01.Greek ArchA

8/10/2019 01.Greek ArchA

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The

Greekarchitect

ure


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Minoan Queen Fresco, Knossos


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Knossos Palace, Crete


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Knossos Palace, Crete


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1400 b.C.

1200 b.C.

Mycenean period

Dori

Greek architecture

The name Mycenae is recorded in the Homeric epics

as the seat of King Agamemnon.


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Mycenean city


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Tiryns city Cyclopean Sun-dried bricks and wooden

c ol um ns . A sy mm et ri ca l

planning. Lively frescoes


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Mycenae city Lion gate


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Mycenae city Treasury of Atreus


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2000 b.C.

1200 b.C.

Mycenean period

Dori

XI b.C.

VIII b.C.

Hellenic Middle Age

VI b.C.

Archaic Period (Greek buildings

in the colonization period (8th -

6th century BC), were made of

wood or mud-brick or clay)

VI b.C.

IV b.C.

Classic period

Greek architecture

146 b.C.

Roman conquest the Greece

after the battle of Corinth


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VIII -VI century b. C.

States in war with Persia

Neutral States

Conquests of Dario

Conquests of Perse

Athen

PERSIAN EMPIRE


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X b.C. VIII b.C.

Geometrical

period

IX b.C.

Proto-geometrical

period

MEGARONTEMPLE

J. WHITLEY

DARK AGE HISTORY

Greek architecture


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Archaic Kouros 525 BC

Classical Warrior 460 BC


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X b.C. VIII b.C.

Geometrical

period

IX b.C.

Proto-geometrical

period

POLISASTY

Greek urban planning


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Lefkandi/Xeropolis in Eubea

!"#$% "' ()*(+

H o u s e h o l d :

master rules

wife, slaves,

children


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A e r i a l v i e w o f t h e

settlement at Nichoria in

Messenia. Dated to the

10th century B.C.

(W. A. McDonald et al.

1975. "Excavations at

Nichoria in Messenia:1972-1963." Hesperia

44:69-141: pl. 22a).

Villages: ruled

by chief or king= monarchical


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Plan of the settlement at Karphi. Datedto ca.1050-950 B.C.

(J. Wilson Myers, Eleanor Emlen

Myers and Gerald Cadogan, eds.

1992. The Aerial Atlas of Ancient

Crete . Berkeley: Universi ty of

California Press: fig. 15.1).

Reconstructed view of the settlement

at Karphi. Dated to ca.1050-950 B.C.

(Krzysztof Nowicki. 1987. "The History

and Setting of the Town at Karphi."

SMEA26: 235-250: fig. 6).


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- The example of Smyrna, whichwas rebuilt after a great fire inthe 7th century B.C.

- The rebuilt city had a series of

parallel streets running northand south; at one point therewas an open space laid out for

the agora and near it, on a hill,was a temple.

- This scheme was a simple

one, but it represents a definiteplan, applied to the larger

urban area and based on thenatural topography.

City: equal citizens rule in turns asstatesmen: constitu-tionalrule;Different kinds of rule in different

organizations.


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Household: master

rules wife, slaves,children;

Villages: ruled bychief or king =monarchical;

City: equal citizens

rule in turns asstatesmen: constitu-tionalrule;

Different kinds ofrule in different

organizations.


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The polisis the end of both the household and

the village, providing both with their

completion in the fullest sense. The polis

allows for man to reach his end, or what is

best.

Aristotle states, Again, that for the

sake of which [a thing exists], or the end, is

what is best; and self-sufficiency is an end

and what is best.[1] Because the polisallows

for self-sufficiency it is best above the

other two. The polis is superior to the

household and village because, the whole mustof necessity be prior to the part[2]

[1]Aristotles Politicsbook 1 chapter 2 lines 1252b 33-34 &

1253a1

[2]Aristotles Politicsbook 1 chapter 2 line 1253a 20


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What is the polis?

1.

Greek city-state

2.

Aristotle: a special

kind of association


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Definition of the polis

Every state is a communityof some kind,and every community is established with aview to some good; for everyone always actsin order to obtain that which they thinkgood.

the state or political community, which isthe highest of all, and which embraces allthe rest, aims at good in a greater degreethan any other, and at the highestgood(Pol. 1.1).

a partnership of citizens in theconstitution(3.3)

The state (polis) is NATURAL.


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Relation of state to nature of

man

man is by nature a politicalanimal(emph. added; Pol. I.2)

Therefore man is intended by nature for asociallife;

Anyone who is not social is either a beast

or a god(Pol.1.2);

Man has speech and reason (Logos) given bynature; he can therefore judge

Just/unjust

Expedient/inexpedient


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Key characteristics of the polis

Community

All-embracing

Whole greater than sum of parts

Hierarchical

Aims at good in a greater degree

Not just any good:

Polis aims at highestgoodwhich is?


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the identity of a cityis not constituted by its

walls(Pol. III.3).

1stexample: Athen


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the identity of a city is not constituted by its walls(Pol.

III.3)METROPOLIS


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123-,-./0

14-35


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123-,-./0

14-35

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the identity of a cityis not constituted by its

walls(Pol. III.3).

2nd example: Hippodamos of

Miletus


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Hippodamos of Miletus

- Born in Miletus (in Asia Minor) toward the

end of the 6th century B.C.

-According to Aristotle: "he invented the

division of cities by classes;" he was

eccentric in appearance and habits; and theauthor of a treatise on the ideal

constitution. So he was a theoretician more

than a practicioner.

- Hippodamos, however, was responsible for the

laying out of Piraeus (the port of Athens)

at some point during the second quarter of

the 5th century B.C. and he took part in the

foundation of the colony of Thurii in

southern Italy in 444/3BC.


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Hippodamos of Miletus was a Greek town planner of the

5th century BC. He created plans of Hellenic colony

cities that featured order and regularity, in

contrast to the more common intricacy and confusion

common to cities such as Athens, and he is seen as

the originator of the idea that a town plan might

formally embody and clarify a rational social order.

According to Aristotle (in Politics), he originated

the art of Town Planning, and devised an ideal city

to be inhabited by divided into

three classes (soldiers, artisans and 'husbandmen'),

with the land also divided into three (sacred, publicand private). He also evidently had a reputation as a

lover of attention. According to

His grid plans consisted of series of broad, straight

streets, cutting one another at forty-five and one

hundred thirty-five degree angles.


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$1-


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Sacred Zones where offers

could be made to the gods

Public Zones where thesoldiers could live

Private Zones for the

artisans and 'husbandmen'

The city would have been separated in

three sectors:


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Plan of Miletus (470 b.C.)


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Plan of Miletus (470 b.C.) Miletus (in Asia Minor)

Rebuilt after the defeat of the Persians in

479 BC, perhaps (although there is no

specific evidence) with the assisance of

Hippodamos.-

This was done with a rigidly orthogonalplan using a repeated pattern of

identical units (city "blocks").

- Ample space was provided for the

city's commercial and religiousbuildings.

-

The plan provided a limited number ofwider arterial avenues (main streets).

- The city wall enclosed but was not

organically related to the city.

-

Miletus was thus "ahead of its time" andit was not until several decades laterthat these ideas received their full

development -- most toward the end ofthe 5th century.


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The polis and the

colonization influenced

the Greek cultural system.In fact in the polis every

Greek man was a citizen

with the some rights.

Jaeger (Paideia, 1953)

wrote that the polis was

the social frame of Greekculture in which we must

to site the value of

literature and art.

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