02 Protocols

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8-1 NETWORKING PROTOCOL Ihsan Lumasa Rimra

Transcript of 02 Protocols

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! 8-1!

NETWORKING PROTOCOL

Ihsan Lumasa Rimra

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-2!

Model Referensi OSI !

Hi

Hi Got the time? 2:00

TCP connection req. TCP connection reply.

<file> time

Protokol Manusia Protokol Komputer!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-3!

Model Referensi OSI !

OSI (Open System Interconnection) menggambarkan bagaimana informasi dari suatu software aplikasi di sebuah komputer berpindah melewati sebuah media jaringan ke suatu software aplikasi di komputer lain ditujukan bagi pengkoneksian open system. (suatu sistem yang terbuka untuk berkomunikasi dengan sistem-sistem lainnya ). !

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-4!

Model Referensi OSI !

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Host B

Network

Network

Physical

Router

Network

Data Link

Physical

Router

Bit

Frame

Packet

TPDU

SPDU

PPDU

APDU

Nama unit yangdipertukarkan

Internet subnet protocolCommunication subnet boundary

Application protocol

Presentation protocol

Session protocol

Transport protocol

Network layer host-router protocol

Data Link layer host-router protocol

Physical layer host-router protocol

Interface

Interface

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

LayerApplication

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Host A

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-5!

Prinsip-prinsip yang digunakan bagi ketujuh layer !

1. Sebuah layer harus dibuat bila diperlukan tingkat abstraksi yang berbeda.!

2. Setiap layer harus memiliki fungsi-fungsi tertentu.!3. Fungsi setiap layer harus dipilih dengan teliti sesuai

dengan ketentuan standar protocol internasional.!4. Batas-batas layer diusahakan agar meminimalkan aliran

informasi yang melewati interface.!5. Jumlah layer harus cukup banyak, sehingga fungsi-

fungsi yang berbeda tidak perlu disatukan dalam satu layer diluar keperluannya. Akan tetapi jumlah layer juga harus diusahakan sesedikit mungkin sehingga arsitektur jaringan tidak menjadi sulit dipakai. !

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-6!

Karakteristik Lapisan OSI !

Application Application Lapisan Atas

Presentation

Session

Transport Data Transport Lapisan Bawah

Network

Data Link

Physical

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-7!

Physical Layer !

Berfungsi dalam pengiriman bit-bit ke channel komunikasi. Masalah-masalah ditemukan di sini berhubungan secara mekanik, elektrik dan interface prosedural, dan media fisik yang berada di bawah physical layer !

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-8!

Data Link Layer !

Fasilitas transmisi data dan mentransformasi data tersebut ke saluran yang bebas dari kesalahan transmisi. Sebelum diteruskan kenetwork layer, data link layer melaksanakan tugas ini dengan memungkinkan pengirim memecah-mecah data input menjadi sejumlah data frame (biasanya berjumlah ratusan atau ribuan byte).!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-9!

Network Layer !

Berfungsi untuk pengendalian operasi subnet. Masalah desain yang penting adalah bagaimana caranya menentukan route pengiriman paket dari sumber ke tujuannya.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-10!

Transport Layer !

Fungsi dasar transport layer adalah menerima data dari session layer, memecah data menjadi bagian-bagian yang lebih kecil bila perlu, meneruskan data ke network layer, dan menjamin bahwa semua potongan data tersebut bisa tiba di sisi lainnya dengan benar. !

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-11!

Session Layer !

Session layer mengijinkan para pengguna untuk menetapkan session dengan pengguna lainnya. Sebuah session selain memungkinkan transport data biasa, seperti yang dilakukan oleh transport layer, juga menyediakan layanan yang istimewa untuk aplikasi-aplikasi tertentu. !

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-12!

Pressentation Layer !

Encoding data, untuk memungkinkan dua buah komputer yang memiliki presentation yang berbeda untuk dapat berkomunikasi, struktur data yang akan dipertukarkan dapat dinyatakan dengan cara abstrak, sesuai dengan encoding standard yang akan digunakan “pada saluran”. !

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-13!

Application Layer !

Terdiri dari bermacam-macam protokol, dimana semua protokol yang digunakan dalam komunikasi data terdapat pada layer ini. Fungsi application layer lainnya adalah pemindahan file.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-14!

Transmisi Data Pada Model OSI !

Application protocol

Presentation protocol

Session protocol

Transportprotocol

Networkprotocol

ApplicationLayer

PresentationLayer

SessionLayer

TransportLayer

NetworkLayer

Data LinkLayer

PhysicalLayer

ApplicationLayer

PresentationLayer

SessionLayer

TransportLayer

NetworkLayer

Data LinkLayer

PhysicalLayerBits

DH Data DT

TH Data

DataNH

DataPH

SH Data

DataAH

Data

ProsesPenerimaan

ProsesPengiriman

Path transmisi data sebenarnya

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-15!

