02May14 - The demographic implications of Scottish independence

The demographic implications of Scottish independence

Population Patterns Seminar Series

Friday 2nd May 2014

This event is kindly supported by Partnership

#populationpatterns

Welcome

Tim Ellis

Chief ExecutiveNational Records of Scotland


#populationpatterns

David Sinclair

Assistant Director, Policy and CommunicationsILC-UK


#populationpatterns

The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank

dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.

Demographic change in Scotland

David Sinclair, International Longevity

Centre – UK @ilcuk @sinclairda



ILC-UK Planning Tomorrow, Today

think tank evidence based policy focussed balanced independent respected experts networked international



We work with…

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Our focus is broad



Percentage change in number of people of ‘working age’ 2013-2037



Fertility rates per 1,000 females by age group



Percentage change in numbers in employment relative to 2012



Employment rates by age band



At birth life expectancy by region (2008-10)



Life expectancy by region 1981-2030



Dependency ratio indexed to 2012



Oil and Gas revenues



Spending per person in Scotland is currently higher than in the UK, at £12,629 per person in 2011/12, compared with £11,381.

The Institute for Fiscal Studies has modelled what might happen to the government finances of an independent Scotland assuming that there is no policy change.

As a result of demographic trends and slowing oil revenues, the IFS forecast that public sector net debt in Scotland will exceed 100% of national income by 2033-34. By comparison, the UK which has some what more favourable demographics and is less reliant on revenues from fossil fuel, will see net debt to GDP fall to around 60% over the same time period.



Public Sector net debt projections



So

By international standards, the challenges facing

Scotland are not unique

But with no policy change, Scotland faces

arguably bigger demographic challenges than the

UK as a whole.

So how should Scottish policymakers (irrespective

of the independence vote) respond?



David Sinclair

Assistant Director, Policy & Communications

International Longevity Centre

[email protected]

02073400440

Twitter: @ilcuk and @sinclairda

mailto:[email protected]

Richard Willets

Director of LongevityPartnership


#populationpatterns

Welcome by Partnership

Richard Willets

International Longevity Centre – 2 May 2014

Life expectancy trends in different countries

April 10, 2023

23

• Source: www.mortality.org

• In which pair of countries have trends in life expectancy been most similar?

• Used figures taken from the Human Mortality Database* for OECD countries covering a 50-year period (1960 to 2009)

• Considered life expectancy at age 65 (for males and females separately)

• Compared figures in 28 countries (i.e. 378 pairs)

• Calculated correlation coefficient between life expectancy figures for each pair of countries

http://www.mortality.org/

Countries included in the analysis

April 10, 2023

24

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Hungary

Israel

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland USANew Zealand

England & WalesScotland Northern Ireland

The least similar pair of countries…

April 10, 2023

25


• Japan & Slovakia (least similar – 378th out of 378)

1960

1963

1966

1969

1972

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20Japan

Slo-vakia

Male life expectancy at age

65


Similar, but not the most similar…

April 10, 2023

26


• Spain and Portugal (ranked 38th)

• Sweden and Finland (ranked 67th)

• France and Belgium (ranked 53rd)

• Australia and New Zealand (ranked 73rd)

• USA and Canada (ranked 34th)

• Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (ranked 106th)


The most similar pair of countries …

April 10, 2023

27


• England & Wales and Scotland

1960

1963

1966

1969

1972

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20England & Wales

Scotland

Male life expectancy at age

65


Summary

April 10, 2023

28


• For males England & Wales and Scotland have the most similar trend

• For females the same pair are ranked 8th of 378

• Interesting to see whether trends will be as similar over next 50 years…


Thank you

April 10, 2023

29

Partnership is a trading style of the Partnership group of Companies, which includes; Partnership Life Assurance Company Limited (registered in England and Wales No. 05465261), and Partnership Home Loans Limited (registered in England and Wales No. 05108846).

