrhaf;
FLk;gk; xd;wpy; gpwe;jtuhthu;. ,tu; ,sk;
guhae;njhl;Nl epyr; Rthe;ju;fSf;Fk; mur
tk;rq;fspd; Nkhrkhd Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf
nraw;gl;ltuhthu;. 1921 ,y; rPd nfhkpA+dp];l;
fl;rpia Muk;gpj;j xU rpyUs; kh - X - NrJq;Fk;
xUtuhthu;. mtu; gbg;gbahf fl;rpapd; kj;jpa
epu;thff; FOtpy; Xu; mq;fj;jtuhdhu;.
mtupd; nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.
01. fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; $l;LwT Kiwia Muk;gpj;jy;
02. nfh^ukhd gpuGj;Jt tFg;gpdiug; gaKWj;jYk; mtu;fs;kPJ
jhf;Fjy; Nkw;nfhs;SjYk;.
rPdg; Gul;rpf;fhd gpd;dzp cUthFk; NghJ kh - X - NrJq;fpd;
vOj;Jf;fspy; fhzg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; rpytw;iwg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
kh - X - NrJq;
glk; 1.10
118,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
v “Gul;rp vd;gJ kf;fis ,uT tpUe;njhd;Wf;F miof;Fk;
nray; my;y”.
v “fpuhkpag; Gul;rp vd;gJ khdpa epyq;fspd; cupikahsu;fshd
gzk; gilj;j tFg;gpduplk; fhzg;gLk; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf;
ftpo;j;J tpLk; nraw;ghlhFk;”.
v “,yl;rf; fzf;fhNdhh; Gul;rpapyPLgLk; NghJ mJ xU
GayhfNth #whtspahfNth khwyhk;”.
v “rPdhtpy; ntw;wpfukhd Gul;rpahsu;fs; tptrhapfNs”.
,q;F ,Wjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fUj;ij Nrhtpaj; u\;aj; jiytu;fs;
tpUk;gtpy;iy. u\;ahtpy; njhopw;rhiy Copau;fNs Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdu;.
vd;whYk; u\;ahitg; Nghy; rPdhtpy; gyk; tha;e;j njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdu;
fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;gij kh - X - NrJq; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;.
ePz;l eilg;gazk; (ghj ahj;jpiu)
rpaq; - fha; - nrf;Fila gyk; tha;e;j gil njhlu;e;Jk;
nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rpapdUf;F ,ilQ;ry; tpistpj;jikahy; kh - X -
NrJq; kpf ePz;l eilg; gazk; xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisr;
nra;jhu;. 1934 xf;Nlhgu; khjk; fpaq;]p efupy; Muk;gpj;j ,g;ghj ahj;jpiu
1935 xf;Nlhgu; khjk; nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rpapd; kj;jpa epiyak; mike;jpUe;j
nadhd; efupy; KbTw;wJ. ,e; eilg;gazk; 6000 iky;fs; nfhz;ljha;
mike;jJld; gazj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; 90>000 Ngu; fye;J nfhz;lNghjpYk;
Kbtpy; 20>000 NgNu vQ;rpapUe;jdu;. ,th;fNs rpwe;j nfhkpA+dpr thjpfs;
vd;gij mstpLtjw;F NtW msTNfhy; NjitapUf;ftpy;iy. mJ
khj;jpuky;yhky; kdijupak;> mu;g;gzpg;G> Kjypa Fzhk;rq;fisAila
rpwe;j nfhkpA+dpr thjpfshf ,tu;fisf; Fwpg;gplKbAk;. ,g;ghj ahj;jpiu
%yk; kh - X - NrJq; rPd nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rpapd; jd;dpfupy;yhj
jiytuhdhu;. NkYk; ghjahj;jpiuapd; Kbtpy; nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rpf;Fg;
ghupa kf;fs; MjuT fpilj;jJ. MapDk; gpujhd efuq;fSk; nghUshjhu
tsq;fSk; vjpupfspd; iffspNyNa fhzg;gl;ld.
rpwpJ fhyQ; nry;y tlNky; rPd khepyk; RahjPdkhd nfhkpAdpr
khepykhf khwpaJ. mq;F murpay;> fl;likg;G kw;Wk; ,uhZt myF
vd;gd nfhkpA+dpr mbg;gilapy; xOq;fike;J nraw;gl;lNghJ nghJ
kf;fs; mjd;ghy; <u;f;fg;gl;ldu;.
nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rp tptrhapfspd; fhzpg; gpur;rpidia tpiutpy;
jPu;f;Fk; Kfkhf tprhykhd mstpy; epyq;fisj; Jz;Lfshfg; gpupj;J
mtw;iwf; fhzpaw;w tptrhapfSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspj;jJ. NkYk; tupr;
119,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
RikfisAk; Fiwj;jJ. kf;fSf;Ff; fhzpfisg; gpupj;J toq;Ftjw;fhf
fhzp tq;fp xd;iwAk; epWtpaJ. mj;Jld; ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs;>
$l;LwTKiw mgptpUj;jp> etPd gapu;r; nra;if Kiw> gapu;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;
Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iwAk; tptrhapfSf;F mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; [g;ghd; rPdhit Mf;fpukpj;j fhuzj;jhy;
nfhkpA+dprthjpfSf;F fl;lha ,uhZtg; gapw;rp toq;fg;gl;lJ. nfhkpA+dpr
thjpfisg; NghyNt Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapdJk; nghJ vjpupahf [g;ghd;
tpsq;fpaJ. ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp ,t;tpU fl;rpfisAk; If;fpag;gLj;Jtjw;F
vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; Njhy;tpaile;Jtpl;ld.
1939 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jk; Muk;gkhdJ. mjw;F
40 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;gpUe;jij tpl ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; rPdh gyk; nghUe;jpa
ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ. [g;ghdpau; jkJ ghupa ,uhZtj;jpd; %yk; gy
efuq;fisAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. [g;ghdpag; gilfshy; rPdh
KOtijAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. If;fpa mnkupf;fh [g;ghDf;F
vjpuhfg; Nghupy; gq;nfLj;j fhuzj;jhy; rPdhTf;F Aj;j cjtpfis
toq;fpaJ.
[g;ghdpa Aj;jk; KbtilAk; NghJ Njrpathjpfs; rpy efuq;fspy;
khj;jpuk; mnkupf;fhtpd; cjtpAld; mjpfhuj;ijj; jf;f itj;Jf;
nfhz;ldu;. nfhkpA+dprthjpfs; fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij
epiyehl;bf; nfhz;ldu;. [g;ghdpag; gilfspd; mjpfsthd MAjq;fs;
nfhkpA+dprthjpfspd; iftrkhdJ [g;ghdpag; gilfs; Njhy;tpaile;J
ruzile;jijj; njhlu;e;J rPdhtpd; cs;ehl;Lg; gpur;rpid xU rptpy;
Aj;jkhf khwpaJ.
nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rpf;Fk; Njrpathjf; fl;rpf;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngw;w
Aj;jj;jpy; Njrpathjf; fl;rpiar; Nru;e;jth;fs; ngUe;njhifahNdhu;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. vdNt rpaq; - fha; - nrf; jdJ cjtpahsh;fSld;
jha;thDf;Fj; jg;gpNahb mq;Nf jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;lhu;.
gapw;rp
Nfhkpd;lhq;fSf;Fk; nfhk;A+dp]thjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa
fUj;J NtWghLfis tpsf;Ff.
nfhk;A+dp] Ml;rp
Njrpathjpfspd; gil Njhy;tp mile;jijj; njhlu;e;J nfhkpA+dp];l;
fl ;r p r Pdhtpd; ghu pa epyg ;gug ;g py ; jkJ Ml;r pajpfhuj ;ij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. 1949 Mk; Mz;L
xf;Nlhgu; khjk; rPd kf;fs; $l;lhl;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJld; rPdhtpd;
120,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
jiyefu; gPfpq; (gP[pq;) vd;Wk; cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1954 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; rPdhtpd; murpay; ahg;G ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mjd;
Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; tUkhW ,J Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; ahg;ig xj;jjhff;
fhzg;gl;lJ. nfhk;A+dprf; nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;wjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l
“mfpy rPd kf;fs; fhq;fpu];” vDk; kj;jpa epUthf mikg;gplk; mjpfhuq;fs;
Ftpe;J fhzg;gl;ld. jdpegu; Rje;jpuk;> Mz; ngz; rkj;Jtk;> 18 taJf;F
Nkw;gl;NlhUf;F thf;Fupik> nrhj;Jupik vd;gd toq;fg;gl;ld.
v nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rp mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;j gpd;du; nghUshjhu> r%f>
fyhrhu khw;wq;fs; gyTk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. nfhkpA+dprg; Gul;rp rPd
tuyhw;wpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd fl;lkhFk;. fhu;y;khf;]pd; murpay;
Nfhl;ghLfis mtu; rPdhtpd; kuGfSf;Nfw;g mZfp KbTfz;l gpd;du;
jdJ Nehf;fq;fis milAk; tifapy; mtw;iw nraw;gLj;jpdhu;. mr;
nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ikAld; nraw;gl;lJld; nfhs;iffis
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ eilKiwf;Fr; rhj;jpakhdjhfTk;
Mf;fG+u;tkhdjhfTk; mikAk; tifapy; nraw;gl;lhu;. rPdhtpd; rpNu\;l
tuyhw;W kuGupikfis kjpj;j kh - X - NrJq; “ntw;wpaile;j Gul;rp
kuG” fisAk; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. Rd; - aj; - nrd; Nky; kjpg;G
itj;jpUe;j kh - X - NrJq; mtupd; tpjit kidtpapd; rNfhjup xUtiu
kf;fs; rPdf; $l;lhl;rp murhq;fj;jpd; cgjiytuhf epakpj;jhu;.
v kh - X - NrJq; khu;f;]pd; kf;fs; fpsu;r;rp gw;wpa fUj;ij Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lJld; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; rPdhtpy; ,lk; ngw;w ijg;gpq;
tptrhapfspd; fpsu;r;rp Vd; Njhy;tpaile;jJ vd;gJ gw;wpa Ma;TfisAk;
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. cyfpy; tptrhapfspd; cjtpAld; ghupa Gul;rpnahd;iw
Nkw;nfhz;l Kjy; egu; kh - X - NrJq; Mthu;.
v tptrhapfspd; kj;jpapy; Njhd;wpa tptrhapfspd; jiytdhd mtuhy;
ntw;wpfukhd xU Gul;rpia Nehf;fp tptrhapfis top elj;j Kbe;jJ.
,J nydpd;> ];lhypd; MfpNahupd; Nfhl;ghLfSld; nghUe;jtpy;iy.
rPdhtpd; r%f mikg;G u\;ahtpd; r%f mikg;ig tpl tpj;jpahr
khdjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
v rPdhtpd; nfhkpA+dpr Ml;rpapd; ntw;wpf;fhf tptrhapfs;>
njhopyhspfs;> rpW mstpy; gzk; gilj;Njhu;> kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; vd;W
rfy jug;gpduJ cjtpiaAk; kh - X - NrJq; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.
gzf;fhuu;fspdJk; kj;jpa tFg;gpdupdJk; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ
khf;]pathjj;Jf;Fg; Gwk;ghd nrayhFk;. MapDk; mt;tpU
tFg;ghupilNa fhzg;gl;l nghUshjhu gyk;> ifj;njhopy; mwpT
vd;gtw;iwg; Gwf;fzpj;J nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpiaf; fhz KbahJ vd;gij
kh - X - NrJq; ed;F tpsq;fpapUe;jhu;.
121,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
v cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;Fk; kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;Fk; jhk; tpUk;Gk; gl;rj;jpy;
Gjpa murhq;fj;Jld; ,ize;J gzpahw;w Kbe;jJ. mjw;fhf mtu;fspd;
nrhj;Jf;fis jw;fhypfkhf murhq;fj;jplk; xg;gilj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
,t;thW ,ize;J gzpahw;Wgtu;fs; kpfj;jPtpukhff; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;.
1956 ,y; kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; cupik xopf;fg;gl;lJ. kh - X - NrJq;
cs;spl;l kj;jpa epu;thff; FO murhq;ff; nfhs;iffis tFj;jJld;
mur ,ae;jpuj;ij ,af;Fk; jpwTNfhy; kh - X NrJq; trkhdJ. ,q;F
[dehafj; jd;ik tha;e ;j fl;lis gpwg;gpf ;Fk; nraw;ghL
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Kd;Ndhf;fpa ngUk; gha;r;ry;
1949f;Fg; gpd;du; rPdhtpd; gpd;dilT gbg;gbahf kiwe;J NghdJ
ifj;njhopw;WiwAld; tptrhaj; JiwapYk; rPdh Jupj tsu;r;rp fz;lJ.
tptrhaj;Jld; ,ize;j tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;l r%fKk;
khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; epyr; Rthe;ju;fspd; epy cupik
,y;yhkyhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid vjpu;j;j epy cupikahsu;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;l
re;ju;g;gq;fSk; cz;L. epy cupikahsu;fshd Gjpa tptrha r%fk;
$l;LwT mbg;gilapy; cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd murhq;fk;
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lJ. ,k;KiwahdJ 1955 - 1957 fhyg;gFjpapy; Jupj
Ntfj;Jld; Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;lJ. 90% tpisr;ry; $l;LwT mbg;gilapy;
xd;W jpul;lg;gl;lJ. rPd tptrhapfs; nrhe;j tpUg;gpd; Ngupy; $l;LwTj;
Jiwapy; ,ize;J nraw;gl;ldu;.