Early protocol suite!Universal!

Introduction to TCP/IP!Host!

Internet!

TCP/IP!

Host!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-16!

Keunggulan TCP/ IP!1.  Open Protocol Standard, yaitu tersedia secara bebas dan

dikembangkan independen terhadap komputer hardware ataupun sistem operasi apapun. Karena didukung secara meluas, TCP/IP sangat ideal untuk menyatukan bermacam hardware dan software, walaupun tidak berkomunikasi lewat internet.!

2.  Independen dari physical network hardware. Ini menyebabkan TCP/IP dapat mengintegrasikan bermacam network, baik melalui ethernet, token ring, dial-up, X.25/AX.25 dan media transmisi fisik lainnya.!

3.  Skema pengalamatan yang umum menyebabkan device yang menggunakan TCP/IP dapat menghubungi alamat device-device lain di seluruh network, bahkan Internet sekalipun.!

4.  High level protocol standar, yang dapat melayani user secara luas. !

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-17!

TCP/IP Protocol Stack!

7!

6!

5!

4!

3!

2!

5!

4!

3!

2!

Application!

Presentation!Session!

Transport!

Network!

Data Link!

Physical!1!

Application!

Transport!

Internet!

Data Link!

Physical!1!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-18!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-19!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-20!

Fungsi Masing-masing Layer pada TCP/ IP!

•  Physical Layer : bertanggung jawab sebagai penyedia media transmisi secara fisik (kabel, SO, gel.radio)!

•  Data Link Layer : bertanggung jawab mengirim dan menerima data ke dan dari media fisik!

•  Internet Layer : bertanggung jawab dalam proses pengiriman paket ke alamat yang tepat!

•  Transport Layer : bertanggung jawab untuk mengadakan komunikasi antara 2 host/ komputer!

•  Application Layer : tempat semua aplikasi yang menggunakan protokol TCP/ IP ini.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-21!

Application Layer Overview!

Application!

Transport!

Internet!

Data Link!

Physical!

File Transfer!!- FTP !!!

E-Mail!!- SMTP!

Remote Login!!- Telnet !!!

Web : HTTP!WAP !Name Management!

!- DNS!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-22!

Transport Layer Overview!

Transmission Control!Protocol (TCP)!!User Datagram !Protocol (UDP)!

Application!

Transport!

Internet!

Data Link!

Physical!

Connection-OrientedConnectionless !

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-23!

TCP dan UDP!TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)!-  Connection Oriented : sebelum melakukan pertukaran data, dua aplikasi pengguna TCP harus melakukan pembentukan hubungan terlebih dahulu!-  Reliable : menerapkan proses deteksi dan retransmisi!-  Byte Stream Service : paket dikirimkan dan sampai ke tujuan secara berurutan!

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)!-  Connectionless Oriented : tanpa melakukan pembentukan hubungan (tanpa handshaking) terlebih dahulu!-  Unreliable !-  Tidak ada sequencing, acknowledgment dan retransmisi!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-24!

TCP Segment Format!

Source port (16)! Destination port (16)!

Sequence number (32)!

Header length (4)!

Acknowledgement number (32)!

Reserved (6)! Code bits (6)! Window (16)!

Checksum (16)! Urgent (16)!

Options (0 or 32 if any)!

Data (varies)!

20 Bytes!

Bit 0! Bit 15! Bit 16! Bit 31!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-25!

Port Numbers!

TCP!

Port Numbers!

FTP!

TransportLayer!

TELN ET!

D N S!

SN MP!

TFTP!

SMTP!

UDP!

ApplicationLayer!

21! 23! 25! 53! 69! 161!

R IP!

520!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-26!

Send SYN !(seq=100 ctl=SYN)!

SYN received!

Host A! Host B!

TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection!

1!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-27!

Send SYN !(seq=100 ctl=SYN)!

SYN received!

Send SYN, ACK !(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)!

Host A! Host B!

SYN received!

1!

2!

TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-28!

Send SYN !(seq=100 ctl=SYN)!

SYN received!

Send SYN, ACK !(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)!

Established!(seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)!

Host A! Host B!

1!

2!

3!

SYN received!

TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-29!

TCP Simple Acknowledgment! Sender ! Receiver!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-30!

TCP Simple Acknowledgment! Sender ! Receiver!

Send 1! Receive 1!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-31!

TCP Simple Acknowledgment! Sender ! Receiver!

Send 1! Receive 1!