Partnership Life Assurance Company Limited is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority. Partnership Home Loans Limited is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. The registered office for both companies is Heron Tower, 5 th Floor, 110 Bishopsgate, London, EC2N 4AY.

Kirsty MacLauchlan

Head of DemographyNational Records of Scotland


#populationpatterns

Implications of the referendum on demographic change

Kirsty MacLachlan

Head of Demography

2 May 2014

• Recent changes in demography

• How might the referendum impact on demography in the future?– Population – Life expectancy– Fertility– Migration– Age structure

Overview

How has Scotland’s population changed over time?

An average ScotIn the late 1850s– were called John Smith or Mary

Macdonald

– had a 1 in 7 chance of dying before their first birthday

– lived almost 2 to a room, with a 1 in 3 chance of sharing the room with the whole family

– got married at 27 (John) and 25 (Mary)

– had a 1 in 3 chance of being married in their 20s

– had a life expectancy at birth of 40 (John) and 44 (Mary)

At end of the 20th Century– were called Lewis Smith or Emma

Brown

– had a 1 in 200 chance of dying before their first birthday

– each had 2 rooms to live in

– got married at 32 (Lewis) and 29 (Emma)

– had a 1 in 7 chance of being married in their 20s

– had a life expectancy at birth of 76 (Lewis) or 81 (Emma)

Estimated population of Scotland on 30 June 2013 was 5,327,700

An increase of 14,100 since mid-2012 - the highest ever recorded

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

1953 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013

Po

pu

lati

on

(th

ou

sa

nd

s)

Year

Population Change 1953-2013

•Mid-2012 to Mid-2013: Natural change: +900 Net migration: +10,000

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2013

Pe

rso

ns

(th

ou

sa

nd

s)

Year

Natural change (births - deaths) Net migration

Scotland Performs Purpose TargetTo match average European (EU15) population growth over the

period from 2007 to 2017

What are the factors influencing changes in the

composition of the population?

Fertility

Live births per 1,000 women, by age

0

50

100

150

200

250

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Age of mother

Fert

ility

rate

1951

1964

1977

1991

2012

1Rate for age 15 includes births at younger ages and for age 44 for births at older ages

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Bir

ths

Calendar Year

Births in Scotland to mothers born outside the UK, by mother’s country of birth, 2002 to 2012

Other EU pre-2004 EU Accession States Commonwealth Other countries

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Bir

ths

Calendar Year

Births in Scotland, by mother's country of birth, 2002 to 2012

Scotland Rest Of the UK Outside UK

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Hu

ng

ary

Ro

ma

nia

Po

lan

d

La

tvia

Po

rtu

ga

l

Ge

rma

ny

Sp

ain

Cro

atia

Italy

Gre

ece

Au

stri

a

Cze

ch R

ep

ub

lic

Slo

vaki

a

Bu

lga

ria

Est

on

ia

Slo

ven

ia

Eu

rop

ea

n U

nio

n (

27

co

un

trie

s)

SC

OT

LA

ND

De

nm

ark

Lith

ua

nia

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Be

lgiu

m

Fin

lan

d

No

rwa

y

Sw

ed

en

Wa

les

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

En

gla

nd

Fra

nce

Ice

lan

d

Ire

lan

d

No

rth

ern

Ire

lan

d

Total Fertility Rate, selected European countries, 2011

Life Expectancy

Average age at death, selected causes, Scotland, 1978-2012

6062

6466

687072

7476

788082

8486

8890

1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2012

Year

Aver

age

age

All causes

Stroke

Ischaemic heart disease

Cancer

65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Years

MALE FEMALE

SCOTLAND

Leastdeprived

Mostdeprived

Ordered by lowest male life expectancy to highest

Life Expectancy at birth, 2008-2010

Migration

Rest of UK migration +7,900An increase of 4,900 from the previous year

47,700 in-migrants, 39,800 out-migrants

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

Pe

rso

ns

(th

ou

san

ds)

Year

Out In Net

Overseas migration +2,100Net migration fell by 7,600. In-migration fell by 7,700

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

Pe

rso

ns

(th

ou

san

ds)