1959 Mk; Mz;L tptrhaj;Jiwapy; tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
“Kd;Ndhf;fpa ngUk; gha;r;ry;” vDk; Ntiyj;jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
$l;LwT tptrhag; gz;izfs; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L ghupa nfhkpA+d;
mikg;Gfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. tptrhag; gz;izfs; xU nfhkpA+Df;F
khj;jpukd;wp KO rPd r%fj;jpdJk; nrhj;jhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. nfhkpA+d;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ljd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; tptrha> ifj;njhopy;Jiwapy;
cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;J nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp Ntfj;ij mjpfupj;jyhFk;.
MapDk;> gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; “Kd;Ndhf;fpa ngUk;gha;r;ry;”
Ntiyj;jpl;lk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ.
“Kd;Ndhf;fpa ngUk; gha;r;ry;” Njhy;tpaile;jikahy; kh - X -
NrJq;fpd; murpay; epiy rw;Wj; jsu;tile;jJ. 1959 ,y; Ml;rpj;
jiyikg; gjtpiaf; iftpl;l mtu;> fl;rpj; jiyikg; gjtpia tfpg;gjd;
Clhf fl;rpf;Fs; jdJ nry;thf;ifj; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;
,uhZtj;jpd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
gpd;du; jdJ vjpupfs; jdf;nfjpuhfr; nraw;gLtjw;F re;ju;g;gkspf;fhj
tifapy; Gul;rpia Ntfg;gLj;Jtjd; Clhf fyhrhug; Gul;rp xd;iw
epfo;j;Jtjw;fhf Kaw;rp nra;jhu;.
122,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
fyhrhug; Gul;rp
tu;f;fj;jpy; fyhrhug; Gul;rpf;fhd gpd;dzp kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJ.
RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;tjhdhy; mJ Ml;rpj; Jiwapd; jiytuhd ypNah -
\h -X- rp mtu;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa kpj thjpfSf;Fk; kh - X
- NrJq;ifg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd mjpfhug;
Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
1965 fyhrhug; Gul;rp Vw;gLk; tiu ntspj; Njhw;wj;jpy; kpfr; rpwe;j
,zf;fg;ghl;Lld; $ba murhq;fkhfNt rPdh tpsq;fpaJ. fyhrhug;
Gul;rp Muk;gkhFk; NghJ murhq;f mjpfhupfs; gy;NtW Fw;wr;
rhl;Lfspd;Nghpy; ifJnra;ag;gl;bUe;jdu;. ,d;Dk; rpyu; gjtpapwf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jdu;. ,jw;F nfhkpA+dprthjpfs; Kd; itj;j
Fw;wr;rhl;LfSs; kWrPuikg;G thjk;> fl;rp tpNuhj nraw;ghL>
Kjyhspj;Jtg; ghijapyhd gazk; Kjypad mlq;Fk;. fyhrhug; Gul;rpapd;
Kftu;fshd nrk;ghJfhg;Gg;gilapdUf;F kf;fs; rPdhtpd; [dhjpgjpahd
ypahx - \hX - rPAk; ,yf;fhdhu;. kh - X - NrJq;fpd; gpd;du; mg;gjtpf;F
ypahxtpd; ngaNu Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. fyhrhug; Gul;rpf;Ff; fLikahd
vjpu;g;Gf; fpsk;gpa NghJ kh - X ,isQh;fisj; jd;gf;fk; jpUg;gpf;
nfhz;lhu;.