Receive ACK 2 !Send ACK 2!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-32!

TCP Simple Acknowledgment! Sender ! Receiver!

Send 1! Receive 1!

Receive ACK 2 !Send ACK 2!

Send 2!Receive 2!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-33!

TCP Simple Acknowledgment! Sender ! Receiver!

Send 1! Receive 1!

Receive ACK 2 !Send ACK 2!

Send 2!Receive 2!

Receive ACK 3!Send ACK 3!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-34!

TCP Simple Acknowledgment! Sender ! Receiver!

Send 1! Receive 1!

Receive ACK 2 !Send ACK 2!

Send 2!Receive 2!

Receive ACK 3!Send ACK 3!

Send 3!Receive 3!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-35!

Sender ! Receiver!Send 1! Receive 1!

Receive ACK 2 !Send ACK 2!

Send 2!Receive 2!

Receive ACK 3!Send ACK 3!

Send 3!Receive 3!

Receive ACK 4! Send ACK 4!

TCP Simple Acknowledgment!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-36!

TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers!

Source!Port!

Dest.!Port!

…!Sequence!#!

Acknowledgement!#!

Source! Dest.! Seq.! Ack.!1028! 23! 10! 1!

I just!sent #10.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-37!

TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers!

I just got #10,!now I need #11.!

Source!Port!

Dest.!Port! …!Sequence!

#!Acknowledgement!

#!

1028! 23!Source!Dest.!

10!Seq.!

1!Ack.!

1028!23!Source!Dest.!

11!Seq.!

1!Ack.!

I just!sent #10.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-38!

TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers!

Source!Port!

Dest.!Port! …!Sequence!

#!Acknowledgement!

#!

1028! 23!Source!Dest.!

11!Seq.!

2!Ack.!

1028! 23!Source!Dest.!

10!Seq.!

1!Ack.!

1028!23!Source!Dest.!

11!Seq.!

1!Ack.!

I just got #10,!now I need #11.!

I just!sent #11.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-39!

TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers!

Source!Port!

Dest.!Port! …!Sequence!

#!Acknowledgement!

#!

1028! 23!Source!Dest.!

11!Seq.!

2!Ack.!

1028! 23!Source!Dest.!

10!Seq.!

1!Ack.!

1028!23!Source!Dest.!

11!Seq.!

1!Ack.!

1028!23!Source!Dest.!

12!Seq.!

2!Ack.!

I just got #11,!now I need #12.!

I just!sent #11.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-40!

No sequence or acknowledgment fields!

UDP Segment Format!

Source port (16)! Destination port (16)!

Length (16)!

Data (if any)!

1!Bit 0! Bit 15! Bit 16! Bit 31!

Checksum (16)!

8 Bytes!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-41!

Internet Layer Overview!

OSI network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP internet layer!

Internet Protocol (IP)!!Internet Control Message!Protocol (ICMP)!!Address Resolution!Protocol (ARP)!!Reverse Address Resolution!Protocol (RARP)!

Application!

Transport!

Internet!

Data Link!

Physical!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-42!

IP Datagram!

Version (4)!

Destination IP Address (32)!

Options (0 or 32 if any)!

Data (varies if any)!

1!Bit 0! Bit 15! Bit 16! Bit 31!Header

Length (4)!Priority & Type of Service (8)! Total Length (16)!

Identification (16)!Flags

(3)! Fragment offset (13)!

Time to live (8)! Protocol (8)! Header checksum (16)!

Source IP Address (32)!

20 Bytes!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-43!

Internet Control Message Protocol!

Application!

Transport!

Internet!

Data Link!

Physical!

Destination Unreachable!!Echo (Ping)!!Other!

ICMP!1!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-44!

Address Resolution Protocol!

172.16.3.1! 172.16.3.2!

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???!

I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-45!

Address Resolution Protocol!

172.16.3.1! 172.16.3.2!

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???!

I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet address.!

I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-46!

Address Resolution Protocol!

172.16.3.1!

IP: 172.16.3.2 !Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 !

172.16.3.2!

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???!

I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet address.!

I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-47!

Address Resolution Protocol!

Map IP ! Ethernet!Local ARP!

172.16.3.1!

IP: 172.16.3.2 !Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 !

172.16.3.2!

IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???!

I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet address.!

I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-48!

Reverse ARP!

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???!

What is my IP address?!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-49!

Reverse ARP!

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???!

What is my IP address?!

I heard that broadcast. Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-50!

Reverse ARP!

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111!IP: 172.16.3.25!

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???!

What is my IP address?!

I heard that broadcast. Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-51!

Reverse ARP!

Map Ethernet ! IP!

!

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111!IP: 172.16.3.25!