Year

Out to overseas In from overseas Net

Net migration

•Country of birth

7 per cent of people living in Scotland were born outside of the UK increase of 3 percentage points since 2001

55 per cent of those born outside of the UK arrived between 2004 and 2011

69 per cent were of working age (aged 16-64) when they arrived

38 per cent were in their twenties

In Aberdeen City, 1 person in 6 was born outside of the UK compared with East Ayrshire where 1 person in 44 was born abroad

• Countries of birth outside of the UK

Growing ethnic diversity

2001 2011

• Proportion of people reported as belonging to minority ethnic group • between 2001 and 2011, Scotland

European comparisons: Proportion of foreign born population

ONS figures- UK migration

UK migration – main reason for entering UK

Impact of demography on

Households

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011Year

Per

cen

tag

e o

f al

l ho

use

ho

lds

1 person

2 people

3 people

4 people

5+ people

More people are living in smaller households

Growth in households has slowed since the start of the economic downturn

Annual increase in households, 2002-2012

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

22,000

24,000

26,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Year

An

nu

al i

ncr

ease

in

ho

use

ho

lds

Start of global economic downturn

Source: Household estimates based on Council Tax data

• Numbers are increasing (though slower than rest of UK and rest of the world)

• Life expectancy is increasing (at similar rate to rest of UK and EU)

• Fertility dropped in the 70s (and is now lower than the rest of the UK but still higher than the EU average)

• Greater urbanisation (and move from West to East)

Implications of the referendum?

• Is fertility likely to increase, decrease or stay the same?

• Is life expectancy likely to increase, decrease or stay the same?

• Is migration likely to increase, decrease or stay the same?

What is the projected population?

Estimated population of Scotland, actual and projected, 1952-2087

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1952 1967 1982 1997 2012 2027 2042 2057 2072 2087

Year

Pe

rso

ns

('0

00

s) Projected

Footnotes 1) Continuous line shows final population estimates and the broken line (2002 to 2010) shows those years which will be rebased using information from the 2011 Census. 2) 2012 based projection.

Key points: 2012-2022

• The population of Scotland is projected to increase from an estimated 5.31 million to 5.52 million over the ten years

• Increase in population – natural increase : 28%– net migration : 72%

Scotland’s changing age distribution

300,000 200,000 100,000 0 100,000 200,000 300,000

0-4

10-14

20-24

30-34

40-44

50-54

60-64

70-74

80-84

90+

Age

(5 y

ear a

ge g

roup

s)

FemaleMale

1861

300,000 200,000 100,000 0 100,000 200,000 300,000

0-4

10-14

20-24

30-34

40-44

50-54

60-64

70-74

80-84

90+

Age

(5 y

ear a

ge g

roup

s)

FemaleMale

1961

There is a projected increase of over

half a million households over the

next 25 years.

Wide variety in household growth across the country.

Projected percentage change in households, 2010-2035

•Variant projections

•High migration•High life expectancy•High fertility

•Low migration •Low Life expectancy• Low fertility

• High population

• Low population

•Single component variants •Combination component variants

•Zero net migration

•Special component variant

Actual and projected total population, Scotland, under the 2012-based principal and selected

variant projections, 1982-2087

Change in average (median) age 2012-2037 (variant projections )

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

2012 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037Year

Ag

e in

yea

rs

Natural change

Low population

Low fertility

Low migration

High life expectancy

Principal

Low life expectancy

High migration

High fertility

High population

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

HighPopulation

High lifeexpectancy

Highmigration

High fertility Principal Low fertility Naturalchange only

Low migration Low lifeexpectancy

LowPopulation

Variant

Per

cent

age

chan

ge

0-15 16-29 30-44 45-59 60-74 75+

Percentage change in age structure 2012-2037 variant projections

Projected percentage of population over 75, selected European countries, 2035

Source: ONS (UK and constituent countries) and Eurostat.