“Gul;rpiaf; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. Gul;rpia Gul;rp nra;tjd; Clhff;
fw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;”. vd;W mtu; ,isQh;fSf;Ff; $wpdhu;. mj;Jld;
ehl;bYs;s ghlrhiyfs; midj;ijAk; %btpl;L khztu;fisf; nfhz;L
“nrk;ghJfhg;Gg;gil” ia cUthf;fpdhu;. 1966 Mf];l; khjk; gPfpq; efupy;
Kjy; “nrk;ghJfhg;Gg;gil” cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jkJ rf;jpiaAk;
ijupaj;ijAk; cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;jp Gul;rpapd; vjpupfis
mopj;njhopf;FkhW mth;fsplk; kh - X Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. “nrk;ghJfhg;Gg;
gil”apd; ,isQu;fs; rPdh KOtJk; fyhrhug; Gul;rp vDk; ngaupy;
fyfk; tpistpj;jdu;.
Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,g;
Nghuhl;lj;jhy; ehL muh[fj; jd;ikf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. Kf;fpakhd
njhopw;rhiyfspy; Ntiy epWj;jq;fs; ,lk; ngw;wd. Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; JiwAk;
rpf;fy; epiwe;jjhf khwpaJ. murpay; uPjpahf rPdh cyfpy; jdpj;J
tplg;gl;lJ. nghJTilikf; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbf;Fk; ,lJrhup ehLfs;
$l rPdhTld; J}Jtuhyaj; njhlu;Gfis itj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy. “nrk;
ghJfhg;Gg; gil” Ak;> “Gul;rpfu fpsh;r;rpahsu;” fSk; 1968 ,y; rPdhtpy;
rpy ,lq;fspy; rptpy; Aj;j epiynahd;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;jpUe;jdu;. vdNt
“kf;fs; tpLjiy ,uhZtk;” %yk; ehl;by; mikjpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F
123,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11
kh - X - NrJq; kw;Wk; # - vd; - yha; ,UtUk; eltbf;if vLj;jdu;.
mjd; gpd;dh; fl;rpapypUe;j mjpjPtputhjf; nfhs;ifAilath;fs; fl;rpapypUe;J
ePf;fg;gl;ldu;. fyhrhug; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa MAjkhd ypd; - gpah - X
vd;gtu ; kh - X - NrJq;fpd; gpd;du ; mg;gjtpf ;Fg ; ngau ;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhu;. MapDk; mtu; fyhrhug; Gul;rpapd; Fw;wthspahff;
fhzg;gl;lhu;. vdNt mtu; u\;ahTf;Fj; jg;gpr; nry;Yk; NghJ Vw;gl;l
tpkhd tpgj;Jf; fhuzkhf capupoe;jhu;.
fyhrhug; Gul;rpapd; gyhgyd;fs;
gy E}w;whz;Lfshf murpay; cWjp ,y;yhjpUe;j rPd r%fk;
fyhrhug; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd;du; khw;wKw;wJ. Jupjfjpapy; mjpfupj;JtUk;
rdj;njhifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gytpjkhd cjtpg; gzq;fSk; toq;fg;gl;ld.
tptrha> ifj;njhopw;Wiw tsu;r;rp mjpfupj;jikahy; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;
juKk; cau;e;jJ. ngz;fSf;Fk; Mz;fisg; Nghy rkTupik fpilj;jJ.
etPd cyFf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; fy;tpj; JiwAk; ghupa
khw;wq;fisf; fz;lJ. rPdhtpd; mupr;Rtb kpfTk; rpf;fyhff; fhzg;gl;l-
ikahy; ,yFthd rPd mupr;Rtb xd;Wk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j rPdh> Nrhtpaj; u\;ah> If;fpa mnkupf;fh> If;fpa
,uhr;rpak; Kjypa ,d;Dk; gy ehLfSld; J}jufr; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;lJ. rfy JiwfspYk; tsu;r;rp fz;l rPdh ,d;W cyfpy; gyk;
tha;e;j ehLfSs; xd;whfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;
ghJfhg;Gr; rigapy;> rPdh epue;ju cWg;G ehlhf tpsq;Ffpd;wikia
vLj;Jf; fhl;lhff; $wyhk;.
nraw;ghL :
1. ePz;l ghjahj;jpiu rk;ge;jkhd glq;fis Nrfupf;fTk;.
2. rPdhtpd; Gtpapay; mikg;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; tiuglk; xd;iw
tiuaTk;
3. Rd; aj; nrd;> Nfhkpq;lhq;> rpahq;fha; N\f; - kh - X
NrJq;> nfhk;A+dp]thjpfs;> fyhrhug;Gul;rp vDk; jiyg;Gfspy;
rpW E}y; xd;iw Mf;Ff.
4. rPdg; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fisAk; mjdhy; Vw;gll
murpay; khw;wq;fisAk; gl;bay; gLj;Jf