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???!

What is my IP address?!

I heard that broadcast. Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-52!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-53!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-54!

•  Unique addressing allows communication between end stations!

•  Path choice is based on location!Location is represented by an address!

Introduction to TCP/IP Addresses!

172.18.0.2!

172.18.0.1!

172.17.0.2!172.17.0.1!

172.16.0.2!

172.16.0.1!

SA!DA!HDR! DATA!10.13.0.0! 192.168.1.0!

10.13.0.1! 192.168.1.1!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-55!

INTRANET!

Intranet merupakan kumpulan komputer yang saling terkoneksi yang digunakan dalam internal perusahaan, kantor atau institusi.!

company network

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-56!

INTERNET!Internet merupakan kumpulan jutaan komputer yang saling terkoneksi!Internet menghubungkan!•  PC / workstations, servers!•  PDA, mobile phones!•  Berbagai aplikasi!

Media komunikasi!•  fiber, radio, satellite, dll!

Router : berfungsi untuk menghubungkan suatu network dengan network lain

ISP

company network

ISP

router workstation server

mobile

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-57!

IP Address

Suatu identitas yang unik dari suatu node/ host/ terminal dalam suatu jaringan. Format alamat IP : W.X.Y.Z Masing-masing huruf adalah 8 bit (biner) dan berupa angka 0 sampai 255 (decimal) serta masing-masing 8 bit dipisahkan notasi dot (titik)

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-58!

IP Addressing!

255! 255! 255! 255!

DottedDecimal!

Maximum!

Network! Host!

32 bits!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-59!

IP Addressing!

255! 255! 255! 255!

DottedDecimal!

Maximum!

Network! Host!

128 64

32

16 8 4 2 1 !

11111111! 11111111! 11111111! 11111111!Binary!

32 bits!

1! 8! 9! 16! 17! 24! 25! 32!

128 64

32

16 8 4 2 1 !

128 64

32

16 8 4 2 1 !

128 64

32

16 8 4 2 1 !

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-60!

IP Addressing!

255! 255! 255! 255!

DottedDecimal!

Maximum!

Network! Host!

128 64

32

16 8 4 2 1 !

11111111! 11111111! 11111111! 11111111!

10101100! 00010000! 01111010! 11001100!

Binary!

32 bits!

172! 16! 122! 204!Example Decimal!Example Binary!

1! 8! 9! 16! 17! 24! 25! 32!

128 64

32

16 8 4 2 1 !

128 64

32

16 8 4 2 1 !

128 64

32

16 8 4 2 1 !

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-61!

Class A: !

Class B: !

Class C: !

Class D: ! Multicast !

Class E: Research!

IP Address Classes!

Network! Host! Host! Host!

Network! Network! Host! Host!

Network! Network! Network! Host!

8 bits! 8 bits! 8 bits! 8 bits!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-62!

Bagaimana IP addrress dinyatakan dalam “dot notation”

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-63!

IP Address Kelas A

-  Bit pertama 0, bit ini dan 7 bit berikutnya adalah bit network, 24 bit berikutnya bit host

-  Terdapat 128 network kelas A

-  Setiap network menampung 256³ (16juta) host

0-127 0-255 0-255 0-255

0nnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh

Bit-bit Network Bit-bit Host

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-64!

IP Address Kelas B

-  Dua bit pertama 10, 2 bit ini dan 14 bit berikutnya adalah bit network, 16 bit berikutnya bit host

-  Terdapat 16 ribu lebih network kelas B -  Setiap network menampung 2562 (65ribu)

host

128-191 0-255 0-255 0-255

10nnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh

Bit-bit Network Bit-bit Host

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-65!

IP Address Kelas C

•  Tiga bit pertama 110, 3 bit ini dan 21 bit berikutnya adalah bit network, 8 bit berikutnya bit host

•  Terdapat 2 juta lebih network kelas C •  Setiap network menampung 256 host

192-223 0-255 0-255 0-255

110nnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh

Bit-bit Network Bit-bit Host

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-66!

IP Address Kelas D dan E

Digunakan untuk keperluan khusus…….. Multicast Address (kelas D) Research (kelas E)

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-67!

MAC Address

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-68!

Address Khusus

1.   Network Address 2.   Broadcast Address 3.   Netmask

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ! www.cisco.com! ICND—8-69!

Aturan penomoran IP!

1.  Semua komputer yang berada di dalam network yang sama, harus mempunyai NetID yang sama!

2.  Di dalam satu jaringan yang sama, tidak diperbolehkan ada 2 IP yang sama !

3.  Semua komputer yang berada di dalam network yang sama, harus mempunya Subnet Mask yang sama !

!