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%Ir

elan

d

Luxe

mbo

urg

Cyp

rus

Slo

vaki

a

Rom

ania

Lith

uani

a

Nor

ther

n Ir

elan

d

Bel

gium

Den

mar

k

Eng

land

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Est

onia

UK

Latv

ia

Hun

gary

Spa

in

Sw

eden

Aus

tria

Gre

ece

Sco

tland

Bul

garia

Pol

and

Por

tuga

l

Net

herla

nds

Slo

veni

a

Fra

nce

Mal

ta

Italy

Wal

es

Fin

land

Ger

man

y

Per

cen

tag

e ag

ed 7

5+

Summary

• Scotland’s population is likely to continue to increase and age over the next 25 years regardless of the outcome of the referendum

• Net migration assumed to be the main contributor to population growth

Any questions?

Professor David Bell

Professor of EconomicsUniversity of Stirling


#populationpatterns

Demographic Implications of Scottish Independence.

PROFESSOR DAVID BELLDIVISION OF ECONOMICSSTIRLING MANAGEMENT SCHOOLUNIVERSITY OF STIRLING

There has been a substantial increase in the number of states in the world in recent decades

• The number of sovereign states has been steadily increasing for the last six decades at least

• Median country size now less than 6m people. • Scottish population = 5.3m.

1950 1940 1970 1980 1990 2000 20100

50

100

150

200

250

Nu

mb

er

of

So

ve

reig

n

Sta

tes

Has the Union been bad for Scotland’s population?Scotland’s Population/England’s Population 1600-2011

1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 20500%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Year

Sc

otl

an

d P

op

/En

gla

nd

Po

p

Act of Union

Two areas where demographics are making a significant impact on the independence debate

• Migration

– Can an independent Scotland’s economy grow consistently faster than rUK unless it is experiencing at least the same rate of net immigration?

– What policy tools are available and effective in increasing net migration?

• Ageing

– Could an independent Scotland meet the additional costs associated with population ageing?

– Could these costs be mitigated if Scotland was independent?

Ageing

• Higher welfare costs?

• Shorter life expectancy in Scotland

• But fewer people of working age per pensioner

• Estimates of extra costs in Scotland sensitive to assumptions about future net migration in Scotland and rUK

Welfare Spending in Scotland 2011-12

Relative Costs of Benefits per Working Age PersonScotland v Great Britain 2012-13

Maternity Allowance

Council Tax Benefit

Over 75 TV licences

Winter Fuel Payments

Total identified expenditure

Pension Credit

Income Support

Industrial Injuries Benefits

Disability Living Allowance

SDA (of which working age)

Employment and Support Allowance

Incapacity Benefit

-30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Differences in Costs of Pensioner Benefits Per Working Age Person

2012

/13

2014

/15

2016

/17

2018

/19

2020

/21

2022

/23

2024

/25

2026

/27

2028

/29

2030

/31

2032

/33

2034

/35

£0

£1,000

£2,000

£3,000

£4,000

£5,000

£6,000

ScotlandEngland

Ex

pe

nd

itu

re o

n P

en

sio

ne

r B

en

efi

ts

Pe

r W

ork

ing

Ag

e P

ers

on

Demographic ChangeEuropean old-age dependency ratios 2010

Source: Eurostat

Old-age Dependency Ratios 2040

Source: Eurostat

Ageing

• Costs to society – measure as share of GDP – depends crucially on relative productivity of Scottish economy

• Private pensions – sensitive to interest rates. Pension funds will buy Scottish Government bonds. Cheaper/more expensive than UK bonds?

Migration

What we know:Net Migration to Scotland

Source: National Records of Scotland, 2013 *The broken line (2002 to 2011) shows estimates which may be recalculated using the 2011 Census

Wages and Proportion of Foreign Born Residents (2012)

£440 £460 £480 £500 £520 £540 £560 £5800

5

10

15

20

25

5.94999999999999

5.97

8.15000000000001

8.40000000000001 8.54000000000

001

9.24000000000001

9.96000000000001

10.4312.04

23.2433333333333

Gross Weekly Wage (£)

Pro

po

rtio

n F

ore

ign

Bo

rn

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings 2012, Annual Population Survey 2012

Further evidence: COMPAS public opinion research October 2013; 4,200+ responses

98

• Scotland: more welcoming/less hostile towards migration– Scotland: 58% desire reductions in immigration– England & Wales: 75% desire reductions in immigration

• Support for Scotland controlling its own immigration policy– 60% Scottish Government, 31% UK government

• Yes voters less opposed to immigration than No voters – 58% of No voters desire a reduction in immigration – 28% of Yes voters desire a reduction in immigration

Voting intentions and attitudes to migration

99

Too low About right Too high Don't know0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

YesNoDon't know

Voting Intention

Do you think the level of migration into Scotland in the last decade has been:

A Separate Immigration Policy for Scotland within the UK?

• Requires political consent from both levels of government

– Acceptable to public(s)

– Effectiveness in meeting objective(s)

– Stable within devolved settlement

– Seems to work in Quebec

100

Conclusions

• Demographic arguments may favour a more open approach to immigration in Scotland (whether independent or not)

• Arguably, while an independent policy might have slightly stronger policy levers, a devolved migration policy might face fewer constraints in terms of implementation

• Ageing poses a challenge with or without independence• Risk pooling argument would suggest benefits from continuing to handle

risks at UK level• But Scotland might be able to put in place a better structured welfare

policy• Within tight fiscal constraints, difficult to argue that there would not be

losers as well as gainers from a restructuring of welfare

101

Professor Carol Jagger

AXA Prof of Epidemiology of AgeingInstitute for Ageing and Health

Newcastle University


#populationpatterns

Implications of Scotland’s independence on healthy longevity

Carol JaggerAXA Professor of Epidemiology of Ageing

Pia WohandSenior Research Associate

Institute for Ageing and HealthNewcastle University

ILC UK Debate 2 May 2014

Demographic challenge for Scotland and rest of UK

• Inequalities in Disability-free life expectancy (DFLE)– Widening or narrowing?– What factors explain them?

• Challenges of extending working life in terms of– Inequalities in DFLE– Who cares for whom?

“ Increased longevity without quality of life is an empty prize. Health expectancy is more important than life expectancy.”

Dr Hiroshi Nakajima, Director-General WHO 1997

DFLE inequalities exceed those in LE and are widening

1991 2001 1991 2001

mean 77.5 79.2 62.5 62.40.10 76.5 77.3 60.3 59.80.90 78.4 80.8 65.1 65.2

10-90% range 1.9 3.5 4.8 5.5mean 79.2 80.9 63.9 64.60.10 77.5 79.1 60.1 59.90.90 80.7 82.6 67.0 68.3

10-90% range 3.2 3.5 6.9 8.4mean 72.0 73.8 59.2 59.40.10 69.9 71.8 56.3 56.60.90 74.0 75.9 61.8 61.7

10-90% range 4.1 4.1 5.6 5.2mean 73.8 76.4 60.9 62.20.10 71.7 74.0 56.4 56.90.90 75.6 78.5 64.5 66.3

10-90% range 3.9 4.5 8.1 9.4W

omen

Men

LE DFLE

Scot

land

Eng

land

&

Wal

esSc

otla

ndE

ngla

nd &

W

ales

Where you live or how you live?

Which socio-economic factors explain variation in DFLE in E&W?

DFLE at birth

Women

1991 2001

Univariable Multivariable Univariable Multivariable

β (SE) p β (SE) p β (SE) p β (SE) p

Social Class IV and V (%) -0.46 (0.02) <0.001 -0.16 (0.03) <0.001 -0.66 (0.02) <0.001 -0.35 (0.03) <0.001

Unemployment rate (%) -0.64 (0.03) <0.001 -0.53 (0.05) <0.001 -1.33 (0.05) <0.001 -0.67 (0.08) <0.001

Retirement migration 1.71 (0.11) <0.001 0.42 (0.11) <0.001 3.18 (0.24) <0.001 1.42 (0.15) <0.001

Population density -0.04 (0.01) <0.001 0.02 (0.01) 0.005 -0.04 (0.01) <0.001 -0.01 (0.01) 0.337

Non-white population (%) -0.08 (0.02) <0.001 0.03 (0.02) 0.063 -0.07 (0.02) <0.001 0.05 (0.01) <0.001

r2 0.70 0.81

Source: Wohland et al 2014, JECH (in press)

Ethnic composition 2011 census

ENGLAND SCOTLAND Aberdeen City Edinburgh, City of

Glasgow City75

80

85

90

95

100

Other Ethnic GroupBlack / African / Caribbean / Black BritishAsian / Asian British: Other AsianAsian / Asian British: ChineseAsian / Asian British: BangladeshiAsian / Asian British: PakistaniAsian / Asian British: IndianMixed / Multiple Ethnic GroupsGypsy / Traveller / Irish TravellerWhite

LE and DFLE at birth by ethnic group, 2001

♀♂

AsianWhite Mixed Black Other

Differences compared to White British

Wohland et al 2014, Ethnicity & Health

Potential for extending working life UK*, men 2001Average age at onset of

disability

Regions 65+ (N) <65 (N) <65 (%)

EE 48 0 0

EM 35 5 13

LO 28 4 13

NE 10 13 57

NW 29 14 33

SE 67 0 0

SW 44 0 0

WM 31 3 9

YH 16 5 24

Wales 12 10 45

Total (E&W) 320 54 14

Scotland 22 10 31

*European Union 2005 analysis in Jagger et al, Lancet 2009

Need for care

Critical (requires 24-hour care) Short-interval (requires help at

regular times daily) Long-interval (requires help less than

daily) Independent

Source: Jagger et al. BMC Geriatrics 2011

• 75% in care homes• If at home main carer child

• 33% in care homes• If at home main carer spouse

(34%), child (31%)

• 4% in care homes• If at home main carer child

(37%), no-one (18%)

Who are the carers?

Born age 85 child bornchild age when

parent 85

1921 2006 1947 59

1931 2016 1956 60

1941 2026 1965 61

1951 2036 1976 60

1961 2046 1986 60

1971 2056 1997 59

Conclusions• Inequalities in healthy ageing

– Between different ethnic groups– Explained partly by unhealthy behaviours

• Ability to raise SPA and encourage longer working may be difficult– In those areas with age at onset of disability <65

• Longer life expectancy and growing 85+ population means working longer will entail juggling work and unpaid care for parent. This will disproportionally affect – women who provide most care

Acknowledgements

Newcastle 85+ Study funded by the Medical Research Council, Biotechnology and Biological

Sciences Research Council and the Dunhill Medical Trust. Additional work has also been funded by the British Heart Foundation, Unilever Corporate

Research, Newcastle University and NHS North of Tyne (Newcastle Primary Care Trust).

http://www.ncl.ac.uk/iah/research/areas/biogerontology/85plus/

InHALE Inequalities in Healthy Active Life Expectancy: the role of time, place, person and

methodsESRC Research Fund RES-062-23-2970 1 October 2011 - 30 September 2014

http://research.ncl.ac.uk/InHALE



http://research.ncl.ac.uk/InHALE

Find out more about healthy life expectancy

REVES 2014Edinburgh

28-30 May 2014

Implications of Scotland’s independence on healthy longevity

Carol Jagger([email protected])

Pia Wohand([email protected])

Institute for Ageing and HealthNewcastle University

ILC UK Debate 2 May 2014

The demographic implications of Scottish independence

Population Patterns Seminar Series

Friday 2nd May 2014


#populationpatterns

02May14 - The demographic implications of Scottish independence

Presentations & Public Speaking

Transcript of 02May14 - The demographic implications of Scottish independence